锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.75-xCoxMn0.25O2的合成及电化学性能研究

以LiOH·H₂O、Ni(OAc)₂·4H₂O、Co(OAc)₂·4H₂O和MnO₂为原料，在水热反应釜中预处理，然后进行高温固相反应，合成了一系列锂镍钴锰氧化物LiNi_0.75-xCo_xMn_0.25O₂(x=0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25)。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和电化学性能测试对所得样品的结构、形貌、粒径及电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明，当x=0.20时，所合成的正极材料具有很好的α-NaFeO₂型层状晶体结构，晶胞参数a=0.286 1 nm，c=1.416 4 nm， V=0.100 4 nm³，以50 mA·g^-1的电流密度在3～4.3 V(vs Li/Li⁺)充放电时，首次放电比容量达172.5 mAh·g^-1，首次放电效率高达90.9%，30个循环后其放电比容量依然保持在161.1 mAh·g^-1。     

Cu2+离子A位取代对MgTiO3陶瓷结构及介电性能的影响

采用固相反应制备了Mg_1-xCu_xTiO₃(0.00≤x≤0.20)微波介电陶瓷,研究CuO烧结助剂对MgTiO₃陶瓷的微观结构和微波介电性能的影响。实验结果表明,CuO中的Cu²⁺离子会进入到MgTiO₃晶格中并取代Mg²⁺,形成Mg_1-xCu_xTiO₃固溶体。由于液相效应,适量的CuO可以促进MgTiO₃陶瓷的致密化烧结,降低其烧结温度。Cu²⁺离子的A位取代会改变样品的TiO₆八面体扭曲度。随着Cu²⁺离子含量的增加,会使MgTiO₃陶瓷的结构稳定性降低。随着CuO含量的增加,晶粒的不均匀生长和液相的出现导致样品的品质因数(Qf)下降。同时,Mg_1-xCu_xTiO₃陶瓷的相对密度、结构稳定性和平均共价度的降低也会恶化陶瓷的Qf值。样品的介电常数(ε_r)与离子极化率、杂相和TiO₆八面体扭曲度相关。样品的谐振频率温度系数(τ_f)随TiO₆八面体扭曲度的增加而减小。当x=0.08时,样品可在1 150℃实现致密化烧结,且τ_f值改善至-3.4×10^-5℃^-1。     

二维层状Ti3C2Tx-MXene@VS2用于高性能锂离子电池负极

为探索一种高性能的锂离子电池负极材料,采用酸刻蚀法制备了高导电性、高稳定性的二维层状Ti₃C₂T_x,通过溶剂热法制备了具有高理论比容量的花瓣状VS₂纳米片,再经过简单的液相混合得到了二维层状Ti₃C₂T_x-MXene@VS₂复合物。通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射和能谱分析对复合材料的形貌和结构进行了表征,采用循环伏安、恒流充放电、长循环和交流阻抗谱对复合材料的电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明：VS₂纳米片均匀地分布在Ti₃C₂T_x的层间及表面,该复合物具有高的可逆容量(电流密度为0.1A·g^-1时,比容量为610.5mAh·g^-1)、良好的倍率性能(电流密度为2A·g^-1时,比容量为197.1mAh·g^-1)和良好的循环稳定性(电流密度为0.2 A·g^-1时,循环600圈后比容量为874.9 mAh·g^-1;电流密度为2 A·g^-1时,循环1 500圈后比容量为115.9mAh·g^-1)。     

