包含两个平面五配位碳原子C_(2+n)B_(10-n)(n=0～10)团簇的结构的理论研究

采用B3LYP/6-311+G**方法,我们优化了初始构型中包含两个平面五配位碳原子(ppCs)的C2+nB10-n(n=0～10)团簇的结构并计算了它们的振动频率.计算结果表明,C2+nB10-n(n=0～2)团簇是稳定的,而且这三个结构中ppC—B键的Wiberg键级介于0.511～0.909之间,ppC—C键的Wiberg键级为0.2254(n=1)和0.8586(n=2),ppC的键级介于3.778到3.879之间,即这三个结构中存在两个ppCs,而且ppC遵循八隅规则;C2+nB10-n(n=3～6)团簇的最稳定结构包含一个ppC;C2+nB10-n(n6)团簇能量最低结构中不存在ppC.而且只有团簇C2+nB10-n(n=0～2)中没有悬键,它们的π电子数分别为:6,7和8,计算它们的NICS(0)值表明强芳香性一般位于局部的三元环中心,表明局部离域有利于平面结构的形成.C2+nB10-n(n=0～2)团簇的第一垂直激发能分别为:1.91,0.56和3.12eV.     

包含平面五配位和平面四配位碳化合物的结构和稳定性

在B3LYP/6-311+G**水平上,研究了包含平面五配位碳(ppC)和平面四配位碳(ptC)的化合物CB5C2H2(C3B2)nC2H2CB5(n=1-5)的结构、能隙、IR光谱、电子光谱、Wiberg键指数以及芳香性.计算结果表明,这五种化合物的能量最低结构均位于势能面的极小值点,HOMO-LUMO能隙在0.5到1.2eV之间,第一电子的激发能在1780到2910nm之间,且与分子尺寸呈现非单调变化趋势.Wiberg键指数和键长表明这五种化合物的能量最低结构均包含平面五配位和平面四配位碳.C3B2单元和右侧CB5单元中三元环中心的核独立化学位移(NICS(0))值均为负值,而左侧CB5单元中的三元环中心的NICS(0)值中两个为正值,另两个为负值,NICS(1)值与NICS(0)值也一致,因此电子的局域离域对结构的稳定是很重要的.     

D_(3d)[E_3ME_3]~(2-)(E=P,As;M=Ni,Pd,Pt):含η~3-P_3~-和η~3-As_3~-配体的最小无机三明治配合物

C4H42-、C5H5-(Cp-)及C6H6(Ar)等有机配体可以与过渡金属形成典型的三明治夹心化合物.作为CH的等电子体,P可以取代CH与过渡金属形成混合型三明治配合物,例如:CpNiP3,CpFeP5,[CpMPnMCp]等.2002年,Schleyer等首次成功地合成了以η5-P5-为配体的不含碳的无机三明治配合物[P5TiP5]2-;2007年,Chen等采用密度泛函方法预测了含P4四元环的[P4MP4]n-三明治结构.本文采用密度泛函和从头计算方法首次系统地研究了含η3-P3-和η3-As3-三元环配体的过渡金属三明治配合物D3d[E3ME3]2-(E=P,As;M=Ni,Pd,Pt)(图1),对该系列化合物进行了结构优化、频率分析、自然轨道分析和光谱性质预测.结果表明,三元环状P3-和As3-与五元环状P5-和As5-具有类似的芳香性,可能作为新颖配位形成一大类过渡金属夹心化合物.[E3ME3]2-满足18电子规则,交错型单重态D3d[E3ME3]2-是该七原子体系的全局极小,而重叠型单重态D3h[E3ME3]2-在能量上略高(2.0kcal/mol),其他二维和三维结构则远非稳定(24kcal/mol).作为体系的全局极小,D3d[E3ME3]2-是在实验上可能合成的最小无机三明治夹心结构.在[E3ME3]2-系列配合物中,配位中心M携带的电荷为+0.07|e|～+0.27|e|,Wiberg键级为1.84～2.22;配体E原子携带的电荷为-0.35|e|～-0.38|e|,Wiberg键级为2.93～2.98.配体原子间以单键(WBIE-E=1.03-1.07),配体E和配位中心M间的Wiberg键级为WBIM-E=0.31-0.37,体现典型的配位成键特点.显然,与实验已知的[P5TiP5]2-类似,在[E3ME3]2-体系中配位中心M向配体E3发生了部分电荷转移,E3三元环表现为电子受体.轨道分析表明,该夹心化合物体系存在典型的离域π键(图1).体系存在较大NICS(-18.1～-24.8ppm),表明其芳香性本质.引进Li+阳离子可以有效稳定[E3ME3]2-二价阴离子,形成含交错型Cs[E3ME3]Li-和C2h[E3ME3]Li2.Cs[E3ME3]Li-的第一计算电子剥离能介于2.7～2.9eV,位于355nm激发光能量(3.496eV)范围之内.     

