分子间相互作用对蛋白质晶体生长的影响

采用原子力显微镜对溶菌酶和刀豆蛋白A的分子间相互作用力的情况进行了研究, 并用动态光散射研究了此二种分子间相互作用力有较大差异的蛋白质在晶体生长条件和非生长条件下, 溶液中的聚集体的状态(大小和分散度)随浓度和温度的变化情况. 实验结果表明, 范德华力强的刀豆蛋白A在成核前, 溶液中的聚集体不能很快转变为生长基元, 导致晶体生长时间长; 而范德华力弱的溶菌酶, 溶液中的聚集体可以很快转变成生长基元, 晶体生长时间也较短.     

NaCl对液-液扩散法生长溶菌酶晶体的影响

用动态光散射法研究了不同浓度NaCl对液—液扩散法生长溶菌酶晶体的影响， 并测量了晶体生长前后体系的Zeta电势．结果表明，NaCl浓度较高时，在溶菌酶溶 液—凝胶界面处会发生液液分层现象，溶液中一直存在较大的聚集体，生长出的晶 体质量较差．而在合适的NaCl浓度下，随着溶液Zeta电势降低，溶液中溶菌酶的大 的聚集体发生解聚集，生长出的晶体质量较高．     

配液结晶法制备溶菌酶蛋白质晶体的生长机理研究

采用配液结晶法制取了溶菌酶蛋白质晶体, 使用动态光散射测量了溶液中聚集体的颗粒度几率分布; 使用Zeiss显微镜测定了溶菌酶(110)晶面的生长速度. 实验表明: 随着蛋白质和NaCl浓度的增加, 溶液中聚集体的颗粒尺寸也相应增加. 随着反应时间的增加, 溶菌酶分子在溶液中的聚集反应, 逐渐达到平衡; 在蛋白质和NaCl浓度较高时, 溶菌酶晶体的(110)面生长较快, 而在蛋白质和NaCl浓度较低时, 该晶面生长较慢. 基于二维成核生长机理, 从晶体生长动力学理论方程出发, 计算了二维成核的形成能α＝4.01×10^－8 J•cm^－2.     

气相扩散法生长溶菌酶晶体的动态光散射研究

首次采用动态光散射研究了气相扩散法生长溶菌酶晶体.实验中采用了两种溶解溶菌酶的方法,所得实验结果是有区别的.这种区别表明了NaCl对溶菌酶分子间相互作用产生十分重要的影响.实验结果表明,晶体生长过程中,溶液中溶菌酶始终保持单分子与两分子聚集体的状态,这种状态是生长晶体的基础.     

溶菌酶晶体生长前期溶液中聚集体研究

用动态光散射法研究了不同浓度NaCl对溶菌酶晶体生长前期溶液中聚集体状态的影响,并将这些溶液中的聚集体吸附到硅片表面,用原子力显微镜进行了观察.结果表明,在NaCl浓度为0～0.5 mol·L^-1时,随着NaCl浓度的升高,溶液中大的聚集体逐渐消失,直至基本上只存在几纳米大小的聚集体.测量了相应条件下溶液的Zeta电势值以说明NaCl与溶菌酶之间的相互作用的变化情况.本文从溶液中无序聚集体的角度出发提出了判断晶体能否生长的一个可能的标准,并对动态光散射与原子力显微镜的结果进行了对比和分析.     

淀粉微球形成过程的介观模拟及实验

以环己烷为油相、淀粉乳液为水相、Span60和Tween60为乳化剂,对淀粉微球的形成过程进行了耗散粒子动力学(DPD)模拟及实验研究.模拟结果表明,淀粉微球的形成过程存在四个阶段,即淀粉与乳化剂分子无规则分散阶段、小聚集体形成阶段、球状聚集体形成阶段和稳定平衡阶段,并且发现油水比是影响聚集体是否能形成球状的关键因素.油水比小于7的条件下,油水两相分离较难,水相呈现片状、十字型状、柱状及椭球状等形状;当油水比增加到8,水相能形成微球且微球粒径随油水比增加而减小.同时实验结果表明,油水比为8时,微球粘连,几乎看不清球状形貌,油水比为10～20时,微球的粒径随油水比的增大而减小.实验结果很好地吻合了模拟结果.     

具有侧挂胆固醇液晶元的两亲嵌段功能大分子的合成及自组装研究

采用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法, 合成了系列具有刚性疏水胆固醇液晶元的聚甲基丙烯酸甘油酯-嵌段-聚甲基丙烯酸亚己基胆固醇酯(PGMA-b-PMA6Chol)两亲嵌段功能大分子. 运用核磁共振(NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)表征了其化学结构及分子量, 并对其热性质、液晶相结构及相转变行为分别运用热台偏振光显微镜(POM)、热重分析仪(TGA)、示差扫描量热仪(DSC)和二维小角X射线散射(2D-SAXS)表征. 采用纳米沉淀法研究了所得嵌段大分子的溶液自组装, 动态光散射(DLS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的研究发现溶液自组装聚集体为尺寸0.7～2.0 μm的球形结构, 其中含有较高刚性链段质量比例的嵌段大分子组装形成开口中空结构的聚集体, 且其尺寸随着溶液温度的升高减小, 呈现可逆温度变化响应性. 结果表明刚性疏水胆固醇液晶单元和具有多羟基结构的亲水性甲基丙烯酸甘油酯的嵌段共聚可以调控该类嵌段大分子自组装及溶液聚集体形貌.     