Al掺杂对正极材料LiNi0.33-xMn0.33Co0.33AlxO2结构和电化学性能的影响

以柠檬酸为螯合剂利用快速湿化学法合成了具有α-NaFeO₂型层状结构的LiNi_0.33-xMn_0.33Co_0.33Al_xO₂(x=0.00,0.01,0.02, 0.04)正极材料,并通过X-射线衍射、充放电测试、循环伏安和交流阻抗对材料的结构和电化学性能进行了系统研究。XRD结果表明此方法合成的材料具有很好的层状结构且阳离子的混排度随着Al³⁺含量的增加而下降。电化学测试表明,LiNi_0.31Mn_0.33Co_0.33Al_0.02O₂具有很好的电化学性能和和循环性能,1C放电倍率下首次放电比容量达到176.9 mAh·g^-1,且Al³⁺的掺杂能有效提高电荷在电极界面间转移并抑制了在高压循环过程中电荷转移阻抗的增加。     

溶胶-凝胶法合成Li1-xNaxMn2O4及其作为水系锂离子电池正极材料的电化学性能

用溶胶凝胶法合成了Na⁺离子掺杂的Li_1-xNa_xMn₂O₄(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05)。X射线衍射图表明Na⁺取代Li⁺进入Li_1-xNa_x Mn₂O₄晶格中,扫描电镜图看出产物是粒径为100~300 nm的颗粒。恒流充放电测试结果表明,Li_0.97Na_0.03Mn₂O₄在2C倍率下循环100圈后放电容量保持率比未掺杂的LiMn₂O₄从51.2%提升到84.1%。循环伏安测试表明Na⁺离子掺杂降低了材料极化且增大了锂离子扩散系数。10C倍率下Li_0.97Na_0.03Mn₂O₄仍有79.0 mAh·g^-1的放电容量,高于未掺杂样品的52.1 mAh·g^-1。Na⁺离子掺杂可以稳定材料结构并提高锂离子扩散系数,从而提高LiMn₂O₄的电化学性能,是一种可行的改性方法。     

锂离子蓄电池正极材料LiMn2-x-y-zTlxAlyMzO4(M=Co、Cr、Ni)的合成及电化学性能研究

采用同时掺杂Tl、Al和M(M=Co、Cr和Ni)三种金属原子和改进固相反应的方法合成了复合尖晶石正极材料 LiMn_2-x-y-zTl_xAl_yM_zO₄，并采用XRD、SEM、TEM、循环伏安和电化学测试考察了它的物理性质和电化学性能。结果表明，所合成的正极材料具有与母体LiMn₂O₄尖晶石同样完整的尖晶石结构，规则的形貌和均匀的粒径分布。当M为Co和Cr时，目标材料的平均粒径约800nm，且具有良好的电化学性能，其首次充电容量分别为123.70mAh·g^-1和121.30mAh·g^-1，首次放电容量分别为117.30mAh·g^-1和115.70mAh·g^-1。当M为Ni时，材料的电化学性能相对较差。循环伏安和充放电曲线表明该正极材料的充放电分别为两步脱锂和插锂机理。当Li掺杂量较小时，目标材料在充放电过程中均各有两个平台。随着Li掺杂量的增加，充放电平台有由两个逐渐转变为一个的趋势。当M为Co或Cr时，该正极材料不仅拥有较高的比容量和常温循环稳定性能，而且还具有较优良的高温循环稳定性能，这可能主要归因于三种金属的协同作用使目标材料的结构更加稳定，这也使该材料有可能成为电动车电池的较佳正极材料。     

氧化铁改性蛭石的制备、表征及吸附氟的特性

采用共沉淀法制备了3种不同含铁量的氧化铁改性蛭石(Verm-Fe_x,x=5,10,20),研究了纯蛭石(Verm)和Verm-Fe_x的表面性质及吸附氟的特性。与样品Verm比较,3种Verm-Fe_x中Verm的d₍₀₀₂₎层间距略有升高;Verm-Fe_x的孔体积、表面积、表面分形度均随含铁量的增加而升高,其中微孔体积和外表面积的增加幅度更明显。4种样品的等电点(IEP)也随含铁量的增加而明显升高;初始pH＝5.0时,它们的表面ζ电位分别为-16.4,-6.1,10.5和28.4 mV。4种样品对氟的等温吸附数据用单吸附位Langmuir模型拟合(R²=0.973~0.995)时,Verm的R²最高;双吸附位Langmuir模型可很好地描述3种Verm-Fe_x样品的等温吸附过程(R²=0.991~0.998);Freundlich模型对4种样品吸附数据的拟合度较差(R²=0.835~0.937),但R²随样品含铁量的增加而略微升高。初始pH=5.0时,Verm和Verm-Fe_x(x=5,10,20)对氟的最大吸附容量(q_max)分别为3.18,6.76,9.27和12.43 mg·g^-1。可见,Verm-Fe_x(尤其含铁量较高的产物)对表生环境中氟的吸附固定性能明显高于Verm。     

