双环戊二烯苯酚树脂的合成新工艺

以双环戊二烯（DCPD）和苯酚为原料,甲磺酸为催化剂,合成了双环戊二烯苯酚树脂。适宜工艺条件:苯酚与DCPD摩尔比为5、反应温度120 ℃、反应时间5 h、催化剂质量分数为1.5%,收率89%。所得的双环戊二烯苯酚树脂（DPR）经催化加氢法在H2气压力1.5 MPa、催化剂Pd/Al2O3用量为原料质量分数的0.5%、反应温度80 ℃条件下对树脂进行脱色处理。 得到浅黄色双环戊二烯苯酚树脂,收率89%,经IR和1H NMR表征分析其为目的产物,产物指标达到国际同类产品的质量标准。     

1-萘胺氧化合成1,4-萘醌

研究了在乙酸中,用H2O2氧化1-萘胺合成1,4-萘醌的新方法。 考察了反应温度、反应时间、1-萘胺与H2O2摩尔比、硫酸和H2O2质量分数等因素对产品收率的影响。 得到较优的反应条件为：1-萘胺与H2O2摩尔比为1∶10、H2O2质量分数为5%、硫酸质量分数为45%、反应温度为80 ℃、反应时间为3 h。 在此条件下,1,4-萘醌的收率为52.2%。 该方法具有操作简单、反应时间短和产物易分离等优点。     

淀粉基阳离子絮凝剂的研制及性能测试

用可溶性淀粉为原料,通过接枝改性合成了一种淀粉基阳离子絮凝剂(MSF),其最佳制备工艺条件为:淀粉与丙烯酰胺的质量比为1:2,引发剂用量为0.6 g,反应温度为50 ℃,接枝时间为3.5 h;阳离子化条件为:甲醛和二甲胺摩尔比为1.0:1.4,反应时间2.5 h,反应温度50 ℃.产物结构经FTIR证实.用其处理番茄废水后,废水的透光率提高了78.2%、TOC下降了22.5%、COD下降了37.25%,结果表明该产品对高浓度有机废水的絮凝性能优于聚丙烯酰胺高分子絮凝剂(PAM).     

衣康酸-天冬氨酸-苯乙烯磺酸钠三元共聚物合成及阻垢性能研究

以衣康酸(IA)、天冬氨酸(ASP)及苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合法合成了IA-ASP-SSS三元共聚物,并对产物结构进行红外表征。探讨单体配比、引发剂用量、聚合温度、反应时间对共聚物阻垢性能的影响,通过正交实验和单因素实验确定最佳合成条件。采用静态阻垢法考察阻垢剂用量、钙离子浓度对阻垢性能的影响。结果表明：共聚单体的物质的量比(nASP:nIA:nSSS)为1:1:0.1、引发剂用量为单体总质量的9%、反应温度85℃且反应时间3h时,合成的IA-ASP-SSS共聚物对碳酸钙、磷酸钙及硫酸钙的阻垢率皆在95%以上,且此共聚物阻垢剂适用于高硬度水环境。     

环保增塑剂柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯的合成

以柠檬酸和2-乙基己醇为原料,用结晶硫酸高铈为催化剂合成环保增塑剂柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯,考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响,对合成的产品进行了红外光谱分析。实验结果表明,硫酸高铈催化合成柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯的最佳反应条件为n(2-乙基已醇)∶n(柠檬酸)=3.60∶1,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的1.5%,反应时间为90 m in,反应温度为150℃~160℃,在最佳反应条件下,柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯收率在98%以上。     

浆法和糊化法制备的醚化阳离子淀粉絮凝性能比较

使用浆法和糊化法制备了两种醚化阳离子淀粉St-GTA-1和St-GTA-2,比较了这两种产物的絮凝性能,用IR和SEM对产物结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,使用糊化法制备的St-GTA-2的絮凝性能远优于没有经过糊化的St-GTA-1。St-GTA-2的取代度为0.544,而St-GTA-1的取代度仅为0.257。使用正交实验和单因素实验对St-GTA-2的合成条件进行了筛选,结果表明,St-GTA-2的最佳合成条件为,淀粉用量10g,m(NaOH)=0.8g,n(CTA)=0.04mol,反应温度70℃,反应时间7h。在此条件下,St-GTA-2的取代度可达0.636,特性黏度为0.836dL/g。应用于2%的高岭土溶液中,加药量为10 mg·L~(-1)时,浊度可降至39.47NTU。     

