Confined Carbon Mediating Dehydroaromatization of Methane over Mo/ZSM‐5

Non‐oxidative dehydroaromatization of methane (MDA) is a promising catalytic process for direct valorization of natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons. The application of this reaction in practical technology is hindered by a lack of understanding about the mechanism and nature of the active sites in benchmark zeolite‐based Mo/ZSM‐5 catalysts, which precludes the solution of problems such as rapid catalyst deactivation. By applying spectroscopy and microscopy, it is shown that the active centers in Mo/ZSM‐5 are partially reduced single‐atom Mo sites stabilized by the zeolite framework. By combining a pulse reaction technique with isotope labeling of methane, MDA is shown to be governed by a hydrocarbon pool mechanism in which benzene is derived from secondary reactions of confined polyaromatic carbon species with the initial products of methane activation.     

Direct conversion of natural gas to higher hydrocarbons: A review

Direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons is an effective process to solve the problem of natural gas utilization. Although remarkable progress has been achieved on the dehydro-aromatization of methane (DAM), low conversion caused by severe thermodynamic limitations, coke formation, and catalysis deactivation remain important drawbacks to the direct conversion process. Molybdenum catalysts supported on HZSM-5 type zeolite support are among the most promising catalysts. This review focuses on the aspects of direct methane conversion, in terms of catalysts containing metal and support, reaction conditions, and conversion in different types of reactors. The reaction mechanism for this catalytic process is also discussed.     

甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的无氧转化─在隔离活性位上的反应

报道了无氧条件下甲烷在Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上转化为高碳的碳氢化合物的新途径。主要产物苯是经由乙烯聚合而成。此反应可能在两个隔离活性位上进行。乙烯作为甲烷活化的初始产物主要在分子筛外表面Ｍｏ活性位上形成,芳烃在分子筛的孔道内Ｂ酸位上形成。因此,我们认为该过程是乙烯中间产物由外表面扩散到分子筛孔道内形成芳烃。     

METHNE CONVERSION OVER Mo/HZSM-5CATALYSTS WITHOUT ADDING O2?¤?¤A REACTION ON REMOTELY SEPARATED ACTIVE SITES

A novel route for methane conversion to higher hydrocarbons over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts without adding O2 is reported The product is mainly benzene and is formed via oligomerization of ethylene. This reaction process probably occurs on two remotely separated active sites. Ethylene is initially formed as the primary product on the externally loaded Mo active sites While aromatic products are termed on the Bronsted acid sites in the channel systems. In order to relate these two processes, an intermediate diffusion process involving ethylene from the external surface into the channel systems is proposed.     

Methane conversion by various metal, metal oxide and metal carbide catalysts

The progress in the field of methane conversion into higher hydrocarbons including aromatics and oxygenated compounds in the recent five years will be reviewed shortly, together with a new type of the methane conversion reaction with carbon monoxide at lower temperatures (600–700 K) by supported group VIII metal catalysts. Benzene was formed selectively among hydrocarbons in the CH₄–CO reaction over silica-supported Rh, Ru, Pd and Os catalysts under atmospheric pressure. Both CH₄ and CO were required for benzene formation, and only ethane and ethylene were formed besides benzene. The amount of C₃–C₅ hydrocarbons was negligible, which suggests that a completely different mechanism from the CO–H₂ reaction may be operating over these catalysts despite of the similarity in the reaction conditions with the CO–H₂ reaction. The mechanism of benzene formation was studied deeply by means of kinetical investigation as well as infrared spectroscopy and isotopic tracer method in connection with that of CO hydrogenation.     

Influence of Pretreatment Conditions on Methane Aromatization Performance of Mo／HZSM—5 and Mo—Cu／HZSM—5 Catalysts

Mo/HZSM-5 is a good catalyst for methane aromatization, and the reaction performance of Mo/HZSM-5 and Cu modified Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts under various pretreatment conditions has been studied. The results indicate that the catalyst presented a distinguished catalytic activity, benzene selectivity and a high stability when the bed temperature was raised in N2 atmosphere.     

