碱及碱土金属对准东煤热解特性及动力学影响分析

利用程序升温热重(TG)技术对准东原煤(R-form)和酸洗煤(H-form)样品的热解过程进行了研究,同时,采用分布活化能模型(DAEM)法对两者的热解动力学参数进行了计算。结果表明,准东煤在热解过程中保持了丰富的孔隙结构;碱及碱土金属(AAEM)的存在不会对准东煤大分子网络结构造成显著影响,但会提高准东煤的平衡水分含量及二次脱气阶段挥发分释放速率,降低其主热解阶段挥发分释放速率及热解最终失重率;DAEM法可以在较宽的温度范围内对准东煤的热解过程进行准确的描述,R-form和H-form煤样品的热解活化能均随转化率的增大而升高;相同转化率下R-form煤样品的活化能高于H-form,前者活化能分布函数的最大值出现在261.85kJ/mol处,而后者出现在264.51kJ/mol处;AAEM的存在使准东煤的热解活化能升高且分布更加集中,使其热解反应活性降低;准东煤热解的频率因子与活化能之间呈现明显的动力学补偿效应。     

典型城市固体废弃物热解动力学机理研究

利用热重(TGA)技术研究了城市固体废弃物中塑料橡胶类、木质纤维素类、织物类和厨余类四大类可燃组分中七种典型固体废弃物热解反应过程。实验结果表明,塑料类和织物类最难热解,厨余类组分最易热解;采用Freeman-Carroll法对七种典型固体废弃物热解进行数据处理,从20种常用的固相反应机制函数中遴选出最优解,利用优化的数学函数和动力学参数建立动力学模型,结果表明,PE和羊毛线热解主要反应阶段的最优固相反应模型是球形相界面反应模型;橡胶粉、杨树枝热解反应模型遵循化学反应规律;米饭和本白棉布热解曲线遵循幂函数法则;白菜的最优模型是三维扩散模型。     

煤-焦炉气共热解半焦燃烧动力学特性研究──燃烧模型的建立及其表观活化能动态描述

采用热重分析方法（ＴＧＡ）对煤－焦炉气共热解半焦燃烧动力学特性进行研究,建立了半焦燃烧动力学模型,采用新的数学处理方法,实现了表观活化能在半焦燃烧过程中的动态描述及平均表观活化能的求取。分析结果表明,表观活化能在半焦燃烧过程中呈“两头高、中间低”的“钟”型动态分布,其变化范围为：４７～９５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,其中主要燃烧失重阶段（转化率为２０％～８０％）的表观活化能较低且变化幅度较小,约为４７～６０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,在燃烧转化率为４０％左右出现最低活化能约４７ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。同一半焦燃烧过程中,表观活化能与燃烧速率动态分布具有良好的对应关系,即较大燃烧速率对应着较低表观活化能,这说明表观活化能的大小直接体现了半焦燃烧反应活性的高低     

典型海鲜废弃物热解特性及动力学研究

本研究采用热重分析手段，对鱼骨、蟹壳、虾壳三种典型海鲜废弃物的热解特性进行分析，研究不同升温速率(20、40、60℃/min)条件下热解过程的特征参数，分析原料成分组成对于海鲜废弃物热解特性的影响。基于热解特性参数对热解过程进行动力学分析，结合表观动力学参数并在对比多种机理模型的拟合效果基础上，确定了较为适宜的海鲜废弃物热解过程机理模型。结果表明，海鲜废弃物热解过程与其成分组成具有密切关联，TG-DTG曲线对比分析发现，有机质和无机盐含量是影响热解过程的重要因素。随着升温速率的提高,三种海鲜废弃物的热解特性参数具有一致的增长趋势。动力学研究发现，鱼骨主要热解过程符合一级化学反应机理，而蟹壳和虾壳在有机物分解阶段可由一段1.5级化学反应过程描述，分析认为，反应级数的差别与与海鲜废弃物中几丁质含量有关。表观活化能Ea随着升温速率的提高而增大，而活化能增量?E_α逐渐变小，可以推测采用不低于40℃/min的升温速率不会导致三种海鲜废弃物热解过程难度的增大并更具经济性。研究结果为海鲜废弃物热解处理技术的开发提供了基础过程特性数据。     