醚化剂GTA的合成及在制备阳离子聚乙烯醇中的应用

以三甲胺(TMA)和环氧氯丙烷(EPIC)为原料,超声条件下合成了醚化剂失水甘油基三甲基氯化铵(GTA),研究了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间对产物收率的影响,确定GTA最优合成工艺条件:n(TMA)∶n(EPIC)=2∶1,反应温度20℃,反应时间4 h,此条件下产物收率72%。用该中间体在碱性条件下对聚乙烯醇进行改性,可制得季铵盐型阳离子聚乙烯醇膜材料,通过正交实验确定季铵盐型阳离子聚乙烯醇最优合成工艺条件:n(GTA)∶n(PVA)=2∶1,反应温度60~70℃,反应时间5 h,p H为10,终产物收率88%。     

N-(3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基甜菜碱的制备

以十六醇、环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺和氯乙酸钠等为原料,通过三步反应合成N-(3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基甜菜碱(HHDB),并探索了反应温度、投料比、反应时间和催化剂等因素对产物产率的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。中间体3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基-1-氯丙烷(HHCP)合成的最佳工艺条件:催化剂苄基三乙基氯化铵,体系p H为9.0,n(C_(16)H_(33)OH)∶n(C_3H_5OCl)=1∶1.1,滴加环氧氯丙烷温度65℃,滴加时间1.5h,反应温度95℃,反应时间5 h;中间体N-(3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基叔胺(HHDT)合成的最佳工艺条件:n(C_(19)H_(39)OCl)∶n(C_2H_7N)=1∶1.2,反应温度85℃,反应时间20 h;产物HHDB制备的最佳工艺条件:n(C_(21)H_(45)ON)∶n(C_3H_4O_2ClNa)=1∶1.1,反应温度80℃,反应时间4 h。在上述工艺条件下,HHDB产率达到95.2%,对产物HHDB及中间体进行红外光谱与核磁氢谱表征,测定其临界胶束浓度为9.8 mmol·L-1,水溶液表面张力为18.8 m N·m-1,发泡力为1.15,产物具有较好的表面活性。     

衣康酸-天冬氨酸-苯乙烯磺酸钠三元共聚物的合成及阻垢性能研究

以衣康酸(IA)、天冬氨酸(ASP)及苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合法合成了IA-ASP-SSS三元共聚物,并对产物结构进行红外表征。探讨单体配比、引发剂用量、聚合温度、反应时间对共聚物阻垢性能的影响,通过正交实验和单因素实验确定最佳合成条件。采用静态阻垢法考察阻垢剂用量、钙离子浓度对阻垢性能的影响。结果表明,共聚单体的摩尔比(nASP∶nIA∶nSSS)为1∶1∶0.1、引发剂用量为单体总质量的9%、反应温度85℃且反应时间3h时,合成的IA-ASP-SSS共聚物对碳酸钙、磷酸钙及硫酸钙的阻垢率皆在95%以上,且此共聚物阻垢剂适用于高硬度水环境。     

木质素阳离子絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝性能研究

以酶解木质素、甲醛、二甲胺及阳离子化试剂为原料,制备了木质素基阳离子絮凝剂.改变阳离子化试剂的用量、缩合反应的温度和时间等因素,制备不同阳离子度的木质素阳离子絮凝剂;通过其对酸性黑10B的脱色效果研究,确定了最优的制备方案.利用最优条件制备的木质素阳离子絮凝剂对三种不同种类阴离子染料废水进行了絮凝脱色处理.结果表明,原...     

