在选择性溶剂中进行RAFT聚合一步合成核交联的纳米胶束

在选择性溶剂中,大分子RAFT试剂PSSC(S)Ph和AIBN引发剂存在下,进行4乙烯基吡啶(4VP)和二乙烯基苯(DVB)的RAFT聚合,一步合成了稳定的平头型胶束.大分子RAFT试剂是通过以二硫代苯甲酸2(乙氧甲酰基)2丙酯为链转移剂,AIBN为引发剂进行苯乙烯的RAFT聚合反应获得的.嵌段共聚,胶束化和交联反应一锅完成.1HNMR,DLLS,SLLS,TEM和AFM等验证了产品的组成与结构.     

以二硫键连接的两嵌段共聚物的制备新方法

报道了一种制备二硫键连接的两嵌段共聚物的新方法.以可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)制备聚苯乙烯大分子链转移剂(PS-RAFT),经伯胺还原得到巯基封端的PS(PS-SH).PS-SH与原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)引发剂2-溴-2-甲基丙酸-2-(2-吡啶基二硫)乙酯发生交换反应,得到含有二硫键的聚苯乙烯大分子ATRP引发剂(PS-S-S-Br).以PS-S-S-Br引发甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基乙酯(HEMA)的ATRP聚合反应,合成了由二硫键连接的两嵌段共聚物PS-S-S-PHEMA.将PS-S-S-PHEMA可在甲醇中自组装形成以PS为核,PHEMA为壳的球形聚合物胶束,为制备新型含二硫键聚合物提供了新的合成方法.     

基于P4VP-b-PBzMA嵌段聚合物在乙醇中的聚合诱导自组装

聚合诱导自组装是一种基于活性聚合的新型自组装策略,其特点是可以在较高固含量体系中一步制备不同形貌的聚集体结构.利用可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)活性聚合,在乙醇溶液中合成新型P4VP-b-PBz MA嵌段共聚物,发现聚合诱导自组装过程中聚集体结构发生球→蠕虫→囊泡的连续转变.亲溶剂链段P4VP的变化可有效调控聚集体的结构和尺寸.此外,采用无规共聚方法,研究了P4VP-b-(PHPMA-co-PBz MA)三嵌段共聚物在聚合诱导自组装过程中组装体结构的转变过程.     

用大分子引发剂法制备嵌段共聚物

主要介绍了用大分子引发剂法制备嵌段共聚物的方法。大分子引发剂是从已商品化的功能聚合物制得或用其它活性聚合方法合成。从单封端的端羟基聚合物、其它单官能团或双官能团聚合物以及双功能基团缩聚物制得大分子引发剂．然后用于原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)、氮氧稳定自由基聚合以及可逆加成裂解链转移(RAFT)聚合等．可制得结构可控、分子量分布窄的嵌段共聚物。     

超强分凝含氟嵌段共聚物的RAFT合成及其自组装行为

单羟基聚乙二醇(mPEG)与端羧基链转移剂S-十二烷基-S-′(α,α′-二甲基-α″-乙酸)三硫代碳酸酯[DDMAT(1)]经酯化反应制得大分子链转移剂[mPEG-DDMAT(2)];以2为链转移剂,用AIBN引发1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基丙烯酸酯(FA)的可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT),合成了嵌段间强烈不相容的亲水/亲氟双亲嵌段共聚物[mPEG-b-PFA(3a~3k)。3在溶液中的自组装行为研究结果表明,3 f在D2O中PFA聚集形成核,mPEG形成冠层;3 j在正丙醇中自组装得到伸直状的珍珠项链状聚集体。     

聚丙烯酸-b-聚丙烯酸甲酯的制备及其在乳液聚合中的应用

采用三硫代碳酸S-1-十二烷基-S'-(a,a'-二甲基-a"-乙酸)酯(MTTCD)作为链转移剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,丙烯酸(AA)为第一单体,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合合成大分子链转移剂PAA-MTTCD,以丙烯酸甲酯(MA)为第二单体,合成5种不同嵌段比的两亲性嵌段共聚物聚丙烯酸-b-聚丙烯酸甲酯(PAA-b-PMA).采用FT IR和1H NMR确定了PAA-MTTCD和PAA-b-PMA的结构,用GPC测定了PAA-MTTCD和PAA-b-PMA的分子量及分子量分布.分析了聚合反应动力学,发现该聚合具有活性可控聚合的特征,聚合动力学呈一级线性关系.测定了PAA-b-PMA的乳化性能,并将其作为乳化剂用于丙烯酸丁酯(BA)的乳液聚合中,同时考察了不同嵌段长度共聚物对乳液聚合的影响.结果表明,具有21个AA单元和18个MA单元的两亲性嵌段共聚物具有较好的乳化性能,其作为乳化剂时乳液聚合效果相对最好.     