基于Khimera软件的Se和Sn氧化动力学参数计算

反应速率常数和指前因子、活化能等动力学参数的准确性是研究痕量元素动力学模型的关键,在Se和Sn氧化过程的反应机理研究基础上,借助于量化软件Gaussview和Gaussian及动力学软件Khimera,采用量子化学从头计算理论对Se和Sn氧化过程进行研究,最终得到了在200~2000K温度区间内的反应速率k随温度T变化的关系,进一步计算了Arrhenius参数,得出了活化能随温度变化的关系,弥补了以往只能计算单个温度点的化学反应速率值的不足,为深入研究煤燃烧过程中Se和Sn的生成与排放的动力学模型提供了依据。     

基于 KHIMERA 的Se和Sn氧化动力学参数计算

反应速率常数和指前因子、活化能等动力学参数的准确性是研究痕量元素动力学模型的关键,在Se和Sn氧化过程的反应机理研究基础上,借助于量化软件Gaussview和Gaussian及动力学软件Khimera,采用量子化学从头计算理论对Se和Sn氧化过程进行研究,最终得到了在200~2000K温度区间内的反应速率k随温度T变化的关系,进一步计算了Arrhenius参数,得出了活化能随温度变化的关系,弥补了以往只能计算单个温度点的化学反应速率值的不足,为深入研究煤燃烧过程中Se和Sn的生成与排放的动力学模型提供了依据。     

水热炭化生物质与煤共热解和共气化特性研究

煤和生物质共热化学转化有助于当前化石能源系统的低碳化发展。本研究以烟煤和木质生物质为原料,研究煤和生物质共热解和共气化特性,并考察了不同水热炭化温度和生物质掺混比的影响。利用热重分析仪和在线质谱分析共热解和共气化的协同作用和氢气释放特性。采用Model-fitting方法,单独分析热解和气化阶段的整体反应动力学。结果表明,煤和生物质共气化阶段的协同作用显著强于共热解阶段。生物质比例越高,共气化协同作用越明显,水热炭化会削弱共气化的协同作用。共热解过程,H₂的产生受抑制。共气化过程可采用一级模型描述,而共热解过程需遵循n级反应模型。未处理的或轻度水热炭化的生物质与煤的混合物,共热解整体活化能和反应级数大于加权平均值,而其共气化的活化能变化趋势相反。重度水热炭化生物质与煤的混合物,共热解和共气化的活化能均接近加权平均值。     

基于分布活化能模型法的农林生物质热解动力学对比研究

采用热重质谱（TG-MS）联用技术,考察杏壳、小麦秸秆与杨树木屑等典型农林生物质的热解行为及动力学。结果表明,组分差异使得三种生物质在主要反应区间内（200–450℃）表现出不同的特征。采用等转化率法计算发现,杏壳平均活化能为188.22 kJ/mol,秸秆平均活化能为220.77 kJ/mol,木屑平均活化能为175.87 kJ/mol。利用分布活化能模型（DAEM）法计算生物质中各组分的平均活化能,发现三种生物质中存在平均活化能较高的第四组分（杏壳297.44 kJ/mol、秸秆284.35 kJ/mol和木屑309.96 kJ/mol）,而半纤维素与纤维素呈现“秸秆<杏壳<木屑”规律。各类动力学计算方法能够互为补充,等转化率方法的整体计算结果与单组分分布活化能模型法结果接近,方法更简便,而分布活化能模型法可以求得原料不同组分的动力学参数,弥补等转化率法的不足,综合使用可以形成对热解反应更为全面的认识。     

煤岩微成份的热解失重及热解反应动力学

测定了不同变质阶段的镜煤质(从长焰煤至无烟煤)以及不同种类的外皮质(孢子质、树皮质、琥珀)和丝炭质的热解失重,并与其粘结性指标关联。不同变质阶段镜煤质的失重曲线变化是有规律的,且外皮质的总失重和最大失重速率比镜煤质高得多。应用失重结果进行了热解动力学研究。以从热失重曲线上得到的初始反应物的重量计算初次热解反应活化能,得到良好的结果。且外皮质的活化能比镜煤质高得多。     

