溶剂极性对微波辐射老化制备前驱体及CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂结构的影响

在制备CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的老化过程中,采用微波辐射老化技术,着重研究了溶剂极性对前躯体物相组成,烧后CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂结构及其在浆态床合成甲醇工艺中催化性能的影响。通过XRD、DTG、H2-TPR,FTIR、HR-TEM和XPS对前驱体及催化剂表征表明,沉淀母液在微波辐射条件下进行老化,溶剂的极性对前躯体物相组成及催化剂结构影响显著。随着溶剂极性的增大,Zn2+/Cu2+取代Cu2(CO3)(OH)2/Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6中Cu2+/Zn2+的取代反应增强,使得前躯体中(Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6和(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2物相的含量增多,结晶度提高,导致烧后CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂中CuO-ZnO协同作用增强,且CuO晶粒减小,表面Cu含量增加,催化剂活性和稳定性提高。水溶剂的极性最大,制备的催化剂活性和稳定性最好,甲醇的时空收率(STY)和平均失活率分别为320 mg.g-1.h-1和0.11%.d-1。     

微波辐射对浆态床合成甲醇Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前驱体微观结构及催化性能的影响

 考察了微波辐射条件下老化温度对 Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 催化剂在浆态床中催化 CO 加氢合成甲醇反应性能的影响, 并采用 X 射线衍射、热重分析、程序升温还原、红外光谱、X 射线光电子能谱、透射电镜和粒度分析等手段对催化剂及其前驱体的微观结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 在母液老化过程中, 微波辐射有助于 Cu2+ 取代 Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 中的 Zn2+, 使前驱体中含有更多的 (Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6 物相, 焙烧后催化剂的 CuO-ZnO 协同作用增强, CuO 晶粒减小, 表面 Cu 含量增加, 从而提高了催化剂活性和稳定性. 在微波辐射条件下, 于 80 oC 老化制备的催化剂活性最高, 在 400 h 浆态床合成甲醇评价期间, 平均失活率仅为 0.11%/d, 最大时空收率为 318.9 mg/(g•h), 比非微波辐射制得催化剂的平均失活率降低了 31.2%, 时空收率提高了 10.1%.     

加料方式对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3系催化剂前驱体性质的影响

用XRD、TG-DTG、TPR技术研究了不同加料方式对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3系催化剂前驱体物相组成及其结晶情况的影响，用加压微反装置考察了催化剂合成甲醇反应活性。结果表明, 加料方式对Cu2+形成的中间化合物的物相组成及结晶度影响显著,对Zn2+及Al3+的沉淀物相的影响很小。不同加料方式对催化剂前驱体物相组成及催化剂性能的影响主要是形成的初始前驱体中Cu的物相及结晶度不同。正加法主要形成Cu2(OH)3NO3,并流法主要形成无定形Cu2CO3(OH)2,后者与Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6相互作用转化为(Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2和（Cu,Zn）5(CO3)2(OH)6，由它们分解形成的CuO-ZnO固溶体是合成甲醇反应的活性相。并流法能最大程度的形成CuO-ZnO固溶体，有利于CuO粒子的细化，其催化活性较好。     

Cu/Zn比对微波辐射老化制备CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂结构和活性的影响

在微波辐射条件下, 对共沉淀法制备合成甲醇CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂前驱体的母液进行老化, 通过改变Cu/Zn比, 研究了微波辐射对催化剂性能的影响, 并结合XRD, FTIR, DTG, H₂-TPR, XPS等表征手段, 探讨了微波辐射对前驱体物相组成及催化剂微观结构的影响. 结果表明: 在微波辐射老化条件下, Cu/Zn比对催化剂前驱体物相组成影响较大, 微波辐射有利于绿铜锌矿(Cu, Zn)₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆晶相选择生成. 当Cu/Zn比为2.0时, 前驱体中含有较多的绿铜锌矿物相, 且结晶较好, 焙烧后形成的催化剂中CuO-ZnO协同作用较强, CuO分散性好, 导致H₂还原温度低, 在浆态床合成甲醇过程中表现出良好的催化活性和稳定性, 甲醇时空收率(STY)达到309.0 g•kg^－1•h^－1, 失活率仅为0.11%/d, 远优于常规水浴加热制备的催化剂.     