RAFT聚合法合成PDMAEMA-b-PAAAB嵌段共聚物的研究

以甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)为单体、二硫代苯甲酸异丙苯酯(CDB)为链转移剂、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,利用RAFT聚合法合成了聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)。以所得PDMAEMA为大分子链转移剂,丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯(AAAB)为单体,AIBN为引发剂,采用RAFT聚合法合成了PDMAEMA-b-PAAAB共聚物,并考察了AAAB的RAFT聚合反应动力学,利用FT-IR、1 H-NMR、GPC和TG对聚合物的结构和热性能进行了表征。结果表明,PDMAEMA的分子量随聚合反应时间的增加而增加,且分子量分布较窄;PDMAEMA-b-PAAAB嵌段共聚物的分子量随着AAAB单体转化率的升高而线性增加,且分子量分布较窄(PDI1.3),聚合反应动力学曲线呈良好的线性关系,且具有较好的热稳定性。     

聚丙烯酸-b-聚丙烯酸甲酯的制备及其在丙烯酸丁酯乳液聚合中的应用

采用三硫代碳酸S-1-十二烷基-S'-(a,a'-二甲基-a″-乙酸)酯(MTTCD)作为链转移剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,丙烯酸(AA)为第一单体,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合合成大分子链转移剂PAA-MTTCD,以丙烯酸甲酯(MA)为第二单体,合成5种不同嵌段比的两亲性嵌段共聚物聚丙烯酸-b-聚丙烯酸甲酯(PAA-b-PMA)。采用FT IR和1H NMR确定了PAA-MTTCD和PAA-b-PMA的结构,用GPC测定了PAA-MTTCD和PAA-b-PMA的分子量及分子量分布。分析了聚合反应动力学,发现该聚合具有活性可控聚合的特征,聚合动力学呈一级线性关系。测定了PAA-b-PMA的乳化性能,并将其作为乳化剂用于丙烯酸丁酯(BA)的乳液聚合中,同时考察了不同嵌段长度共聚物对乳液聚合的影响。结果表明,具有21个AA单元和18个MA单元的两亲性嵌段共聚物具有较好的乳化性能,其作为乳化剂时乳液聚合效果相对最好。     

用ATRP法和RAFT法制备线形嵌段共聚物

嵌段共聚物是将不同性质的聚合物连接在同一分子内，表现出特殊的性质，受到高分子科学家及工业部门的广泛关注。本文简要介绍了嵌段共聚物的结构、性能以及可能的应用。它有多种制备方法，这里着重介绍近年来通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和可逆加成-裂解链转移(RAFT)法制备嵌段共聚物的研究现状和进展情况。对于加料顺序、大分子引发剂末端基团、单体的反应活性以及大分子引发剂的引发效率、配体种类、大分子链转移剂的链转移常数等对嵌段共聚反应的影响也进行了讨论。     

基于树形链转移剂的可逆加成断裂链转移聚合

可逆加成断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合是最近十多年来发展起来的一种活性/可控技术,链转移剂(CTA)为该技术的核心.本文介绍了采用R路径合成法、Z路径合成法合成R核与Z核树形链转移剂以及它们调控不同单体的RAFT聚合,合成树形-线性二嵌段共聚物、树形-线性-树形三嵌段共聚物和树形-星形聚合物等树枝状聚合物的研究进展.     