催化剂对CaO固硫反应活性的影响研究

用热天平研究了在CaO中添加不同催化剂对固硫反应进程及固硫反应转化率的影响,并采用等效粒子模型处理实验数据,计算了固硫反应两个阶段(表面化学反应控制阶段及产物层扩散控制阶段)的动力学参数。实验表明不同的催化剂对CaO固硫的影响效果和机制不同：催化剂KNO3,NaNO3使表面化学反应活化能和产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能降低,但同时也使表面化学反应指前因子和扩散系数指前因子降低;而催化剂Fe2O,V2O5增大了表面化学活化能和产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能,但同时也增大了表面化学反应指前因子和扩散系数指前因子。并发现几种催化剂对活化能和指前因子的影响都具有耦合性,因此单以表面化学反应活化能或产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能来判断固硫反应活性是不够全面的,应计算出具体温度下的反应速率常数和产物层扩散系数值,才能准确地反映固硫反应的活性。     

聚三氟氯乙烯的热裂解动力学和机理的研究

本文报道在4.1型示差精密热天平上装配了微分单元,组成热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)联用装置用于研究聚三氟氯乙烯在空气中的热裂解动力学过程,并运用几种不同的动力学处理方法所求得的结果来评价各种动力学理论的优缺点和说明聚三氟氯乙烯反应程度在5—95％的整个过程中活化能的变化情况。同时根据裂解程度与能量、裂解速率的关系以及裂解产物结构的鉴定,提出了聚合物无规热裂解机理,解释了迄今文献上所报道的裂解产物的结构。结果还证明了Errede提出的键离解能经验公式不适用于聚三氟氯乙烯的裂解机理。     

Characterization of the water-insoluble pyrolytic cellulose from cellulose pyrolysis oil

Water-insoluble pyrolytic cellulose with similar appearance to pyrolytic lignin was found in cellulose fast pyrolysis oil. The influence of pyrolysis temperature on pyrolytic cellulose was studied in a temperature range of 300–600 °C. The yield of the pyrolytic cellulose increased with temperature rising. The pyrolytic cellulose was characterized by various methods. The molecular weight distribution of pyrolytic cellulose was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Four molecular weight ranges were observed, and the M_w of the pyrolytic cellulose varied from 3.4 × 10³ to 1.93 × 10⁵ g/mol. According to the elemental analysis (EA), the pyrolytic cellulose possessed higher carbon content and lower oxygen content than cellulose. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the pyrolytic cellulose underwent thermo-degradation at 127–800 °C and three mass loss peaks were observed. Detected by the pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), the main pyrolysis products of the pyrolytic cellulose included saccharides, ketones, acids, furans and others. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) also demonstrated that the pyrolytic cellulose had peaks assigned to CO stretching and glycosidic bond, which agreed well with the Py-GC/MS results. The pyrolytic cellulose could be a mixture of saccharides, ketones, and their derivatives.     

Pyrolysis-GC-FTIR for structural elucidation of aquatic humic substances

Substructure components of various aquatic humic substances were investigated by a coupled pyrolysis — gas chromatography — Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (Py-GC-FTIR) procedure. The humic substances studied gave similar pyrolysis products, but in varying proportions. Many of the pyrolysis products (e.g. methanol, acetone, alkylbenzenes, cyclopentane, aliphatic and aromatic organic acids, acetamide, pyrrole and phenols) could be identified by their FTIR spectra using a digital library for automatic comparison. Some of the compounds are related to lignin fragments which form a large part of the humic substances investigated. Other products give hints to the involvement of tetrapyrroles, fatty acids, furanoses and amino compounds in the structure of humic macromolecules.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Dieter Klockow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

水城褐煤热解的气体产物析出特征及甲烷的生成反应类型研究

利用傅里叶红外光谱仪研究了煤中主要官能团的分布,利用热重-质谱联用（TG/MS）在10℃/min的条件下研究了水城褐煤的热解行为,获得了煤热解主要挥发分气体（H₂、CH₄、H₂O、CO、CO₂）生成的速率曲线。采用分峰拟合的方法将甲烷的生成速率曲线分解为五个峰,通过化学动力学分析,结合煤的结构特性、热解特性及其他挥发分气体的生成特征,认为甲烷的生成主要由一个脱吸附过程和四个化学反应组成。     

Unterscheidung von Humins?uren und Ligninsulfons?uren durch zeitaufgel?ste Untergrundsignale in der Graphitrohr-AAS (Graphitrohr-Pyrolyse, UV-Pyrolyse-Spektrometrie)

Summary The computer-time-resolved background measurement in electrothermal AAS (graphite tube-AAS) is employed in order to achieve a differentiation in the substances of organic materials as well as a summary classification by pyrolytic behaviour. By way of example of various humic acids as well as lignin-sulphonic acid the differences in pyrolytic behaviour in UV gas-phase spectrometry is shown.     