并流淤浆混合法制备铜基甲醇合成催化剂及助剂Al2O3的作用研究

采用并流淤浆混合法制备了一系列具有不同铜锌铝比的铜基甲醇合成催化剂CuO/ZnO/Al2O3，测试了其催化性能(甲醇收率和CO转化率)及物相结构，并对该制备方法进行评价。Cu∶Zn∶Al摩尔比为4∶5∶1 的铜基催化剂显示了最好的催化活性。通过对催化剂前驱物煅烧过程进行DTA分析及对前驱物进行XRD分析表明， 催化剂前驱物的物相与Al2O3的量有关。当Al2O3的量较低时，前驱物的物相以(Cu0.3 Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6为主；当Al2O3的量较高时，前驱物中物相(Cu0.3Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6的量下降，而物相Cu2CO3(OH)2的量增加。物相(Cu0.3 Zn0.7)5(CO3)2(OH)6对终态催化剂的活性是十分有利的 。     

Zr对CuO/ZnO/Al_2O_3前驱体物相、催化剂结构及其合成甲醇性能的影响

采用并流共沉淀法,在CuO/ZnO/Al2O3三元催化剂中加入第四组分Zr,考察了沉淀温度对四元催化剂的前驱体物相组成及浆态床合成甲醇催化活性的影响。通过XRD、DTG、TPR、FTIR、CO-TPD、XPS、HR-TEM等对所制备催化剂及其前驱体的微观结构进行了表征。研究表明:Zr促进了绿铜锌矿(Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6物相的生成,使催化剂前驱体中绿铜锌矿含量增加,焙烧后的催化剂铜锌协同作用增强,CuO分散度提高,CuO晶粒平均直径只有4.18nm,同时还原温度显著降低为150℃,CO吸附能力增强,结果显著提高了浆态床合成甲醇催化活性和稳定性。与CuO/ZnO/Al2O3三元催化剂相比,80℃沉淀制备的含4%Zr的CuO/ZnO/Al2O3/ZrO2四元催化剂的甲醇时空收率提高了8.67%,失活率降低了65.12%。     

沉淀及老化温度对浆态床合成甲醇CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂活性及稳定性的影响

利用浆态床反应器,考察了沉淀及老化温度对CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂催化合成甲醇的活性及稳定性的影响,并用XRD、BET、FT-IR以及XPS等技术对前驱体及催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,前驱体物相主要以孔雀石(Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂)和类孔雀石((Cu,Zn)₂(CO₃)(OH)₂)为主,其中,70 ℃沉淀和80 ℃老化条件下制备的前驱体具有适当的结晶度,焙烧后的催化剂中CuO分布均匀,Cu元素的电子结合能位移最大,CuO与ZnO之间作用较强,催化剂的性能最佳,时空收率和失活率分别达到了153.3 g/(kg_cat·h)和1.44%/d。     

沉淀温度对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前驱体物相及催化水煤气变换反应活性的影响

 用X射线衍射、差热热重测定、程序升温还原、N2吸附、N2O滴定和常压微反活性评价技术考察了沉淀温度对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3系催化剂及其前驱体的物相和催化水煤气变换反应活性的影响. 结果表明,在沉淀温度为60～90 ℃时,催化剂前驱体中主要存在Cu2CO3(OH)2,(Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2和(Cu,Zn)6Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O三种物相. 焙烧后的催化剂样品中形成了较多的CuO-ZnO固溶体,沉淀温度升高有利于CuO-ZnO固溶体的形成及催化剂活性的提高. 水煤气变换反应是一个非结构敏感型反应.     