极性晶体结晶习性的形成机理

将负离子配位多面体生长基元模型应用于对极性晶体结晶习性的研究。从结晶化学角度探讨了晶体中负离子配位多面体的结晶方位与晶体各族晶面显露规律，提出负离子配位多面体在晶体各族晶面上联结的稳定性决定了晶面的生长速率。在不同的生长温度和溶液碱浓度下，负离子配住多面体相互联结构成不同维度的生长基元，而不同维度的生长基元往晶体各族晶面上叠合的速率比例是在变化的，这是导致晶体结晶形态多变性的主要原因。同时提出：如果把PBC模型中的化学键链设定为配位多面体相联结的键链，使得极性晶体结晶习性中难以解释的问题就会迎刃而解，从而使PBC理论模型的应用会得到更进一步的拓宽。     

DMSO对鸡蛋白溶菌酶溶液变性的影响

利用差示扫描量热(DSC)和温度调制差示扫描量热(MDSC)研究了鸡蛋白溶菌酶在纯水及二甲基亚砜(DMSO)/水混合溶剂中的热变性过程, 探讨了酶的浓度、扫描速率和共溶剂的含量对热变性行为的影响规律. 在纯水溶液中, 溶菌酶的变性焓(△Hm)随酶浓度的增大而增大. 而在DMSO/水混合溶剂中, 变性温度(Tm)随DMSO体积分数的增大向低温方向移动, 变性峰变低变宽; 当DMSO体积分数达到70%后, 热变性曲线变成了一条光滑的直线. 另外, 在纯水溶液中溶菌酶的MDSC图除了出现DSC中可观察到的主吸热峰(I)外, 在峰(I)的前面还出现一个小而对称的吸热峰(II), 并且当体系中有DMSO存在时也未能观察到此峰. 当溶菌酶浓度增大时, Tm(II)移向低温, △Hm(II)减小, Tm(I)与Tm(II)之间的距离变长. 吸热峰(II)的出现被认为是由于水溶液中溶菌酶二聚体的可逆离解造成的.     

溶液间歇结晶过程成核与生长阶段的定量识别

为定量识别溶液间歇结晶过程中的成核和生长阶段,基于晶粒数目和粒度的变化对粒度分布(CSD)的二阶和三阶矩量影响程度的不同,定义并关联了无因次变量K和K^*.添加晶种KNO₃-H₂O溶液结晶过程模拟计算的结果表明,K和K^*值均呈先降后升的变化趋势,成核时单调下降,生长过程中单调上升;且K与K^*值较接近.测定了KNO₃-H₂O溶液自发成核结晶过程中溶液浓度和透光率的变化,用K^*判据定量识别出成核阶段和生长阶段,并与晶体线性生长速率模型检验的结果相吻合.K值的计算依赖于CSD和结晶动力学参数,而K^*作为成核和生长阶段的模型判据,由实验测定的溶液浓度和透光率计算得到.     

Studying Aggregate in Lysozyme Solution by Atomic Force Microscope

The aggregates in lysozyme solution with different NaCl concentration were investigated by Atomic Force Microscope(AFM).The AFM images show that there exist lysozyme monomers,n-mers and clusters in lysozyme solution when the conditions are not suiable for crystal growth.In favorable conditions for crystal growth,the lysozyme clusters disappear and almost only monomers exist in solution.     

Studies on Aggregation Interaction between Reduced Denatured Egg White Lysozymes during Refolding Procedure in Urea Solution

The aggregation interaction between reduced-denatured egg white lysozymes during refolding procedure in urea solution was studied by means of reducing and non-reducing protein electrophoreses. Results of non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） of the supernatant and aggregate precipitate formed in refolding process show that except being refolded to native egg white lysozymes, the reduced-denatured lysozymes can also form the aggregates with molecular weights （MW） being separately about 30.0 and 35.0 kD, while the reducing SDS-PAGE and the refolding results in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate show that these aggregates are formed chiefly through the misconnection of disulfide bonds between the reduced-denatured lysozymes, and the aggregate precipitates are formed through the non-covalent interactions between the aggregates with molecular weight being about 30.0 kD. From the results of electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatographic analyses, it can be inferred that the aggregates with molecular weights being about 30.0 and 35.0 kD are bi-molecular and tri-molecular egg white lysozyme aggregates, respectively. And finally, a suggested refolding mechanism of reduced-denatured egg white lysozymes in urea solution was presented.     