Dimethyl carbonate as a novel methylating reagent for fatty acids in analytical pyrolysis

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was investigated as a mild, harmless and odorless reagent for pyrolytic methylation of fatty acids. Soybean oil was selected as test material for its high content of (poly)unsaturated fatty acids. Pyrolyses were performed at 500, 700 and 900 degrees C by means of a heated platinum filament pyrolyser on-line and off-line to the GC-MS apparatus. Methyl esters of palmitic, linoleic, oleic and stearic acid were formed as prominent products from off-line pyrolysis of soybean oil in the presence of DMC and zeolite 13X. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were not observed at important levels in the absence of zeolite, while on-line Py-GC-MS experiments resulted principally in the formation of free fatty acids and hydrocarbons. The FAME profiles obtained from the DMC/zeolite off-line pyrolysis were compared to those resulting from tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis and BF3-methanol procedure. The observed differences between pyrolysis and methanolysis methods were principally attributed to the thermal degradation of unsaturated fatty acids. The effectiveness of the DMC/zeolite pyrolytic methylation was further demonstrated by the analysis of tripalmitine and soybean seeds.     

Quantitative comparison of the nitrogen-containing pyrolysis products and amino acid composition of soil humic acids

Pyrrole and acetonitrile, major pyrolysis products of soil humic substances, vary characteristically in abundance with the degree of humification of the organic matter in the soil. Their origin, however, is uncertain because of the large amount of unidentifiable soil nitrogen. A quantitative relationship between amino acid composition and pyrrole and acetonitrile abundances has been established by Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography of a group of test proteins, using polystyrene as an internal standard. The pyrolysis yields of these products from three humic acids extracted from the surface horizons of Scottish brown forest soils (Cambisols or Ochrepts) were entirely accounted for by the known hydrolysable amino acid content and composition, and the products were related to individual amino acids. The peptide amino acid was also found to be the overall source of the aromatic pyrolysis products toluene, phenol and p-cresol.     

Pathways of liquefied petroleum gas pyrolysis in hydrogen plasma: A density functional theory study

A density functional theory (DFT) study has been conducted in this work to investigate the pyrolysis pathways of propane and n-butane, which are the main components of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), for better understanding the pyrolysis behavior of LPG in hydrogen thermal plasma. Over 60 possible reactions are considered. The reaction enthalpies and activation energies of these reactions are calculated and analyzed with a Gaussian method of B3LYP and basic set of 6-31G (d,p). A most possible reaction pathway is brought up. According to this reaction pathway, the main products of LPG pyrolysis are acetylene, ethylene, methane, ethane and extra hydrogen. Acetylene mainly comes from the pyrolysis of propylene and ethylene, and hydrogen abstraction reactions are the main source of extra hydrogen gas. Active H· radicals are found to play a very important role in many reactions, and they can remarkably lower the energies needed for reactions.     

碳前驱体CH3ArCH2NH2的热解性能及动力学研究

通过密闭压力容器法、常压DSC、高压DSC及紫外分光光度定量分析法等实验手段,对液相沉积法制碳／碳复合材料用碳前驱体CH3ArCH2NH2的热裂解行为进行了研究,获得不同温度、不同压力下该碳前驱体的热分解温度和残碳率,用等温动力学和非等温动力学方法获得了热裂解反应的表观活化能,实验结果表明,常压热裂解温度大约为530．15－556．55K,1－3MPa的高压范围内的热裂解温度大约在618．34－675．49K,密闭压力容器中的残碳率为56．23％,常压下的残碳率为28．96％－36．47％,而高压下残碳率可达59．11％,根据基辛格等方法获得了等温条件下和非等温条件下热裂解反应的表观活化能Ea分别为206．78kJ/mol和183．93kJ/mol, 反应级数N~1.