甲烷在含镓沸石（MFI）上无氧活化性能的研究

采用水热法合成了不同Ｓｉ／Ａｌ、Ｓｉ／Ｇａ比的含镍分子筛，催化反应活性表征结果表明，地丙烷芳构化反应具有良好催化活性的含镍分子。没有显示出任何催化甲烷芳构化反应的特性；ＭｏＯ３作为添加组分显著地改变了催化剂的反应性能，３％ＭｏＯ３负载的含Ｇａ分子筛，在９７３Ｋ温度给出了约６％甲烷转化率和大于８０％的芳烃选择性，与ＺＳＭ－５相比，城相同的ＭｏＯ３担载条件下，含Ｇａ分子筛催化剂甲烷芳构化活性较低，但是     

Conversion of Methane over Ag<Superscript>+</Superscript>-exchanged Zeolite in the Presence of Ethene

Methane is shown to react with ethene over silver-exchanged zeolites at around 673 K to form higher hydrocarbons. Methane conversion of 13.2% is achieved at 673 K over Ag–ZSM−5 catalyst. Under these conditions, H–ZSM−5 does not catalyze the methane conversion, only ethene being converted into higher hydrocarbons. Zeolites with extra-framework metal cations such as In and Ga also activate methane in the presence of ethene. Using ¹³C-labeled methane as a reactant, propene is shown to be a primary product from methane and ethane. ¹³C atoms were not found in benzene molecules produced, indicating that benzene is entirely originated from ethane. On the other hand, in toluene, ¹³C atoms are found in both the methyl group and the aromatic ring. This implies that toluene is formed by the reaction of propene with butenes formed by the dimerization of ethene, and also by the reaction of benzene with methane. The latter path was confirmed by direct reaction of ¹³CH₄ with benzene. In this case, ¹³C atoms are found only in methyl groups of toluene produced. The heterolytic dissociation of methane over Ag⁺-exchanged zeolites is proposed as a reaction mechanism for the catalytic conversion of methane, leading to the formation of silver hydride and CH₃^δ+ species, which reacts with ethene and benzene to form propene and toluene, respectively. The conversion of methane over zeolites loaded with metal cations other than Ag⁺ is also described. The reaction of methane with benzene over indium-loaded ZSM−5 afforded toluene and xylenes in yields of up to 7.6% and 0.9% at 623 K when the reaction was carried out in a flow reactor.     

Non-oxidative dehydro-oligomerization of methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons at low temperatures

The non-oxidative dehydro-oligomerization of methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as aroma tics and C2 hydrocarbons in a low temperature range of 773-973 K with Mo/HZSM-5,Mo-Zr/HZSM-5 and Mo-W/HZSM-5 catalysts is studied.The means for enhancing the activity and stability of the Mo-containing catalysts under the reaction conditions is reported.Quite a stable methane conversion rate of over 10% with a high selectivity to the higher hydrocarbons has been obtained at a temperature of 973 K.Pure methane conversions of about 5.2% and 2.0% have been obtained at 923 and 873 K,respectively.In addition,accompanied by the C2-C3 mixture,tht- methane reaction can be initiated even at a lower temperature and the conversion rate of methane is enhanced by the presence of tne initiator of C2-C3 hydrocarbons.Compared with methane oxidative coupling to ethylene,the novel way for methane transformation is significant and reasonable for its lower reaction temperatures and high selectivity to the desired prod     

负载型钼基催化剂上甲烷,乙烷无氧芳构化反应研究

研究了不同载体钼基催化剂上甲烷，乙烷的无氧芳构化反应。在所采用的载体中，ＨＺＳＭ－５具有最佳性能，对甲烷的芳构化反应，Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂表现出较高的活性和芳烃选择性；而Ｍｏ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３或Ｍｏ／ＳｉＯ２催化剂则相对较差。对于乙烷的反应，钼物种的存在更有利于甲烷或乙烯的生成，芳烃选择性相对较低。钼物种较强的断键能力可能是使甲烷Ｃ－Ｈ键活化的原因。     