CexPr1-xO2-δ复合氧化物的XRD和Raman表征

A series of Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ mixed oxides were synthesized by sol-gel method and characterized by Raman and XRD techniques. When x value was changed from 1.0 to 0.5, only a cubic phase CeO₂ was observed. The samples were very well crystallized on decreasing x from 0.50 to 0.99. For Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ samples 465 cm^-1 and 1 150 cm^-1 Raman peaks are attributed to the Raman active F_2g mode of CeO₂. The broad peak at about 570 cm^-1 in the region of 0.3 ≤x≤ 0.99 can be linked to lattice defects resulting in oxygen vacancies. The new band at about 195 cm^-1 may be attributed to the asymmetric vibration caused by the formation of oxygen vacancies. Calcination temperatures had great effect on the peak intensity for CeO₂ but less effect on Ce_0.8Pr_0.2O_2-δ in Raman spectra. It might be due to the transformation of the colors for the mixed oxides, the insertion of Pr atom into the ceria lattice could enhance the sintering resistance and thermal stability of the mixed oxides.     

不同方法制备的CoxZr1-xO2催化剂及其氧化甲苯和甲醛的性能

采用沉淀法、水热法、热分解法和浸渍法制备了Co_xZr_1-xO₂催化剂。通过热重（TG）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量散射X射线光谱（EDS）、N₂吸附/脱附测试等手段对催化剂的理化性质进行了表征。结果表明,水热法制备的催化剂Co_xZr_1-xO₂-H（1∶1）中的钴、锆的分散性好、颗粒均匀、孔结构发达,比表面积可达到102 m²·g^-1,氧化甲苯和甲醛的活性优于其他催化剂,其表观活化能为65.2和53.6 kJ·mol^-1。Co_xZr_1-xO₂-H（1∶1）的优异催化性能与物种的分散度及协同效应、比表面积和孔结构有关。控制Co-Zr催化剂的制备方法可以获得良好的物化性能。     

Mg掺杂In2O3-x催化剂光热催化CO2加氢

为提高光热催化CO₂加氢In₂O₃催化剂的催化活性,采用均相水热法制备Mg (OH)₂-In (OH)₃前驱体,通过高温煅烧和H₂-还原处理得到了富含氧空位的Mg掺杂In₂O_3-x(Mg-In₂O_3-x)催化剂。在300℃、常压、可见光照射条件下,CO₂加氢转化为CO的CO₂转化率可达31.20%,CO产生速率为14.22 mmol·g_cat^-1·h^-1,CO选择性为100%。相比于单一In₂O_3-x催化剂,Mg-In₂O_3-x催化剂光热催化CO₂转化率及CO产生速率明显提高,这归因于Mg成功掺杂到In₂O₃晶格中,促进In₂O₃表面氧空位的形成,进而对可见光响应效率大幅提高,并有效减缓光生电子-空穴的复合。     

高度支化共聚物的均方回转半径和支化度的关系

对于聚合物的均方回转半径和支化度的关系, 过去鲜有定量研究, 这是由于具有不同支化度的系列同种聚合物样品较难合成之故. 1982年, Kricheldorf等[1]报道了AB2和AB型单体的共缩聚反应, 这种反应可以方便地通过调节AB2和AB型单体的比例来控制产物的支化度.     