A cost-effective anionic flocculant prepared by grafting carboxymethyl cellulose and lignosulfonate with acrylamide

How to efficiently utilize most abundant biomass of cellulose, lignin and their derivatives has become an emerging challenge as the anticipative oil depletion. In this paper, the ternary anionic copolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose-acrylamide-lignosulfonate (CAL) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal polymerization. Based on the flocculation characteristics of cationic methylene blue, the optimal polymerization process was confirmed as the raw material ratio of 1:1:1, initiator dosage of 0.9 wt %, the reaction time was 5 h and the reaction temperature was 55 °C. The results showed that the decolorization ratio was 87.5% at the CAL dosage of 600 mg/L for the 500 mg/L methylene blue simulated wastewater. The CAL achieved fast flocculation kinetics and super color removal ratios in the wide ranges of environmental pH, temperature and salt concentration. The flocculation mechanism is single charge neutralization. Moreover, the estimated treatment cost of CAL is 68.3% lower than that of commercial anionic PAM. The prepared anionic CAL flocculant has the characteristics of environmental safety, excellent flocculation performance and cost-effectiveness, which shows great potential in the field of dye wastewater treatment, and also provides a feasible way for the effective utilization of biomass resources.

     

Flocculation Performance and Mechanism of Removing Pectin by N-hydroxypropyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride Chitosan

The cationic organic flocculant N-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HTCC) was used for flocculation of pectin, which was an impurity widespread in Chinese medicine water extractions, and the effects of the flocculant dosage, the pectin concentration, pH value, and the solution temperature on the flocculation efficiency were studied. FTIR spectra of pectin and its flocs were analyzed to determine the flocculation mechanism. The results showed that HTCC effectively flocculated the high-methoxyl pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl pectin (LMP). The removal rate of HMP and LMP were above 85% and 90%, respectively. The flocculant dosage and pH value were the key influential factors. The pectin flocculation mechanism was mainly adsorption bridging and charge neutralization by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic adsorption, and hydrophobic interaction. The optimal flocculation conditions of HMP and LMP by HTCC were achieved.     

Synthesis and flocculation performance of graft copolymer of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis> -vinylformamide and poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) methyl chloride macromonomer

 A comb-structured polymeric flocculant was synthesized by the aqueous copolymerization of N-vinylformamide (NVF) with poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) quats (methyl chloride) macromonomer. The effects of temperature and macromonomer concentration on the copolymerization kinetics were determined experimentally. The copolymerization reactivity ratio was measured to be 3.82 and 6.39 for NVF and macromonomers with 50 and 100 repeating units when copolymerized with NVF. The copolymer samples were also subjected to a flocculation performance test and were found to be more effective than linear random cationic copolymers in terms of cationic content, flocculation rate, final turbidity levels, and floc strength. Received: 11 June 2001 Accepted: 9 August 2001     

Cationic starches as substitute for synthetic cationic flocculants in solid-liquid separation of harbor sludge

Harbor sludge (about 25% total solid) has to be dredged to keep the waterways free. Thus, annually 1.2 million m3 of dredged material has to be cleaned. For this process, three different synthetic flocculants with optimal molar masses, ionogenities, and concentrations are added in order to get a good dewatering efficiency and shear strength of the flocs. But as synthetic flocculants bring about unwanted fish toxicity and insufficient biodegradability, this study intends to check whether these flocculants can successively be substituted by cationic starches which have already been proven to be less toxic than synthetic flocculants. Five different starch derivatives with an average degree of substitution higher than 0.5 were characterized, especially in terms of the molar mass and coil size distribution, and flocculation tests, zeta potential measurements and filtrate turbidity tests were carried out in order to create optimum flocculation conditions. The flocculation and dewatering measurements clearly show that the synthetic cationic flocculant PA (0.2 kg/tTS) can be best substituted by cationic starch KS 2 (c = 0.1 kg/tTS, Mw = 1.1 e+08). For substitution of PTAC (c = 0.3 kg/tTS) by cationic starches, we observed that a maximal dewatering efficiency is reached with an approximately 3-fold dose of KS 1 (1 kg/tTS, Mw = 8.1 e+07).     