金属有机框架催化甲烷直接转化研究进展

甲烷作为重要的气态化石能源,广泛存在于天然气中.利用非均相催化剂将甲烷转化为液体燃料是天然气全面经济开发的有效策略之一.目前催化剂普遍存在催化速率较慢、效率不高及催化剂难回收的问题.作为较新出现的晶态多孔材料,金属有机框架(MOFs)已被证明在各种功能化纳米材料的设计和合成中是有前途的非均相催化剂或载体/前体.本文系统地综述了基于MOFs的非均相催化剂将甲烷转化为高附加值化学品的最新进展.重点主要放在催化剂设计、催化反应性和反应机理上.此外,讨论了MOFs催化剂在甲烷转化中的主要挑战和进一步的发展方向.     

Bifunctional catalysis of Mo/HZSM-5 in the dehydroaromatization of methane with CO/CO2 to benzene and naphthalene

The catalytic dehydrocondensation of methane to aromatics such as benzene and naphthalene was studied on the Mo carbide catalysts supported on micro- and mesoporous materials such as HZSM-5 (0.6 nm) and FSM-16 (2.7 nm). The Mo catalysts supported on H-ZSM-5 having appropriate micropores (0.6 nm size) and Si/Al ratios (20-70) exhibit higher yields (90-150 nmol/g-cat/s) and selectivities (higher than 74% on the carbon basis) in methane conversion to aromatic products such as benzene and naphthalene at 973 K and 1 atm, although they are drastically deactivated because of substantial coke formation. It was demonstrated that the CO/CO₂ addition to methane effectively improves the catalyst performance by keeping a higher methane conversion and selectivities of benzene formation in the prolonged time-on-stream. The oxygen derived from CO and CO₂ dissociation suppresses polycondensation of aromatic products and coke formation in the course of methane conversion. XAFS and TG/DTA/mass-spectrometric studies reveal that the zeolite-supported Mo oxide is endothermally converted under the action of methane around 955 K to nanosized particles of molybdenum carbide (Mo₂C) (Mo-C, coordination number = 1,R- 2.09 å; Mo-Mo, coordination number = 2.3–3.5;R = 2.98 å). The SEM pictures showed that the nanostructured Mo carbide particles are highly dispersed on and inside the HZSM-5 crystals. On the other hand, it was demonstrated by IR measurements of pyridine adsorption that the Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts having the optimum SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios around 40 show the maximum Brönsted acidity among the catalysts with the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios of 20–1900. There is a close correlation between the activity of benzene formation in the methane aromatization and the Brönsted acidity of HZSM-5 due to the bifunctional catalysis.     

无第二模板剂法合成多级结构ZSM-5分子筛微球及其在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的应用

在无第二模板剂的条件下,采用简单的水热晶化法,通过控制条件合成出具有多级结构的ZSM-5(ZSM-5-HW)分子筛,并运用X射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜和N2吸附-脱附等技术对合成的分子筛进行了表征.结果表明,所得样品是由棒状晶体组装而成的具有介孔结构的分子筛微球.用等体积浸渍法制备了Mo/HZSM-5-HW催化剂并用于CH4无氧芳构化反应,表现出较高的催化活性和稳定性.在实验条件下,CH4初始转化率为18.5%,而苯收率最高可达9.5%;反应24h后,两者仍然分别保持在10.2%和5.5%左右.     