非等速率自缩合乙烯基聚合反应产物的支化度

分析了一般的非等速率自缩合乙烯基聚合反应(SCVP)所生成的超支化聚合物体系的结构单元和支化度. 详细计算了支化度随反应进程(A基团转化率x)、活性的A*和B*基团反应速率比(r)和活化剂/单体物质的量比(α)的变化关系. 对任何指定的r和α组合, 随x的增加而单调增加, 对确定的x, 当α＜x/(1＋ )时, 随r的增加而单调减少, 当 α＞x/(1＋ )时, 随r的变化不再是单调的, 有极大值, 但无论怎样的r和α组合, 最大的支化度都只有0.5. 要想进一步提高产物的支化度, 可以在反应终了时, 在体系中再加入适当的其它单体, 使活化基团全部反应掉, 从而可使支化度达到2α/(1＋α).     

Mean‐Square Radius of Gyration and Degree of Branching of Highly Branched Copolymers Resulting from the Copolymerization of AB2 With AB Monomers

Summary: The evolution of the various structural units incorporated into hyperbranched polymers formed from the copolymerization of AB₂ and AB monomers has been derived by the kinetic scheme. The degree of branching was calculated with a new definition given in this work. The degree of branching monotonously increased with increasing A group conversion (x) and the maximum value could reach 2r/(1 + r)², where r is the initial fraction of AB₂ monomers in the total. Like the average degree of polymerization, the mean‐square radius of gyration of the hyperbranched polymers increased moderately with A group conversion in the range x < 0.9 and displayed an abrupt rise when the copolymerization neared completion. The characteristic ratio of the mean‐square radius of gyration remained constant for the linear polymers. However, the hyperbranched polymers did not possess this character. In comparison with the linear polymerization, the weight average and z‐average degree of polymerization increased due to the addition of the branched monomer units AB₂ and the mean‐square radius of gyration decreased quickly for the products of copolymerization.

     

DEGREE OF BRANCHING OF THE HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS RESULTED FROM AB_2 POLYCONDENSATION WITH SUBSTITUTION EFFECT

The analytical expressions of the various structural units and the average degree of branching for the hyperbranched polymers resulted from AB_2 polycondensation with substitution effect were derived by the kinetic mechanism.The reactivity difference between the B group in linear unit and that in terminal group has great effect on the molecular parameters of the products obtained.The concentration of terminal units has a maximum with the increase of the conversion of A groups(x).The higher the reactivity...     

三元非等活性自缩合乙烯基聚合体系的Z均回转半径

利用Monte Carlo模拟方法研究了由单体、引发单体和引发核组成的三元自缩合乙烯基聚合反应体系. 重点考察了两类活性基团反应活性的差异、引发单体分数、引发核的配比及活性基团数等因素对体系中无核和有核两类超支化高分子Z均回转半径的影响. 结果表明, 这些因素对超支化高分子的结构和尺度影响显著, 因而通过调节有关参数可以实现对超支化高分子结构和尺度的调控.     

非等活性加核自缩合乙烯基聚合体系回转半径的Monte Carlo模拟

利用Monte Carlo模拟方法研究了加核自缩合乙烯基聚合反应体系中超支化高分子的二次回转半径随双键转化率的变化情况. 在模拟中, 重点考察了两类活性基团的反应活性差异、 引发核的配比及基团数等因素对超支化高分子均方回转半径的影响. 结果表明, 上述因素对于超支化高分子的尺度有着显著影响, 从而可为调控体系中高分子的空间尺度提供有效途径.     

