d-生物素的全合成研究

以L-胱氨酸或L-半胱氨酸的盐酸盐为起始原料, 经过10步反应, 以超过30%的产率, 得到一条新的高效的d-生物素合成路线. 从L-胱氨酸开始, 通过中间休2的酰胺烷基化得到中间体3, 再在过氧酸催化下重排开环生成中间体4, 然后经过氧化、还原和缩合等几步建立起生物素的骨架.     

O-磷酸-L-丝氨酸及其衍生物的合成

介绍具有重要药理和生物活性的O-磷酸-L-丝氨酸及衍生物的合成. O-磷酸-L-丝氨酸通过部分水解的三氯氧磷与L-丝氨酸反应制得, 并培养得到了其晶体, 利用X射线衍射方法测定了它的晶体结构; 进而合成了O-磷酸-L-丝氨酸钙盐和O-磷酸-L-丝氨酸单(或双)二异丙胺盐. 产物经核磁共振、红外光谱和质谱进行了结构表征.     

致密二茂铁硫醇自组装膜的电化学行为

合成了11-二茂铁基十一烷基-1-硫醇(HS-(CH₂)₁₁-Fc)，利用自组装膜的特点，通过分子设计将二茂铁基团引入到自组装膜中。在金电极表面构筑有序单分子膜，制备出具有电化学活性的修饰层，研究其电化学行为，作为考察复杂电化学动力学的理想模型。进一步探究其电子传递的特点与自组装膜表面覆盖度之间的联系，提出了一种新的电子传递模型，研究电子转移与膜结构的对应关系，为更深层次的分子设计和功能组装提供理论指导。     

十八烷基-L-苯丙氨酸齐聚物在有机溶剂中的自组装

由L-苯丙氨酸和二(三氯甲基)碳酸酯反应得到的L-苯丙氨酸-N-羧基-环内酸酐(L-Phe-NCA), 在十八胺的引发下开环聚合得到十八烷基-L-苯丙氨酸齐聚物(简称L-Phe-R18). ¹H NMR (300 MHz)和FT-IR表征了产物结构, 是平均聚合度为5的齐聚物. L-Phe-R18能在多种有机溶剂中发生聚集和自组装, 并进而在这些有机溶剂中形成热可逆的物理凝胶. 其中, 该齐聚物能在氯苯、二苯醚、甲苯等溶剂中形成透明凝胶. 也能在苯、硝基苯、醋酸丁酯等溶剂中形成非透明凝胶. L-Phe-R18在这些有机溶剂中的最低凝胶化浓度(MGC)在w＝0.3%～1%之间. X射线衍射(XRD)数据和场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)以及分子模拟表征了L-Phe-R18聚集体的微观形态和可能的聚集方式. 认为L-Phe-R18在有机溶剂中通过分子间氢键、π-π堆积等非共价键相互作用聚集、组装成厚度约为20 nm左右的带状纤维, 溶剂分子以毛细力存在于相互缠绕的纤维网络结构中, 使体系形成稳定的凝胶.     

血红蛋白/带正电的纳米金层层自组装膜修饰电极的制备及其电催化性能

利用自组装技术和静电吸附作用, 将带正电荷的纳米金(nano-Au^Å)和带负电荷的血红蛋白(Hb)层层自组装于L-半胱胺酸(L-cys)修饰的金电极表面, 从而制得用于检测过氧化氢(H2O2)的无电子媒介体的第三代电流型生物传感器({Hb/nano-Au^Å}5/L-cys/gold). 通过电子显微镜技术和微量电泳技术考察了不同粒径正电荷的纳米金的相关特征; 通过交流阻抗技术、原子力显微镜技术、循环伏安法和计时电流法考察了电极表面的电化学特性, 并对该传感器的作用机理及性能进行了详细的研究. 用计时电流法测得H2O2的线性范围为2.1×10^-8 ~ 1.2×10^-3 mol/L (r = 0.994), 检出限为1.1×10^-8 mol/L, 米氏常数(K_m^app)为0.10 mmol/L. 实验结果表明, 该方法与单层带正电的纳米金固载血红蛋白及带负电的纳米金层层自组装固载血红蛋白相比, 显著提高了血红蛋白的固定量, 并能保持血红蛋白的生物活性, 从而增强了传感器的灵敏度和稳定性, 拓宽了线性响应范围及降低了检测下限.     

