稀土离子在真空紫外区4fn→4fn-15d跃迁光谱的分析

系统地分析了稀土离子在真空紫外区域(VUVλ＜200nm,E＞50000cm-1)的4fn→4fn-15d组态间跃迁光谱.结果发现;对于重镧系离子(n＞7),激发光谱中有一系列强的f-d吸收谱带,在低能量处还有一些弱的f-d吸收带,它们分别是稀土离子的自旋允许和自旋禁阻跃迁;而对于轻镧系离子(n≤7),谱图中只有强的f-d吸收谱带,对应于稀土离子的自旋允许跃迁.     

稀土掺杂无机化合物的电子结构及应用

稀土掺杂无机化合物具有重要的应用,其电子结构决定了该类材料的光学性能。目前电子结构图(HRBE和VRBE图)提供了二价、三价稀土离子的4f, 5d各能级的相对位置和相对于基质化合物导带底和价带顶的能量位置,以及它们相对于真空的能量位置。研究人员可以根据一种稀土离子(例如Eu~(2+)和Eu~(3+))的光谱数据预测和给出14种稀土离子的4f和5d能级的HRBE和VRBE电子结构图;进一步可以预测稀土离子在化合物中的稳定价态。另外,电子结构图为理解、预测、设计和调控无机发光材料的激发/发射光谱位置、热猝灭特性、余辉性能以及闪烁性能提供重要科学依据。本文综述了电子结构图的构筑方法,并总结了其在设计和调控发光材料性能等方面的应用。     

Tb3+离子4f75d组态能级的电子云扩大效应

研究了电子云扩大效应对Tb3+离子5d能级的影响. 利用光谱理论, 将电子云扩大效应比率β同Tb3+离子4f75d组态的自旋允许和禁阻跃迁能级的能级差联系起来, 通过复杂晶体化学键理论确定了化学键的共价性、 相应键体积极化率以及配体离子的有效电荷与β的线性关系, 同时得到了对β有影响并与Tb3+离子自身相关的因子.     

固体中稀土离子的4fn-15d组态

简介4fn-15d电子组态研究的方法,综述近年来的研究进展,并对存在的问题进行评述。4fn-15d组态从整体来看,f电子与d电子间的Coulomb相互作用与5d电子受到的晶场作用以及4fn-1的能级劈裂为同一数量级,因此,Russell Saunders耦合和|4fn-1SLJM>-|5dΓα>耦合波函数都不能很好地反映本征态的特征。但对于某些稀土离子局部能量范围内的4fn-15d能级,HC(fd)相对较小,|4fn-1SLJM>|5dΓα>可以反映这个区域内4fn-15d能级的主要特征。光谱中是否出现精细结构,与能级的电声子耦合的强弱有关而不是与|4fn-1SLJM>-|5dΓα>耦合中|5dΓα>位置的高低有关。4fn能级与4fn-15d能级间的相互作用则与具体能级有关,不能根据个别实验就断言这种作用强或者弱。     

稀土离子4fn-15d组态的配位场理论

基于配位场理论方法,以4f15d1组态为例,阐明了稀土离子4fn-15d组态的谱项、支谱项及其相应的波函数和能量的研究方案;推导出4fn-15d组态在S4点群对称晶体场作用下的配位场势函数和光谱跃迁选律;得出一些有关4fn-15d组态的能级能量的定性结论。     

表面对纳米微粒中稀土离子光谱性质的影响

对于稀土和过渡金属这样的离子中心,由于电子轨道的半径小，纳米尺度的限域对能级位置和跃迁速率的影响并不显著，表面效应成为这类材料与相应体材料光谱性质出现差异的主要因素。把使稀土离子光谱性质产生可测量变化的环境用一个以其为中心、半径为D的作用球表示，可以定义纳米材料厚度为D的表面层。用完整晶格的晶体场和一个补偿电荷的场近似描述表面层中稀土离子的晶体场。本文用这个模型分析了纳米微粒中稀土离子光谱的非均匀宽化，激光选择激发下发射光谱随激发波长的变化，非选择激发下发射光谱随温度的变化以及跃迁分支比的变化等实验现象。     

LiYF_4∶Nd~(3+)离子紫外吸收光谱谱带的归属

主要从理论上分析了LiYF4 ∶Nd晶体中Nd3+离子的 4f3→ 4f2 5d跃迁光谱 ,提出了 4f2 5d组态谱项的组合方案 ,从而可以标记 4f2 5d组态的各个能级。据跃迁选律 ,说明了Nd3+离子的基态向 4f2 5d组态的跃迁。理论分析与实验结果符合很好。     

晶体中Pr3+离子4f5d吸收和发射光谱的理论解析

运用配位场理论方法获得了Pr3+离子4f15d1组态的光谱项和光谱支项,根据电偶极跃迁选律合理地解析了CaF2和Cs2NaYCl6晶体中Pr3+离子的真空紫外跃迁光谱,2个主要谱峰被归属为Pr3+离子的基态与4f15d1组态3 H4和3 G3之间的跃迁,这对于研究稀土离子的真空紫外光谱具有一定的理论指导作用.     