沉淀方式对微波辐射老化制备CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用微波辐射老化沉淀母液的方法,着重考察了沉淀方式对制备的CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂及其前驱体的结构和催化性能的影响。实验结果表明,沉淀方式对催化剂的活性和稳定性影响较大,其活性顺序为分步沉淀法二＞并流共沉淀法＞分步沉淀法一＞反加法＞正加法。通过XRD、DTG、H₂-TPR等表征分析表明,先并流沉淀Al(NO₃)₃溶液和Na₂CO₃溶液,再并流沉淀Cu(NO₃)₂-Zn(NO₃)₂混合溶液与剩下的Na₂CO₃溶液,然后微波辐射老化所制备前驱体中含有更多的绿铜锌矿 (Cu,Zn)₅ (CO₃)₂(OH)₆物相,焙烧后形成的CuO-ZnO协同作用强,且CuO分散性好,H₂还原温度较低,催化活性和稳定性也较高。     

甲醇合成Cu/Zno催化剂前驱体的物相转变

采用共沉淀法制备Cu/ZnO合成甲醇催化剂,重点考察了Cu/Zn母料老化期间pH值的变化情况,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱、微分热重分析、程序升温脱附和扫描电镜等表征于段研究了不同老化时间前驱体物相的变化.结果表明,老化前,前驱体主要以无定形碱式碳酸盐的形式存在;老化过程中,物相由无定形向晶体转变,铜锌开始掺入相应的碱式碳酸盐,此时母液pH值下降,溶液由蓝色变成蓝绿色.随着老化时间的增加,铜锌掺入量增加,晶粒逐渐长大,最终形成大量能生成高活件催化剂的前驱体物相(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2和(Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6.XRD结果表明,老化时间对催化剂的CuO晶粒大小影响很大.     

柠檬酸辅助固相研磨法制备铜基催化剂及在CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应中的性能研究

通过柠檬酸辅助固相研磨法制备铜基催化剂,采用XRD、TPR、TG-DSC、SEM、BET、TEM、XPS、CO_2-TPD等手段对催化剂性能进行表征.结果表明室温固相研磨的前驱体在惰性气体N_2中焙烧使体系中的CuO绝大部分被原位还原成Cu~0,不需外加H_2还原,直接制得了C/I-Cu/ZnO催化剂,催化剂具有中孔.利用高压固定床连续反应装置对催化剂活性进行了评价,结果表明,柠檬酸用量、前驱体焙烧温度、焙烧升温速率等条件对催化剂活性产生影响,当C_6H_8O_7/(Cu+Zn)摩尔比为1.2/1并Cu/Zn摩尔比1/1,前驱体在N_2中以3 K·min~(-1)升温速率于623 K焙烧3 h,制得的C/I-Cu/ZnO催化剂比表面积最大,Cu~0粒径最小,在CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应中表现出最佳的活性,CO_2转化率、甲醇选择性和产率分别达到了28.28%、74.29%和21.01%.与外加H_2还原的C/H-Cu/ZnO催化剂相比,原位还原C/I-Cu/ZnO催化剂比表面积较大,Cu~0的粒径较小,活性较高.     

CuO/Ti0.5Zr0.5O2催化剂对NO+CO反应的催化作用

环境治理是当今社会面临的一大主要问题。目前,城市空气污染日趋严重,特别是工厂和汽车排放的大量未燃烧的烃类、CO、NOx是主要的空气污染物。其中,氮氧化物(NOx)排放状况尤其严重,它的排放会给环境和人们生活带来严重危害,因此,如何有效地消除NOx已成为目前环境保护中一个非常     

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanostructured Films Directly Grown from/on Zinc Substrates

Uniform ZnO nanorods arrays are grown directly from and on Zn foils in pure water under hydrothermal conditions at a relatively low temperature. The nanorods are 80–200 nm in diameter and ∼ 1 μm in length, which grow on the Zn foil along the [001] direction. By changing the pure water to a urea solution, a Zn compound ([Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂], a precursor of ZnO nanoflowers film, is created by self-assembly. The ZnO nanoflowers film can be easily obtained by heating the [Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂] compound in N₂ at 350∘C for 5–6 hours. Possible growth processes of the ZnO nanorods arrays and the [Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂] nanoflowers are discussed. Photoluminescence properties of the as-prepared ZnO nanostructures have been measured. The ZnO nanorods array synthesized using our method has minimal defects so that only band-gap emission is observed. However, the ZnO nanoflowers film, obtained by heating the [Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂] nanoflower precursor in N₂, is polycrystalline and displays strong defect-related emission.     