L-天冬氨酸与阴离子表面活性剂SDS的相互作用

用电导法、表面张力法和荧光探针法测定了L-天冬氨酸(L-Asp)对十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)胶束聚集性能的影响以及L-Asp在SDS胶束中的定位, 用循环伏安法研究了SDS/H₂O体系中L-Asp的电化学特性. 结果表明, L-Asp的加入能使SDS的临界胶束浓度cmc减小、胶束的聚集数增加. SDS表面胶束和SDS/n-C₄H₉OH/表面混合胶束均对L-Asp电化学氧化具有一定的催化作用.     

巴比妥酸与蜜胺衍生物自组装过程中的π-π相互作用

利用电化学、表面光电压、荧光光谱、FTIR和X射线衍射, 研究了5-(-4-十二烷氧基苯乙烯基)-(1H,3H)-2,4,6-嘧啶三酮(PB₁₂)与4-氨基-2,6-二-十二烷基胺基-1,3,5-三嗪(M₁₂)之间的自组装过程. 结果发现, 在室温等摩尔PB₁₂与M₁₂在氯仿中混合后不仅通过三重互补氢键形成氢键超分子, 而且氢键超分子之间通过 π-π 相互作用进行进一步组装. 在氢键超分子之间的组装过程中, π-π相互作用是通过M₁₂的HOMO与PB₁₂的LUMO之间的HOMO-LUMO非定域化作用实现的. 氢键超分子之间PB₁₂与M₁₂交替排列, 形成层间距为0.41 nm的纳米管.     

自组装单层界面β-环糊精非电活性客体的电化学测定

提出了用电化学技术测定非电活性物质的新方法.利用合成的β-CD对甲苯磺酸基衍生物(Ts-β-CD)获得新型β-CD单层.虽然β-CD的覆盖率只有10%左右,但该单层对二茂铁表现出有效的主客体响应.界面上二茂铁的包络符合Langmuir吸附响应.利用Langmuir吸附等温式,得到二茂铁与β-环糊精形成包络物的包络常数为4.2×10⁴ mol^-1· L,二茂铁在该单层上的最大表面覆盖度为8.6×10^-12 mol/cm².当二茂铁溶液中含有非电活性物质间甲苯甲酸(mTA)或十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)时,mTA和SDS与包络在电极表面的二茂铁发生客体竞争反应而使二茂铁的氧化还原峰电流降低.利用该原理,分别测定了非电活性物质mTA和SDS,线性范围分别为0.8~2.7 μ mol/L和5~100 nmol/L.     

N-烷基-N-酰基磺酰胺聚苯乙烯基微球作为固相酰化剂的研究

一种可循环使用的固相试剂：N-烷基-N-酰基磺酰胺聚苯乙烯基微球(5), 通过对聚苯乙烯磺酰氯微球树脂进行两步功能基化的修饰反应来制备. 制备过程如下：聚苯磺酰氯树脂(1)与伯胺(2)反应得到聚苯乙烯基N-烷基磺酰胺树脂(3), 树脂3用酰氯(4)或酸酐酰化得到N-烷基-N-酰基磺酰胺聚苯乙烯基树脂(5). 酰化的树脂5作为酰基转移试剂与亲核试剂胺反应得到二级酰胺. 根据5上取代基对酰胺生成的程度的影响结果表明, 烷基R¹和酰基(R²CO)对酰基转移反应活性的大小依次分别为：苯基＞苄基＞甲基＞正丁基＞＞H和对硝基苯甲酰基(苯甲酰基＞乙酰基. 胺的亲核能力对酰胺的收率也有一定的影响. N-苯基-N-苯甲酰基磺酰胺树脂重复使用3次没有发现活性降低.     