包含两个平面五配位碳原子C2＋nB10－n (n＝0～10)团簇的结构的理论研究

采用B3LYP/6-311＋G**方法, 我们优化了初始构型中包含两个平面五配位碳原子(ppCs)的C_{2＋nB10－n (n＝0～10)团簇的结构并计算了它们的振动频率. 计算结果表明, C2＋nB10－n (n＝0～2)团簇是稳定的, 而且这三个结构中ppC—B键的Wiberg键级介于0.511～0.909之间, ppC—C键的Wiberg键级为0.2254 (n＝1)和0.8586 (n＝2), ppC的键级介于3.778到3.879之间, 即这三个结构中存在两个ppCs, 而且ppC遵循八隅规则; C2＋nB10－n (n＝3～6)团簇的最稳定结构包含一个ppC; C2＋nB10－n (n＞6)团簇能量最低结构中不存在ppC. 而且只有团簇C2＋nB10－n (n＝0～2)中没有悬键, 它们的(电子数分别为: 6, 7和8, 计算它们的NICS(0)值表明强芳香性一般位于局部的三元环中心, 表明局部离域有利于平面结构的形成. C2＋nB10－n (n＝0～2)团簇的第一垂直激发能分别为: 1.91, 0.56和3.12 eV.}     

包含平面四配位和五配位碳原子的特殊硼碳化合物

采用密度泛函理论(DFT), 在B3LYP/6-311+G**水平上, 研究了三类包含平面四配位碳原子(ptC)和平面五配位碳原子(ppC)的硼碳化合物. 这三类新型化合物是由C3B2H4(包含ptC)、CB4H2(包含ptC)和CB5H2(包含ppC)三种稳定结构和—CHCH—单元连接起来而得到的. 在理论上探讨了这些新型的硼碳化合物的成键特征, 光谱性质以及芳香性. 研究结果表明: 包含ptC和ppC原子的能量最低的结构, 在不受对称面限制的条件下, 具有C2v对称性的顺式立体构型比具有反式平面构型的化合物稳定. 计算的核独立化学位移(NICS)显示, 这些新型化合物的三元环中心有强的芳香性. 计算最稳定硼碳化合物的ptC和ppC原子的Wiberg键指数(WBIs)表明ptC和ppC的成键遵循八隅规则.     

C36X(X=O,NH,S)各种可能异构体的芳香性研究

采用拓扑共振能方法对富勒烯C36X(X=O,NH,S)开环结构中的所有可能的异构体及阳离子和阴离子芳香性进行了理论研究. 计算结果表明,C36X的芳香性高于C36. C36X的阳离子因其共振能为负值而具有反芳香性. 反之,C36X的阴离子因共振能为正值而具有芳香性和较高的稳定性. C36的D6h和D2d异构体中杂原子X插入在5-5键时得到的化合物最稳定. 从理论上预测了C36X的负离子能形成稳定的金属富勒烯. 对C36X的阳离子和阴离子的芳香性进行了解释.     