体积排阻色谱法研究变性溶菌酶分子复性过程中集聚体的形成

在体积排阻色谱柱上研究了还原剂存在时脲和盐酸胍变性的3种溶菌酶溶液的复性和分离过程。当变性液中原始溶菌酶浓度大于10 g/L时,变性溶菌酶在体积排阻色谱柱上除了复性为与未变性溶菌酶出峰时间相同的复性态溶菌酶分子外,还形成了溶菌酶折叠中间体的二分子集聚体。这个结果得到了用稀释法复性时溶菌酶的蛋白电泳检测结果的支持。与稀释法复性相比较,用体积排阻色谱法复性时所形成的折叠中间体二分子集聚体的量要远远低于用稀释法所形成的集聚体的量。     

Size and morphology of assemblies formed by DNA and lysozyme in dilute aqueous mixtures

Assemblies formed by a well-defined quality of DNA (4331 bp T7 DNA) and the small net-cationic protein lysozyme in dilute aqueous solutions have been characterized using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) as the main techniques. In a wide range of different DNA to lysozyme ratios in solutions of low ionic strength, dispersions of aggregates with the same general morphology and a practically constant hydrodynamic size are formed. The basic structure formed in the dispersions is that of rather flexible worm-like assemblies with a diameter of 10-20 nm, which are suggested to be made up by bundles of on the order of 10 DNA chains with an intervening matrix of lysozyme. With increased ionic strength, the worm-like appearance of the assemblies is lost and they adopt a less well-defined shape. The results suggest that the formation of the DNA-lysozyme aggregates is strongly influenced by cooperative assembly of the components and that, in addition to the electrostatic attraction between DNA and lysozyme, attractive interactions between the protein units are important in governing the behavior of the system.     

Molecular dynamics simulations for water and ions in protein crystals

The spatial and temporal properties of water and ions in bionanoporous materials-protein crystals-have been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Three protein crystals are considered systematically with different morphologies and chemical topologies: tetragonal lysozyme, orthorhombic lysozyme, and tetragonal thermolysin. It is found that the thermal fluctuations of C(alpha) atoms in the secondary structures of protein molecules are relatively weak due to hydrogen bonding. The solvent-accessible surface area per residue is nearly identical in the three protein crystals; the hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues in each crystal possess approximately the same solvent-accessible surface area. Water distributes heterogeneously and has different local structures within the biological nanopores of the three protein crystals. The mobility of water and ions in the crystals is enhanced as the porosity increases and also by the fluctuations of protein atoms particularly in the two lysozyme crystals. Anisotropic diffusion is found preferentially along the pore axis, as experimentally observed. The anisotropy of the three crystals increases in the order: tetragonal thermolysin < tetragonal lysozyme < orthorhombic lysozyme.     

单分子膜诱导下的矿物晶体生长

介绍了近几年单分子膜诱导下矿物晶体生长的最新进展。讨论了单分子膜诱导下的矿物晶体生长与溶溶中的异同,成膜材料,单分子膜性质和聚集态,矿物晶体的选择性及晶体的表征方法。     

Neutron scattering study of water confined in periodic mesoporous organosilicas

A series of quasi-elastic neutron scattering measurements were performed using IN6 at the Institute Laue Langevin for a mesoporous organosilica material with phenyl functions, called phenyltriethoxysilane (PTES). The aim of the experiment was to study the diffusion dynamics of nano-scale water clusters inside the hydrophobic pores as a function of temperature and hydration. By fitting the Debye-Waller factor, the data show clearly the different behavior between water, both inside and outside the hydrophobic pores, which resembles bulk water. The mean thermal displacement 〈u²〉 of the external water increases with T almost linearly up to 353 K, while the internal water quickly reaches the maximum at T∼323 K, indicating the confinement by an averaged pore diameter of the porous organosilica.     

Thermal Transformations of Hydrated Titanium Dioxide with a Globular Structure of Aggregates

The phase and chemical transformations in hydrated titanium dioxide with a globular structure of aggregates, prepared by thermal hydrolysis of aqueous solution of oxotitanium(IV) sulfate and calcined in air at 200-1100°C, were studied. The effect of modifying additives (potassium, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus compounds) and seed crystals of rutile-like structure on the kinetics and temperature of the polymorphous transition of anatase into rutile, morphology of crystals, and particle size of the resulting product was studied.     

Kinetics of Lysozyme Crystallization From Solution

Abstract

We suggest that the growth of molecular aggregates is the rate-controlling step in the crystallization of lysozyme from pH buffered aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes. We propose that the aggregation reaction passes through a charged transition state whose rate of formation is accelerated by Debye-Huckel screening and whose charge is stabilized by ion exchange with the solution. Applying the theory of the “primary kinetic salt effect”, we predict that the half-life for decay of the lysozyme concentration in solution in contact with a growing crystal should decrease linearly with the square root of the ionic strength. This prediction is confirmed experimentally in the case of lysozyme crystals precipitating at 4°C from pH buffered aqueous solutions of sodium chloride.