Influence of humic acid on the flocculation of clay

The aim of this study was to improve the flocculation of wastewater from gravel pits, especially the separation of the finely dispersed inorganic particles and the removing of humic acid. Clay was used as a model to investigate the influence of humic acid on the flocculation with two different types of polycation. The dependence of the sedimentation behaviour on time was investigated as well as the turbidity of the supernatant and the light absorption as a measure for humic acid removal. Bridging of particles remained the dominant mechanism of particle destabilisation by treating the clay in water with cationic polyacrylamides of very high molecular mass (CPAM). Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) of lower molar mass (35 000 g/mol) was found to act by charge neutralisation. In this case the so-called flocculation window was very small. This behaviour is the same for systems containing humic acid. However, the need for cationic flocculant increases because humic acid as a weak polyanion can interact with the polycation. By using CPAMs with low charge this interaction does not play a significant role. The optimum flocculation concentration is relatively high. The flocs are larger and the velocity of sedimentation is higher than for the short-chain and highly charged polycation PDADMAC. However, because the latter is more effective in removal of humic acid at the point of optimum flocculation it is more advantageous to combine the highly charged polycation with a high molecular weight polyanion (dual system).     

聚合方法对一种正离子聚丙烯酰胺结构与性能的影响

对相同进料比下,以过硫酸胺/亚硫酸氢钠为氧化还原引发剂,分别用溶液法和反相微乳液法合成的丙烯酰胺(AM)与2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化胺(MADQUAT)的共聚物P(AM-MADQUAT),根据单体竞聚率计算了两种共聚物的序列分布和组成分布.考察了两种聚合物结构对高岭土絮体尺寸、zeta电位降以及絮体压缩屈服应力的影响,初步建立了不同聚合方法合成的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺结构与絮凝性能之间的相关性.     

Contribution of static light scattering to the textural characterization of large aggregates

The industrial processes of water clarification often imply flocs of millimeter length. The principal motivation of this work relates to the characterization of these large flocs with laser diffractometry, for which the authors propose particular experimental approaches. In addition, a reformulation of the various properties of the flocs accessible by laser diffractometry is presented, in particular for the determination of the size, density, porosity, volume fraction, and fractal dimension. By way of illustration, these experimental and theoretical developments are applied to the characterization of flocs obtained by flocculation of a commercial kaolin. The size, fractal dimension, and density of kaolin floc were examined under various flocculant concentrations. Measurements reveal important variations of the granulometric and textural properties of large flocs in response to flocculation, opening ways of optimization for the associated industrial processes.     

Coagulation of Butadiene-Styrene Latex with Poly-N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxypropylenammonium Chloride

The flocculating performance of a cationic polyelectrolyte, poly-N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxypropylenammonium chloride, in recovery of butadiene-styrene rubber in the presence of sulfuric acid at various temperatures was studied. The kinetic curves of flocculation of SKS-30 ARK latex at various amounts of the flocculant added were obtained.     

Quaternized lignin-based dye dispersant: Characterization and performance research

Lignin-based dye dispersants have aroused an increasing interest due to their environment-friendly properties. In this research, the quaternized lignin-based dye dispersant (QLD) was prepared using alkali lignin from masson pine sulfate pulping liquor as raw materials by chemical modification, that is, sulfonation and quaternization. The structure and performance characterization of alkali lignin and QLD were studied. The analyses indicated that the structural unit of alkali lignin contained more G type and S type. Additionally, it was also proved that QLD contained quaternary ammonium group, amine group, and sulfonic group, which could improve the dispersion performance and thermostability of QLD. The results of thermogravimetric (TG) concluded that the dispersion performance and thermostability of QLD prevailed over alkali lignin. Compared with the contact angle of water, alkali lignin, and QLD with dye, the contact angle of QLD was much better than water and alkali lignin, indicating that the hydrophilicity and dispersion performance of QLD were superior to water and alkali lignin in Vat Olive T.