TATB及其衍生物的撞击感度与C-NO2键级的关系

对TATB及其系列衍生物进行了半经验分子轨道PM3和AM1计算，求得全优化几何构型和电子结构．结果发现各化合物分子中C-NO2键的Wiberg键级(WCN)均小于其他C—N或C—C键的键级．实验撞击感度h50%与WCN计算结果之间分别呈三阶成二阶多项式关系，相关系数r≥0．92．当WCN＜0．90时，该值对撞击感度影响甚微，表明属高感度炸药；而当WCN＞0．90时，撞击感度与分子中最小的G—NO2键级WCN呈显的线性关系，WCN增大，撞击感度线性递减，符合判别感度相对大小的“最小键级原理”．     

硼环平面八配位及九配位的铝和镓

用硼环Bn平面配位金属中心M,两者必须在几何和电子结构上良好匹配.对Al和Ga而言,B8环半径略小,完全平面的D8hAl@B8^-（1）和D8hGa@B8^-（3）均为具有一个虚频的过渡态;金属中心沿体系八重轴轻微向上移动（0.3-0.5）所形成的C8vAl@B8^-（2）和C8vGa@B8^-（4）才是体系的稳定几何构型.轻微畸变的C8v阴离子具有准平面结构,与D8h平面结构在能量上非常接近.广泛的结构搜索表明,B9环与Al和Ga中心良好匹配,D9hAl@B9（5）与D9hGa@B9（6）均为直径约4.45的完美轮状中性分子,它们在得到的所有异构体中能量最低.在D9h5和6中,Al和Ga平面九配位中心携带的净原子电荷分别为＋1.3｜e｜和＋1.5｜e｜,其Wiberg总键级为2.5和2.8;而周边相邻B-B原子间的WBIB-B键级接近1.5,具有明显的双键特征.D9hAl@B9中中心原子的电子组态（Al3s^0.423px^0.343py^0.343pz^0.34）表明,Al在配合物中主要失去3s2价电子,其sp2杂化轨道和3pz原子轨道部分参与了体系的离域σ键和离域π键.结果表明,D9hAl@B9有三个离域的π轨道（简并的HOMO和HOMO-2）和三个离域的σ轨道（简并的HOMO-1和HOMO-4）,分别符合4n＋2休克尔芳香性规则,因而具有σ＋π双重芳香性.M@B8-和M@B9（M=Al,Ga）体系的核独立化学位移（NICS（1））均为较大的负值（介于-17~-26ppm）,进一步确定了体系的芳香性本质. C8vAl@B8^-和C8vGa@B8^-阴离子的计算单电子剥离能分别为ADE=3.41,3.23eV和VDE=3.52,3.32eV,而D9hAl@B9和D9hGa@B9中性分子的计算第一电离势分别为IP=8.51,8.34eV.这些结果为在光电子能谱实验中表征这些分子提供了依据.     

含有平面六配位碳的第二及第三过渡系金属夹心配合物密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函方法研究了含有平面六配位碳(PhC)和平面六配位氮(PhN)的第二和第三过渡系金属夹心化合物(B6X)2M(X＝C, N; M=Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)的几何结构和电子性质. 具有6个π电子的B6C2-及B6N- 结构单元体是ⅧB 族过渡金属的良好配体, 它们与过渡金属中心M形成符合18 电子规则的交错型夹心化合物D6d(B6X)2M, 其中PhC(或 PhN) 与M共线, 形成体系的六重对称轴. 具有近似单位负电荷的非金属中心X满足八隅律规则, 其Wiberg键级约为WBIPhC≈4 及WBIPhN≈3.     

聚吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯的电子结构及导电性研究

采用密度泛函(DFT)方法在6-31g(d)水平下研究了聚吡咯和聚吡咯并[3,4-c]吡咯, 以及它们的单体和低聚物的电子结构. 对中心键的键长、电荷密度以及Weberg键级的研究表明, 随着主链聚合度的增加, 其共轭性增强. 对聚合物还进行了能带结构和态密度分析. 结果发现, 在3位聚合的并环化合物具有最优的导电性能, 其能隙仅有0.25 eV, 可以作为潜在的导电聚合物材料.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.