Synthesis, crystal structure, infrared and Raman spectra of Sr4Cu3(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)4·3H2O and Ba2Cu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)3

The two new compounds, Sr₄Cu₃(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₄·3H₂O (1) and Ba₂Cu₄(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₃(2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. They represent previously unknown structure types and are the first compounds synthesized in the systems SrO/BaO-CuO-As₂O₅-H₂O. Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction [space group C2/c, a=18.536(4) Å, b=5.179(1) Å, c=24.898(5) Å, β=93.67(3)°, V=2344.0(8) Å³, Z=4 for 1; space group P4₂/n, a=7.775(1) Å, c=13.698(3) Å, V=828.1(2) Å³, Z=2 for 2]. The crystal structure of 1 is related to a group of compounds formed by Cu²⁺-(XO₄)³⁻ layers (X=P⁵⁺, As⁵⁺) linked by M cations (M=alkali, alkaline earth, Pb²⁺, or Ag⁺) and partly by hydrogen bonds. In 1, worth mentioning is the very short hydrogen bond length, D···A=2.477(3) Å. It is one of the examples of extremely short hydrogen bonds, where the donor and acceptor are crystallographically different. Compound 2 represents a layered structure consisting of Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers crosslinked by As1φ₄ tetrahedra, where φ is O or OH, which are interconnected by Ba, As2 and hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network. The layers are formed by Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers of CuO₅ edge-sharing polyhedra, crosslinked by As1O₄ tetrahedra. Vibrational spectra (FTIR and Raman) of both compounds are described. The spectroscopic manifestation of the very short hydrogen bond in 1, and ABC-like spectra in 2 were discussed.     

Chromium(III) Hydroxide Solubility in the Aqueous K+-H+-OH?-CO2-HCO 3? -CO 32? -H2O System: A?Thermodynamic Model

Chromium(III)-carbonate reactions are expected to be important in managing high-level radioactive wastes. Extensive studies on the solubility of amorphous Cr(III) hydroxide solid in a wide range of pH (3–13) at two different fixed partial pressures of CO₂(g) (0.003 or 0.03 atm.), and as functions of K₂CO₃ concentrations (0.01 to 5.8 mol⋅kg⁻¹) in the presence of 0.01 mol⋅dm⁻³ KOH and KHCO₃ concentrations (0.001 to 0.826 mol⋅kg⁻¹) at room temperature (22±2 °C) were carried out to obtain reliable thermodynamic data for important Cr(III)-carbonate reactions. A combination of techniques (XRD, XANES, EXAFS, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, thermodynamic analyses of solubility data, and quantum mechanical calculations) was used to characterize the solid and aqueous species. The Pitzer ion-interaction approach was used to interpret the solubility data. Only two aqueous species [Cr(OH)(CO₃)₂²⁻ and Cr(OH)₄CO₃³⁻] are required to explain Cr(III)-carbonate reactions in a wide range of pH, CO₂(g) partial pressures, and bicarbonate and carbonate concentrations. Calculations based on density functional theory support the existence of these species. The log ₁₀ K° values of reactions involving these species [{Cr(OH)₃(am) + 2CO₂(g)⇌Cr(OH)(CO₃)₂²⁻+2H⁺} and {Cr(OH)₃(am) + OH⁻+CO₃²⁻ ⇌Cr(OH)₄CO₃³⁻}] were found to be −(19.07±0.41) and −(4.19±0.19), respectively. No other data on any Cr(III)-carbonato complexes are available for comparisons.     

Zur Thermodynamik der Metallcarbonate. 2. Mitteilung [1]. Löslichkeitskonstanten und Freie Bildungsenthalpien von Cu2(OH)2CO3 (Malachit) und Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 (Azurit) bei 25°C

The solubilities of Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃ (malachite) and Cu₃(OH)₂(CO₃)₂ (azurite) have been studied at 25° C in solutions of the constant ionic strength 0,2 M consisting primarily of sodium perchlorate. From experimental data the following values for equilibrium constants and Gibbs energies of formation are deduced: Predominance area diagrams for the ternary system Cu²⁺ H₂O-CO_2(g), including CuO, Cu(OH)₂, Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃, Cu₃(OH)₂(CO₃)₂, Cu²⁺ and Cu (CO₃)₂²⁻, are given.     