Facile synthesis of core‐surface crosslinked nanoparticles by interblock RAFT polymerization

A new, efficient method for synthesizing stable nanoparticles with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) functionalities on the core surface, in which the micellization and crosslinking reactions occur in one pot, has been developed. First, amphiphilic PEO‐b‐PS copolymers were synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization of styrene using (PEO)‐based trithiocarbonate as a macro‐RAFT agent. The low molecular weight PEO‐b‐PS copolymer was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol where the block copolymer self‐assembled as core‐shell micelles, and then the core‐shell interface crosslink was performed using divinylbenzene as a crosslinking agent and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The design of the amphiphilic RAFT agent is critical for the successful preparation of core‐shell interface crosslinked micellar nanoparticles, because of RAFT functional groups interconnect PEO and polystyrene blocks. The PEO functionality of the nanoparticles surface was confirmed by ¹H NMR and FTIR. The size and morphology of the nanoparticles was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic laser light scattering analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

Surfactant‐free synthesis of amphiphilic diblock copolymer in aqueous phase by a self‐stability process

Amphiphilic polymeric particles with hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic shells were prepared via living radical emulsion polymerization of styrene using a water‐soluble poly(acrylamide)‐based macro‐RAFT agent in aqueous solution in the absence of any surfactants. Firstly, the homopolymerization of acrylamide (AM) was carried out in aqueous phase by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization (RAFT) using a trithiocarbonate as a chain transfer agent. Then the PAM‐based macro‐RAFT agent has been used as a water‐soluble macromolecular chain transfer agent in the batch emulsion polymerization of Styrene (St) free of surfactants. The RAFT controlled growth of hydrophobic block led to the formation of well‐defined poly(acrylamide)‐copolystyrene amphiphilic copolymer, which was able to work as a polymeric stabilizer (self‐stability). Finally, very stable latex was prepared, having no visible phase separation for several months. FTIR and ¹H‐NMR measurements showed that the product was the block copolymer PAM‐co‐PS in the form of stable latex. Atomic force microscope (AFM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies indicated that the nanoparticles have a narrow particle size distribution and the average particle hydrodynamic radius was kept in the diameter of 58 nm. Core‐shell structure of the copolymer was also recorded by TEM. The mechanism of the self‐stability of polymer particles during the polymerization in the absence of surfactants was studied. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3098–3107, 2008     

RAFT聚合合成高分子量嵌段聚合物

以合成高分子量聚合物为目标,以苯基二硫代乙酸-1-苯基乙酯(PEPDTA)作为RAFT试剂,研究引发剂的种类(偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、1-1′-偶氮环己腈(ACC))、用量及聚合温度对苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯RAFT共聚合过程和聚合物结构的影响.结果发现,由于体系中RAFT浓度很低,相应的引发剂浓度要比传统自由基聚合低得多,只有采用较高的聚合温度和低分解速率常数的引发剂(ACC),才能制得无活性聚合物分率低(<0.1)、分子量高的聚合物,并进一步得到杂质含量少、分子量分布窄的嵌段聚合物.     

Synthesis and characterization of block copolymers containing poly(di(ethylene glycol) 2‐ethylhexyl ether acrylate) by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization

Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has emerged as one of the important living radical polymerization techniques. Herein, we report the polymerization of di(ethylene glycol) 2‐ethylhexyl ether acrylate (DEHEA), a commercially‐available monomer consisting of an amphiphilic side chain, via RAFT by using bis(2‐propionic acid) trithiocarbonate as the chain transfer agent (CTA) and AIBN as the radical initiator, at 70 °C. The kinetics of DEHEA polymerization was also evaluated. Synthesis of well‐defined ABA triblock copolymers consisting of poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA) or poly(octadecyl acrylate) (PODA) middle blocks were prepared from a PDEHEA macroCTA. By starting from a PtBA macroCTA, a BAB triblock copolymer with PDEHEA as the middle block was also readily prepared. These amphiphilic block copolymers with PDEHEA segments bearing unique amphiphilic side chains could potentially be used as the precursor components for construction of self‐assembled nanostructures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5420–5430, 2007     

Preparation of nanocomposites by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization from the surface of quantum dots in miniemulsion