甲烷在钼／含磷五元环沸石催化剂上的无氧芳构化

报道甲烷在无氧条件下，在一种不同于Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂的钼／含磷五元环沸石催化剂上催化转化制高级烃类（苯等）的新反应，实验表明，在钼／含磷五元环沸石催化刘，当Ｍｏ浸渍的重分数为２０％时，甲烷具有最佳反应活性，其转化率为９．２３％，工选择怀为９２．７４５，用ＢＥＴ、ＸＲＤ、ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ和ＴＰＲｃＭｏ     

Mo基分子筛催化剂及甲烷无氧芳构化

本文综述了甲烷无氧芳构化反应及Mo基分子筛催化剂的研究进展。在众多的催化剂中以Mo基分子筛催化性能最佳。概括了催化剂中关于MoO_<em>x前躯体结构和其在分子筛中落位,Mo₂C物种和诱导期等;讨论了反应中涉及的中间产物、双功能机理以及催化剂失活等问题;归纳了催化剂制备过程中制备方法、焙烧温度与时间、Mo载量和分子筛硅铝比以及催化剂预处理对反应活性的影响;综述了提高催化剂催化性能和反应性能的各种方法,并对其分析,同时介绍了两种催化剂再生方法。最后,依据本实验室研究进展,对甲烷芳构化从工艺角度进行一些可行性讨论,并提出相关问题和展望。     

甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的脱氢聚合反应

对不同Mo含量的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的结构进行了表征，并对这些催化剂的甲烷非氧气氛下的转化反应进行了考察．催化剂的BET比表面积及酸性随Mo含量的增加而降低，当Mo含量大于5％时，Mo对ZSM－5分子筛的晶型有影响，并出现MoO3物相．甲烷在700℃时可高选择性地生成苯和乙烯，最佳Mo含量大约为2％．纯的MoO3或HZSM－5上该反应几乎不进行，因此，可能是分散的钼氧离子和分子筛的酸中心是甲烷转化的活性中心，只有二者的协同作用才能促进甲烷的转化．反应后催化剂中的钼物种被还原了．催化剂上的积炭可能是催化剂失活的主要原因之一，烧炭后催化剂活性基本恢复．     

Energy-Efficient coaromatization of methane and propane (Special column of methane transformation, Review)

Development of highly effective catalysts for one-stage conversion of methane with high selectivity to valuable products and energy efficiency will provide an efficient way to utilize natural gas and oil-associated gases and to protect environment. In recent years, there have been many efforts on direct catalytic transformations of methane into higher hydrocarbons by feeding additives together with methane under non-oxidative conditions. This paper reviewed the advances in recent research on non-oxidative aromatization of methane in the presence of propane over different modified HZSM-5 catalysts. The thermodynamic consideration, the isotope verification and the mechanism of the activation of methane in the presence of propane are discussed in the paper in detail.     

乙烷添加对 Mo/HZSM-5 催化剂上甲烷芳构化反应的影响

 研究了乙烷添加对 Mo/HZSM-5 催化剂上甲烷芳构化反应性能的影响. 在所考察的反应条件下, 未观察到乙烷添加对甲烷转化的促进作用, 乙烷本身反而生成甲烷, 同时导致更高的积炭生成速率, 使 Mo/HZSM-5 催化剂更快地失活. 但添加乙烷加速了钼活性中心的形成, 缩短了芳构化反应的诱导期, 使苯的生成提前.     

Methane dehydroaromatization with periodic CH_4-H_2 switch:A promising process for aromatics and hydrogen

Long-term stability test of Mo/HZSM-5-N catalysts(HZSM-5-N stands for nano-sized HZSM-5) in methane dehydroaromatization(MDA)reaction has been performed with periodic CH4-H2 switch at 1033-1073 K for more than 1000 h.During this test,methane conversion ranges from 13% to 16%,and mean yield to aromatics(i.e.benzene and naphthalene) exceeds 10%.N2-physisorption,XRD,NMR and TPO measurements were performed for the used Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts and coke deposition,and the results revealed that the periodic hydrogenation can effectively suppress coke deposition by removing the inert aromatic-type coke,thus ensuring Mo/HZSM-5 partly maintained its activity even in the presence of large amount of coke deposition.The effect of zeolite particle size on the catalytic activity was also explored,and the results showed that the nano-sized zeolite with low diffusion resistance performed better.It is recognized that the size effect was enhanced by reaction time,and it became more remarkable in a long-term MDA reaction even at a low space velocity.