基础有机化学实验教学内容的改革探索

对基础有机化学实验的教学内容进行了全方位、系统化的改革探索。对传统有机化学实验内容,增加了新的知识和实验技术。将有机人名反应、优秀的科研成果改编成新的实验教学项目,同时增设了新的微型实验、绿色实验、原子经济反应实验、全英实验。该实验内容新体系经过多年的教学实践,教学效果有显著提高。     

微粒运动实验创新设计与改进

对微粒运动实验的仪器、用品作了改进,重新设计实验装置,使实验装置达到了小型化、封闭化、简洁化,实验达到了绿色环保要求,满足了大面积的学生探究实验操作使用,取得了良好的效益。     

培养创新型人才的精细化工实验绿色化改革

通过采取优化实验项目,精选实验内容,选用绿色原料、溶剂、催化剂,推广微型、半微型实验,增加综合性、设计性实验,引进新技术、新工艺,引入化学仿真实验,加强实验室绿色化管理,改革考试方式等一系列改革措施,在精细化工实验中实现了绿色化教学,减少了实验产生的"三废"污染,加强了学生环境保护意识,调动了学生学习的积极性和主动性,培养了学生创新性思维,提高了就业竞争力。     

本科化学专业实验教学模式的改革与实践

以培养学生的创新思维和实践能力为目标,对本科化学专业实验课程体系与内容进行了全面改革。将化学学科中传统的无机化学实验、有机化学实验、分析化学实验、物理化学实验4大实验的内容设计优化成基础实验、综合设计实验、研究创新实验3个实验模块,搭建了基础型、提高型、创新型3个能力训练层次和1条毕业设计/专业实习能力训练主线,构建了具有地方本科院校特色的化学专业 “331”实验课程新体系,实现了课程结构的模块化,实验内容的层次化和教学科研的一体化。实践证明,通过改革与实践激发了学生的学习兴趣和主动性,动手能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力都有一定程度的提高。     

强弱电解质导电性检测实验的改进

指出了教材中检测强弱电解质溶液导电性实验装置的不足之处,介绍了改进后实验装置的电路图、装置图,并对整个实验装置的准备、实验的操作与实验现象、实验过程中应注意的事项等方面作了一个详细的说明。     

中学化学创新实验的研究进展*——基于Journal of Chemical Education期刊的文献分析

从研究主题、研究领域、实验方法等多视角分析了2008-2018年Journal of Chemical Education有关中学化学创新实验的发文情况,介绍了热化学实验、化学动力学实验、生活化实验、与环保相关的实验、学科交叉实验等多篇具有代表性和教学意义的实验案例。     

氢氟酸腐蚀玻璃的替代实验

分析了原氢氟酸腐蚀玻璃实验的不足,设计并完成了该实验的替代实验,即以氟化铵、硫酸及粉末硅胶为原料,在塑料烧杯中一步完成硅胶在氢氟酸中的溶解实验,该实验具有设备简单、试剂便宜易得、实验操作简单安全、实验现象明显等优点。     

探究可燃物燃烧条件的实验改进

阐述了验证白磷燃烧条件演示实验的改进方法,从实验的设计意图、实验装置的准备、实验的具体操作与实验现象、实验过程中应注意的事项等方面作了完整的介绍。     

高师化学实验课程体系改革的研究

分析当前化学实验教学现状的基础上,就存在的问题,构建了实验课程改革的新体系,提出了打破二级学科的限制,整体规划化学实验的新思路。建议按照基础化学实验、综合化学实验、现代化学实验三阶段,而每个阶段又分为基础训练实验、综合训练实验和应用性、设计性实验三个层次的"一体化、三阶段、三层次"设立实验课程的新方案。     

实验论文中“实验用品”表达的几个问题

指出了目前化学实验论文及实验教科书中“实验用品”表述中存在的没有“实验用品”表述,表述时仪器、试剂、材料、试样不加区分和缺少主要仪器与试剂的问题,分析了问题原因,提出了改进建议,旨在为完善实验论文及实验教科书提供参考。     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

计量数比规则与等物质的量规则的比较

指出了计量数比规则存在的缺陷:不利于贯彻有关物质的量及其单位摩尔的SI规定,不能继承当量定律的数据资料,不能表示反应的性质,不能正确表达水硬度、碱度、树脂交换容量及电解定律,缺乏科学的导出过程及计量关系表达式,计算过程繁杂。而等物质的量规则继承和发展了当量定律,使整个滴定分析计算简单规范。     

从科学哲学的视角分析科学课堂教学——以“质量守恒定律”为例

以“质量守恒定律”为例,选取科学革命、科学问题、科学实验、归纳与重复、解释与预测等几个视角对科学课堂教学的各个环节进行了分析。通过分析,各环节中所蕴含的科学哲学内容得以显现,对科学课堂教学的认识更为全面,对科学本质的认识更加深刻。     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

Thermodynamics of vaporization of gallium trichloride

The unsaturated and saturated pressures of gallium trichloride vapor were measured by the static method with membrane-gauge manometers in wide pressure (0.2–760 Torr) and temperature (313–1071 K) intervals. Scanning calorimetry was used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of GaCl₃ fusion. The thermodynamic characteristics were obtained for sublimation, fusion, vaporization, and association in the vapor of GaCl₃ molecules. The enthalpies of formation and the absolute entropies of GaCl₃ in the liquid and gaseous phases and Ga₂Cl₆ in the gaseous phase were calculated using literature data. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1266–1269, July, 2007.     

Effect of specific adsorption of anions on the kinetics of the current relaxation after pulsed anodic activation of dissolution of hydrophilic metals

Based on the model of spatial separation of the dissolution and passivation of hydrophilic metals, the effect of strong specific adsorption of anions on the shape of curves for the relaxation of anodic current of metals in acid solutions after switching an anodic activation pulse off is considered by using iron as an example.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases V. Enthalpies of hydration of N-methylated adenines

Enthalpies of solution in water, H _sol ^o , and of sublimation, H _subl ^o , were determined experimentally for a number of crystalline N-methyl adenines: m⁶Ade, m ₂ ^6,6 Ade, m⁹Ade, m ₂ ^6,9 Ade, and m ₃ ^6,6,9 Ade. Derived standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o , were corrected for the calculated cavity terms H _cav ^o to yield enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells. The increments of H _int ^o per unit area of the water-accessible molecular surface S _B , H _int ^o (CH₃)/S _B (CH₃), for the particular methyl groups: is considered to be the net effect of the gain in the energy resulting from van der Waals' interactions and of the loss in the energy due to polar interactions upon methyl substitution. It proved to vary somewhat numerically in agreement with the theoretically predicted hydration schemes of adenine. Comparison of H _int ^o /S _B value for adenine with those previously determined for uracil and thymine indicates that the aminopurine moiety is less hydrated than the diketopyrimidine ring.     

对离子反应发生条件中“放出气体”的再认识

离子反应发生条件中的“放出气体”,与其他资料中对生成物的描述不一致,也与有关反应事实不符。“放出气体”的出现,使教材中对气体生成物的描述时此时彼,没有时序性、规律性。对其与化学反应的关系及其与“生成气体”的区别进行了论述,并提出了修改的建议。