Herein, we report the synthesis of quantum dots (QDs)/polymer nanocomposites by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in miniemulsions using a grafting from approach. First, the surfaces of CdS and CdSe QDs were functionalized using a chain transfer agent, a trisalkylphosphine oxide incorporating 4‐cyano‐4‐(thiobenzoylsulfanyl)pentanoic acid moieties. Using a free radical initiator (AIBN) to activate the RAFT process, a polystyrene (PS) block was grafted from the surface of the QDs. Quantum confinement effects were identified for the nanocomposite obtained, so attesting to the integrity of the QDs after the polymerization. Free PS chains were also present in the final nanocomposite, indicating that the RAFT polymerization from the surface of the QDs was accompanied by conventional free radical polymerization. After isolating the nanocomposite particles, a second poly(n‐butyl acrylate) block was tentatively grown from the initial PS block. The first results indicated a successful polymerization of the second polymer and show the potential of the current strategy to prepare block copolymers from the surface of the RAFT‐modified QDs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5367–5377, 2009     

Synthesis of amphiphilic tri-block copolymerpoly(vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(vinylpyrrolidone) for the modification of polyethersulfone membrane

Well-defined amphiphilic tri-block copolymer PVP-b-PMMA-b-PVP was prepared for the first time via successive reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT) polymerization using carboxyl-terminated trithiocarbonate as the RAFT agent.The structure of the copolymer was characterized using FTIR,GPC and ~1H NMR.The block copolymer could be directly blended with polyethersulfone(PES) as a macromolecule additive using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) as the solvent to prepare membranes. The water contact angles for the modified membranes decreased obviously,and therefore,the protein adsorption amount on the membrane surface decreased.     

含氟丙烯酸酯与苯乙烯共聚物的RAFT合成及表征

通过可逆加成-断链链转移(RAFT)溶液聚合,以三硫代碳酸酯为RAFT试剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,1,4-二氧六环为溶剂,制备甲基丙烯酸(2,2,2-三氟)乙酯(TFEMA)和苯乙烯(St)共聚物.详细研究了不同引发剂的用量、RAFT试剂与引发剂摩尔比以及聚合温度等实验条件对聚合反应过程的影响.通过GPC、FTIR测试共聚物的分子量、分子量分布和分子结构,并用静态接触角仪和AFM分别表征聚合物膜的接触角、表面能及膜的表面形貌.     

超临界CO2中苯乙烯RAFT分散聚合

以末端带有三硫代碳酸酯的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS-TTC)为大分子链转移剂,在超临界CO2中通过苯乙烯的可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合制备了聚二甲基硅氧烷-b-聚苯乙烯(PDMS-b-PS)嵌段共聚物,对聚合反应动力学以及产物的组成、分子量和形貌等进行了表征.由于PDMS链段可溶于超临界CO2而PS链段不溶,因此在超临界CO2中制备PDMS-b-PS嵌段共聚物的过程是以嵌段共聚物自身作为分散稳定剂的RAFT分散聚合,产物为粒径较均一的球形颗粒.     

Poly(styrene/pentafluorostyrene)-block-poly(vinyl alcohol/vinylpyrrolidone) amphiphilic block copolymers for kinetic gas hydrate inhibitors: Synthesis,micellization behavior,and methane hydrate kinetic inhibition

Amphiphilic block copolymers of short poly(styrene) (PS) or poly(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene) (PPFS) segments with comparatively longer poly(vinyl acetate) or poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) segments are synthesized using a 2-cyanopropan-2-yl N-methyl-N-(pyridin-4-yl)dithiocarbamate switchable reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent toward application as kinetic gas hydrate inhibitors (KHIs). Polymerization conditions are optimized to provide water-soluble block copolymers by first polymerizing more activated monomers such as S and PFS to form a defined macro chain-transfer agent (linear degree of polymerization with conversion, comparatively low dispersity) followed by chain extensions with less activated monomers VAc or VP by switching to the deprotonated form of the RAFT agent. The critical micelle concentrations of these amphiphilic block copolymers (after VAc unit hydrolysis to vinyl alcohol units) are measured using zeta surface potential measurements to estimate physical behavior once mixed with the hydrates. A PS-poly(vinyl alcohol) block copolymer improved inhibition to 49% compared to the pure methane–water system with no KHIs. This inhibition was further reduced by 27% by substituting the PS with a more hydrophobic PPFS. A block copolymer of PS–PVP exhibited 20% greater inhibition than the PVP homopolymer and substituting PS with a more hydrophobic PPFS resulted in a 35% further decreased in methane KHI. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 2445–2457, 56, 2445–2457