二茂铁/L-半胱氨酸修饰电极的电化学行为及电催化性能

利用配对试剂将二茂铁酰胺键合在L-半胱氨酸自组装单层膜(SAM)表面, 制成稳定的二茂铁/L-半胱氨酸修饰电极, 该电极在pH 7.0的磷酸盐缓冲液中有一对很好的氧化还原峰. 运用循环伏安法和交流阻抗谱详细研究了修饰电极的电化学行为, 测得电子转移系数为0.66, 表观电极反应速率常数为6.86 s-1. 该修饰电极对肾上腺素有很好的催化作用, 峰电流与肾上腺素浓度在2.0×10-7～1.0×10-5 mol·dm-3范围内呈现良好的线性关系.     

Heterogeneous electron transfer at Au/SAM junctions in a room-temperature ionic liquid under pressure

Proven electrochemical approaches were applied to study heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) between selected redox couples and gold electrodes modified with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), using the room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) [bmim][NTf2] as reaction medium; ferrocene as freely diffusing redox probe in the RTIL was tested for ET through both thin (butanethiol) and thick (dodecanethiol) assemblages at pressures up to 150 MPa; well behaved kinetic patterns and reproducibility of data were demonstrated for ET within the unique Au/SAM/RTIL arrays.     

Surface effects of monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles on the redox reactions between ferricyanide and thiosulfate

The intense research interest in nanosized particle materials is mainly fueled by their unique physical, chemical, electronic, and magnetic properties[1]. Among these, they have shown great application po-tentialities in the catalytic regulation of elec-t…     

Self-assembled monolayers on electrode surfaces: a probe for redox kinetics

The formation and characterization of self-assembled monolayers of organosulfur compounds like alkanethiols and dialkyl (di)sulfides on metal surfaces such as gold are areas of current research interest. The presence of an aromatic ring in a thiol molecule can enhance the binding between Au and the thiol, resulting in the formation of compact and impervious self-assembled monolayers. The formation of a monolayer of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), containing an aromatic group with a fused thiazole ring but no long alkyl chain, is achieved on a gold electrode surface. Voltammetric investigations of ferro/ferricyanide and ferrous/ferric redox systems carried out on this Au|MBT electrode are reported. Further, the possibility of using such an Au|MBT electrode to distinguish between inner and outer sphere electron transfer reactions is indicated. Received: 2 January 1998 / Accepted: 14 May 1998     

Adsorption of 1,10-phenanthroline within a dodecanethiol monolayer: an approach to a switchable electrode surface

A simple method was used to prepare a "switchable" electrode surface by using self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on a gold electrode. The dodecane-modified electrode was electrochemically inactive until the monolayer was soaked in solutions of 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2'-bipyridine. The electroactive form of the electrode could be reverted back to the nonelectroactive form by rinsing the electrode. Surface IR results showed that both dodecanethiol and 1,10-phenanthroline exist in the mixed monolayer.     

Charge transfer across the water/nitrobenzene interface by three-electrode system

A droplet of aqueous solution containing a certain molar ratio of redox couple is first attached onto a platinum electrode surface, then the resulting drop electrode is immersed into the organic solution containing very hydrophobic electrolyte. Combined with reference and counter electrodes, a classical three-electrode system has been constructed. Ion transfer (IT) and electron transfer (ET) are investigated systematically using three-electrode voltammetry. Potassium ion transfer and electron transfer between potassium ferricyanide in the aqueous phase and ferrocene in nitrobenzene are observed with potassium ferricyanide/potassium ferrocyanide as the redox couple. Meanwhile, the transfer reactions of lithium, sodium, potassium, proton and ammonium ions are obtained with ferric sulfate/ferrous sulfate as the redox couple. The formal transfer potentials and the standard Gibbs transfer energy of these ions are evaluated and consistent with the results obtained by a four-electrode system and other methods.     

Metal-mediated transport of electrons across molecular films

Electron transfer (ET) to a redox probe in solution across the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of a tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-based ligand on gold electrodes is greatly enhanced by Cu-binding.     