Energetics of copper diphosphates – Cu2P2O7 and Cu3(P2O6OH)2

Differential scanning calorimetry and high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry are used to study enthalpy of phase transition and enthalpies of formation of Cu₂P₂O₇ and Cu₃(P₂O₆OH)₂. α-Cu₂P₂O₇ is reversibly transformed to β-Cu₂P₂O₇ at 338–363 K with an enthalpy of phase transition of 0.15 ± 0.03 kJ mol⁻¹. Enthalpies of formation from oxides of α-Cu₂P₂O₇ and Cu₃(P₂O₆OH)₂ are −279.0 ± 1.4 kJ mol⁻¹ and −538.8 ± 2.7 kJ mol⁻¹, and their standard enthalpies of formation (enthalpy of formation from elements) are −2096.1 ± 4.3 kJ mol⁻¹ and −4302.7 ± 6.7 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The presence of hydrogen in diphosphate groups changes the geometry of Cu(II) and decreases acid–base interaction between oxide components in Cu₃(P₂O₆OH)₂, thus decreasing its thermodynamic stability.     

Solution/Ammonolysis Syntheses of Unsupported and Silica-Supported Copper(I) Nitride Nanostructures from Oxidic Precursors

Herein we describe an alternative strategy to achieve the preparation of nanoscale Cu₃N. Copper(II) oxide/hydroxide nanopowder precursors were successfully fabricated by solution methods. Ammonolysis of the oxidic precursors can be achieved essentially pseudomorphically to produce either unsupported or supported nanoparticles of the nitride. Hence, Cu₃N particles with diverse morphologies were synthesized from oxygen-containing precursors in two-step processes combining solvothermal and solid−gas ammonolysis stages. The single-phase hydroxochloride precursor, Cu₂(OH)₃Cl was prepared by solution-state synthesis from CuCl₂·2H₂O and urea, crystallising with the atacamite structure. Alternative precursors, CuO and Cu(OH)₂, were obtained after subsequent treatment of Cu₂(OH)₃Cl with NaOH solution. Cu₃N, in the form of micro- and nanorods, was the sole product formed from ammonolysis using either CuO or Cu(OH)₂. Conversely, the ammonolysis of dicopper trihydroxide chloride resulted in two-phase mixtures of Cu₃N and the monoamine, Cu(NH₃)Cl under similar experimental conditions. Importantly, this pathway is applicable to afford composite materials by incorporating substrates or matrices that are resistant to ammoniation at relatively low temperatures (ca. 300 °C). We present preliminary evidence that Cu₃N/SiO₂ nanocomposites (up to ca. 5 wt.% Cu₃N supported on SiO₂) could be prepared from CuCl₂·2H₂O and urea starting materials following similar reaction steps. Evidence suggests that in this case Cu₃N nanoparticles are confined within the porous SiO₂ matrix.     

SiO2 nanospheres with tailorable interiors by directly controlling Zn and NH3·H2O species in an emulsion process

SiO₂ nanospheres with tailorable interiors were synthesized by a facile one-spot microemulsion process using TEOS as silica source, wherein cyclohexane including triton X-100 and n-octanol as oil phase and Zn²⁺ or NH₃·H₂O aqueous solution as dispersive phase, respectively. The products were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-ray Powder Diffraction. It was suggested that the as-synthesized silica nanospheres possessed grape-stone-like porous or single hollow interior, and also found that the ammonia dosage and aging time played key roles in controlling the size and structure of silica nanospheres. Furthermore, the comparative results confirmed that in-situ zinc species [ZnO/Zn(OH)₂] acted as the temporary templates to construct grape-stone-like interior, and a simultaneously competing etching process occurred owing to the soluble Zn(NH₃)₄²⁺ complex formation while the additional excessive ammonia was introduced. With the aging time being extended, the in-situ nanocrystals tended to grow into bigger ones by Ostwald Ripening, producing single hollow interior.