Conformation of nonideal hyperbranched polymer in ABn (n = 2, 4) type polymerization

The conformation of hyperbranched polymers from one pot polymerization with AB_n (n = 2, 4) type monomers, applying the reactive 3D bond fluctuation lattice model, are systematically studied using scaling relation R ～ N^λ, where R is the radius of gyration or the hydrodynamic radius of a hyperbranched polymer with the degree of polymerization N. The exponent λ was calculated at various monomer concentrations and group conversions. When the concentration of monomers with the equal reactivity of B groups increases from 0.1 to 0.9, the exponents λ_g and λ_h (corresponding to the radius of gyration and hydrodynamic radius, respectively) are in the ranges of 0.51–0.37 and 0.41–0.34 at the full conversion of A groups. Especially, we find that λ_g decreases linearly with the reaction conversion increasing. The ratio of z‐average radius, R_gz/R_hz, ranges from 1.08 to 1.32 and indicates that hyperbranched polymer is soft macromolecule with penetrable structure. In the case of AB₂ type monomer with unequal reactivities, λ displays complicated dependence on the reaction conversion and the reactivity ratio. The results of our simulation are consistent with those of experiments and theories, and valuable in better understanding the fundamental properties of hyperbranched polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 610–616, 2010     

Diffusion-limited hyperbranched polymers with substitution effect

Highly branched structure has the essential influence on macromolecular property and functionality in physics and chemistry. In this work, we proposed a diffusion-limited reaction model with the consideration of macromolecular unit relaxations and substitution effect of monomers to study the structure of hyperbranched polymers prepared by slow monomer addition to a core molecule. The exponential relationship (R(g) ～ N(λ)) between the radius of gyration R(g) and the degree of polymerization N, was systematically analyzed at various branching degrees. It is shown that the effective exponent λ(eff) decreases at lower N and but increases toward that of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) clusters (λ(DLA) = 0.4) with the degree of polymerization increasing. The substitution effect of monomers in reaction strongly influences the evolution pathway of λ(eff). With the static light scattering technique, the fractal property of internal chains was further calculated. A general law about the radial distribution of the units of diffusion-limited hyperbranched polymers was found that, at smaller reactivity ratio k(12), the radial density of all monomer units D(A) declines from the center region to the peripheral layer revealing the dense core structure; however, at larger k(12), the density distribution shows a loose-dense-loose structure. These structural characteristics are helpful to deeply understand the property of hyperbranched polymers.     

Selenium/Tellurium‐Containing Hyperbranched Polymers: Effect of Molecular Weight and Degree of Branching on Glutathione Peroxidase‐Like Activity

A series of novel hyperbranched polyselenides and polytellurides with multiple catalytic sites at the branching units has been synthesized via the polycondensation of A₂ + B₃ monomers. The GPx‐like activities of these polymer mimics were assessed and it was found that the polytellurides showed higher GPx‐like activities than the corresponding polyselenides. Interestingly, the polymers with higher molecular weights and degree of branching (DB) showed higher GPx‐like activities than the analogous lower molecular weight polymer. The enhancement in the catalytical activity of the hyperbranched polymers with increasing molecular weight affirmed the importance of the incorporation of multiple catalytic groups in the macromolecule which increases the local concentration of catalytic sites.     

Chain‐Growth Click Polymerization of AB2 Monomers for the Formation of Hyperbranched Polymers with Low Polydispersities in a One‐Pot Process

Hyperbranched polymers are important soft nanomaterials but robust synthetic methods with which the polymer structures can be easily controlled have rarely been reported. For the first time, we present a one‐pot one‐batch synthesis of polytriazole‐based hyperbranched polymers with both low polydispersity and a high degree of branching (DB) using a copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerization. The use of a trifunctional AB₂ monomer that contains one alkyne and two azide groups ensures that all Cu catalysts are bound to polytriazole polymers at low monomer conversion. Subsequent CuAAC polymerization displayed the features of a “living” chain‐growth mechanism with a linear increase in molecular weight with conversion and clean chain extension for repeated monomer additions. Furthermore, the triazole group in a linear (L) monomer unit complexed Cu^I, which catalyzed a faster reaction of the second azide group to quickly convert the L unit into a dendritic unit, producing hyperbranched polymers with DB=0.83.