LiYF4晶体中Ho3+离子真空紫外吸收光谱的理论解析

运用配位场理论方法获得了Ho3+离子低自旋4f95d组态的谱项和J-光谱多重态,根据电偶极跃迁选律合理地解析了LiYF4晶体中Ho3+离子在真空紫外区(120～160 nm)的吸收光谱,4个主要的吸收峰分别被归属为从基态(5I8)到Ho3+离子的低自旋4f95d组态的自旋允许跃迁。     

Tb^3＋配合物的电子振动光谱研究

采用时间分辨荧光光谱系统测量了几种稀土Ｔｂ３＋配合物的＾７Ｆ６－＾５Ｄ４电子跃迁的激发光谱，同时测量了与该跃迁及配合物中配位基团的相关的电子振动光谱。结合电子振动跃迁的理论分析，研究了这些电子振动光谱的强度和位置的特征。及其与Ｔｂ＾３＋周围配位情况的关系，表明电子振动光谱有可能用作稀土在其梧合物或在生物分子中结合位置的微结构光谱探针。     

Understanding the kinetics of spin-forbidden chemical reactions

Many chemical reactions involve a change in spin-state and are formally forbidden. This article summarises a number of previously published applications showing that a form of Transition State Theory (TST) can account for the kinetics of these reactions. New calculations for the emblematic spin-forbidden reaction HC + N(2) are also reported. The observed reactivity is determined by two factors. The first is the critical energy required for reaction to occur, which in spin-forbidden reactions is often defined by the relative energy of the Minimum Energy Crossing Point (MECP) between potential energy surfaces corresponding to the different spin states. The second factor is the probability of hopping from one surface to the other in the vicinity of the crossing region, which is largely defined by the spin-orbit coupling matrix element between the two electronic wavefunctions. The spin-forbidden transition state theory takes both factors into account and gives good results. The shortcomings of the theory, which are largely analogous to those of standard TST, are discussed. Finally, it is shown that in cases where the surface-hopping probability is low, the kinetics of spin-forbidden reactions will be characterised by unusually unfavourable entropies of activation. As a consequence, reactions involving a spin-state change can be expected to compete poorly with spin-allowed reactions at high temperatures (or energies).     

Understanding the rate of spin-forbidden thermolysis of HN3 and CH3N3

The pyrolysis of the simplest azides HN(3) and CH(3)N(3) has been studied computationally. Nitrogen extrusion leads to the production of NH or CH(3)N. The azides have singlet ground states but the nitrenes CH(3)N and NH have triplet ground states. The competition between spin-allowed decomposition to the excited state singlet nitrenes and the spin-forbidden N(2) loss is explored using accurate electronic structure methods (CASSCF/cc-pVTZ and MR-AQCC/cc-pVTZ) as well as statistical rate theories. Nonadiabatic rate theories are used for the dissociation leading to the triplet nitrenes. For HN(3), (3)NH formation is predicted to dominate at low energy, and the calculated rate constant agrees very well with energy-resolved experimental measurements. Under thermal conditions, however, the singlet and triplet pathways are predicted to occur competitively, with the spin-allowed product increasingly favored at higher temperatures. For CH(3)N(3) thermolysis, spin-allowed dissociation to form (1)CH(3)N should largely dominate at all temperatures, with spin-forbidden formation of (3)CH(3)N almost negligible. Singlet methyl nitrene is very unstable and should rearrange to CH(2)NH immediately upon formation, and the latter species may lose H(2) competitively with vibrational cooling, depending on temperature and pressure.     

Effect of 5-methylresorcinol on spin conversion in molecular oxygen

Geometric parameters of 5-methylresorcinol (MR) molecules in different spin states (^1,3,5MR) and its complexes with oxygen (^1,3(O₂-MR)) are determined within the DFT/B3LYP method. Cross-sections of potential energy surfaces of the formation reaction of the intermolecular complex ^1,3(O₂-MR) are plotted in MCSCF functions by the MRCI method. With regard to the spin-orbit interaction the moments of spin-allowed and spin-forbidden transitions of the complexes are calculated and the possibility of spin conversion in ³O₂ under the effect of MR is analyzed.     

C_(3v)晶场中d~3离子吸收谱的理论研究

为了计算Cr~(3+)离子在C_(3v)对称晶场中的能谱,本文采用一种形式介于Richardson和Watson SCF波函数之间的束缚态d电子径向轨函;从Oh点群的Griffith标准基出发,用一种简便的方法,推出d~3系的C_(3v)点群强场谱项能量矩阵。由此计算了Ruby(Al_2O_3+Cr~(3+))和Cr_2O_3晶体中Cr~(3+)离子的吸收谱。在考虑扳——电耦合后,理论结果与实验符合甚好,从而解释了这两类晶体中Cr~(2+)吸收光谱的机制。这种计算方法既使拟合参数的数目大为减少,又使配位场理论计算格地理论化。     

Allowed and forbidden d-d transitions in poly(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane complexes of nickel(II)