Light-harvesting and photocurrent generation by gold electrodes modified with mixed self-assembled monolayers of boron-dipyrrin and ferrocene-porphyrin-fullerene triad

Three different kinds of mixed self-assembled monolayers have been prepared to mimic photosynthetic energy and electron transfer on a gold surface. Pyrene and boron-dipyrrin were chosen as a light-harvesting model. The mixed self-assembled monolayers of pyrene (or boron-dipyrrin) and porphyrin (energy acceptor model) reveal photoinduced singlet-singlet energy transfer from the pyrene (or boron-dipyrrin) to the porphyrin on the gold surface. The boron-dipyrrin has also been combined with a reaction center model, ferrocene-porphyrin-fullerene triad, to construct integrated artificial photosynthetic assemblies on a gold electrode using mixed monolayers of the respective self-assembled unit. The mixed self-assembled monolayers on the gold electrode have established a cascade of photoinduced energy transfer and multistep electron transfer, leading to the production of photocurrent output with the highest quantum yield (50 +/- 8%, based on the adsorbed photons) ever reported for photocurrent generation at monolayer-modified metal electrodes and across artificial membranes using donor-acceptor linked molecules. The incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) of the photoelectrochemical cell at 510 and 430 nm was determined as 0.6% and 1.6%, respectively. Thus, the present system provides the first example of an artificial photosynthetic system, which not only mimics light-harvesting and charge separation processes in photosynthesis but also acts as an efficient light-to-current converter in molecular devices.     

Voltammetric investigation of cytochrome c on gold coated with a self-assembled glutathione monolayer

The direct, reversible electrochemistry of horse-heart cytochrome c (cyt. c) was realized on a self-assembled glutathione (GSH) monolayer modified Au electrode. The voltammetric responses of cyt. c on GSH/Au electrode were found to be affected by pH during the electrode modification, metal ions and surfactants. Using potassium ferricyanide [K4Fe(CN)6] as a probe, these effects on the voltammetric responses of cyt. c were characterized by electrochemical methods. It was found that the pH during the electrode modification, metallic ions and surfactants changed GSH monolayer's charge state and the conformation on the electrode surface, and resulted in the influence on the voltammetric responses of cyt. c. The experimental results provided us information to understand the mechanism of the interfacial electron transfer of electrode-protein, as well as the electron transfer of cyt. c in life system.     

Electron transfer at self-assembled monolayers measured by scanning electrochemical microscopy

New approaches have been developed for measuring the rates of electron transfer (ET) across self-assembled molecular monolayers by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The developed models can be used to independently measure the rates of ET mediated by monolayer-attached redox moieties and direct ET through the film as well as the rate of a bimolecular ET reaction between the attached and dissolved redox species. By using a high concentration of redox mediator in solution, very fast heterogeneous (10(8) s(-1)) and bimolecular (10(11) mol(-1) cm(3) s(-1)) ET rate constants can be measured. The ET rate constants measured for ferrocene/alkanethiol on gold were in agreement with previously published data. The rates of bimolecular heterogeneous electron transfer between the monolayer-bound ferrocene and water-soluble redox species were measured. SECM was also used to measure the rate of ET through nonelectroactive alkanethiol molecules between substrate gold electrodes and a redox probe (Ru(NH(3))(6)(3+)) freely diffusing in the solution, yielding a tunneling decay constant, beta, of 1.0 per methylene group.     

Electron Transfer Binding Site of Cytochrome c to Carboxylic Acid-Terminated Alkanethiol Self-assembled Monolayers Immobilized on Gold Electrode

It is proposed that Lys-13 of mammalian cytochrome cfacilitates the most efficient electron transfer (ET) pathway to the carboxylate terminus of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on gold electrodes. In order to confirm the proposed ET pathway, the ET reaction rate of a rat cytochrome c mutant (RC9K13A), in which lysine-13 is replaced by alanine, is measured at a 3-mercaptopropionate SAM on a gold electrode. The ET rate of K13A is more than six orders of magnitude smaller than that of the native one. In the mutant, Ala-13 can no longer facilitate the ET pathway. Based on the measurements, the potential candidate for the binding site of RC9K13A is Lys-8.