Absorption spectra of four nickel(II) complexes with poly(pyrazolyl)methane ligands are presented in the NIR-VIS-UV region and the band system corresponding to the lowest-energy spin-allowed and spin-forbidden transitions is analyzed. A quantitative theoretical model involving coupled electronic states provides precise energies for the lowest-energy triplet and singlet excited states and allows comparisons between complexes with a variable number of nitrogen and oxygen ligator atoms. Singlet energies between 12,840 and 13,000 cm(-1) are determined for heteroleptic complexes. These energies are in an intermediate range between those for homoleptic complexes with either nitrogen or oxygen ligator atoms with singlet states at approximately 12,000 and 14,000 cm(-1), respectively. The new theoretical approach is compared to the traditional ligand-field parameters obtained from the maxima of the broad, spin-allowed absorption bands.     

Rapid-freeze-quench magnetic circular dichroism of intermediate X in ribonucleotide reductase: new structural insight

To elucidate the electronic structure of intermediate X in the oxygen activation reaction of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, a protocol has been developed to perform magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) on a rapid-freeze-quench, strain free optical sample. RFQ-MCD data have been collected on intermediate X in the double mutant of R2, Y122/Y356F. While X has been reported to exhibit a broad absorption band at 365 nm, there are at least 10 electronic transitions observed at low-temperature MCD. From C0/D0 ratios, the transitions of X can be divided into three regions: 16 000-22 000 cm-1 region involving spin-allowed ligand field transitions of the Fe(IV), 23 000-24 000 cm-1 region of spin-forbidden, spin-flip transitions on the Fe(IV), and the charge transfer (CT) region from 26 000 to 32 000 cm-1. The C0/D0 ratios from d --> d and CT transitions strongly support significant Fe(IV) character coupled into the paramagnetic center. Ligand field (spin-allowed d --> d region) analysis allows the bis-mu-oxo and mu-oxo plus other monoanionic bridge possibilities for the structure of intermediate X to be distinguished, providing new insight into the molecular mechanism of the cluster formation in R2.     

TD-DFT Calculation on UV-Vis Spectra of the Complex 8-((Trimethoxysilyl)methylthio)quinoline⋅ZnCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The electronic structure and absorption spectra properties of the complex 8-((trimethoxysilyl)methylthio)quinoline⋅ZnCl₂ in the gas phase and in acetonitrile (MeCN) have been investigated by means of DFT/TD-DFT calculations. Calculation results indicate that the broad and weak experimentally observed absorption bands of the complex in MeCN at 335.6 nm originates from spin-forbidden singlet-triplet transitions, but the other experimentally observed absorption bands at 318.5 nm, 310.6 nm and 237.5 nm arise from spin-allowed singlet-singlet transitions. Inclusion of MeCN as solvent leads to dramatic changes in the electronic structures and energy levels of the frontier molecular orbitals of the complex, and hence transition mechanisms of the absorption bands are also changed. For the complex, whether in the gas phase or in MeCN, the metal Zn does not participate in the transitions involved, in the gas phase the calculated lowest-energy absorption band of the complex comes from π→π ^∗ mixed with n→π ^∗ transitions with LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer) character, while in MeCN, the calculated lowest-energy absorption band is of LLCT/ILCT (intra-ligand charge transfer) character.     

Mixed-ligand complexes of osmium(III)/(IV) 8-quinolinolates: synthesis,characterization and redox behaviour

Summary A group of mixed-tris chelates of osmium(III) and osmium(IV) of type [OsAQ₂]^{0/1 +} [HA = glycine (glyH), picolinic acid (PicH) and quinaldic acid (qndH); HQ = 8-quinolinol] were prepared and characterized by physicochemical, magnetic and spectroscopic methods. The complexes exhibit several spin-allowed and spin-forbidden absorption bands and shoulders in the 200–700 nm region. The new chelates are electroactive and display nearly reversible Os^IV-Os^III and Os^III-Os^II couples in the ca. –1.1 to +0.3 V range versus s.c.e. The stability of metal oxidation states is discussed in terms of the electrochemical results.     

Low energy,variable angle electron-impact excitation of 1,3,5-hexatriene

A mixture of cis and trans 1,3,5-hexatriene has been studied by electron impact at incident electron energies of 20 eV, 40 eV, 50 eV, and 70 eV, at scattering angles from 0° to 80°, and with effective energy resolutions in the range from 0.05 eV to 0.15 eV. Singlet → triplet transitions with maximum intensities at 2.61 eV and 4.11 eV are observed. The lowest energy spin-allowed excitation which can be detected is the electric dipole-allowed $\text{X}$¹ A_g → 1 ¹B_u transition (in the notation appropriate for the trans isomer). No evidence has been found for a spin-allowed but symmetry-forbidden $\text{X}$¹ A_g → 2 ¹A_g excitation in the vicinity of 4.4 eV transition energy. Many other spin-allowed excitations are observed in the 6–11 eV energy-loss region, and the correlation between these features and those observed in high resolution ultraviolet absorption spectra and other electron-impact spectra is discussed.