铂单晶电极表面不可逆反应动力学──Ⅱ铂单晶(100)晶面电极上甲酸氧化反应动力学参数解析

运用程序电位阶跃方法，避免甲酸解离吸附的干扰，成功地研究了Pt（100）单晶电极上甲酸经活性中间体直接氧化至CO2的反应动力学．提出对电化学暂态实验数据进行积分变换求解动力学参数的方法，编制了相关的计算机软件，首次获得甲酸在Pt（100）单晶电极上直接氧化的反应动力学参数。结果给出在0．02V至0．15V电位区间，速率常数kf的对数随电极电位线性增长，kf从9．51×10－4上升到1．38×10－2cm·s－1．获得传递系数β＝0．309，5×10－3mol·L－1HCOOH＋0．5mol·L－1H2SO4溶液中甲酸的扩散系数D＝1．80×10－5cm2．s－1．     

氢钼青铜对铂催化氧还原反应的促进作用

采用循环伏安法在玻碳电极上和硫酸溶液中电沉积制备出铂催化剂(Pt)及铂-氢钼青铜复合催化剂(Pt-HxMoO3), 用旋转圆盘电极研究并比较了它们对硫酸溶液中氧还原反应的催化活性. 研究结果表明, HxMoO3能明显地提高Pt对氧还原反应的电催化活性. 通过对静态电极上氧还原的峰电流与扫描速度的关系以及旋转圆盘电极上氧还原电流与旋转速度的关系的分析发现, HxMoO3提高了铂电极氧还原反应电荷传递步骤的传递系数, 因此加快了氧还原的动力学过程.     

从银电极上氢析出的温度效应得到的反应动力学启示

利用循环伏安法研究了多晶银电极在0.1 mol/L HClO4溶液中氢析出反应的温度效应. 发现当从析氢起始电位负向扫描至零电荷电位（-0.4 V）时,氢析出反应的表观活化能（Ea,app）和指前因子（A）均随着电势的负移而增大（对应的Ea,app从24 kJ/mol增大至32 kJ/mol）.继续负向扫描至零电荷电位以后,Ea,app随电势的负移而减小但A不随电势变化. 推测Ea,app和A在零电荷电位前的反常变化来自于反应物和过渡态之间内能和熵值变化．在零电荷电位以正电位,电极附近的水分子以氧端吸附在电极表面上,且水分子之间有氢键作用。电势变化产生的能量主要用于使水分子脱附并使氢键网络改变．在E〉PZC的电位区,电位负移导致的正的熵效应（指前因子增加）补偿了活化能的升高导致的负效应,从而显示反应的净电流随电位负移而增加．结果表明溶剂的动力学和相关的熵因子项可能会对析氢这类涉及质子和电子转移的电极反应的动力学产生很大的影响．     

气体电极反应动力学的薄膜旋转圆盘电极方法研究

薄膜旋转圆盘电极方法是一种常用的评价气体物质在纳米电催化剂上的反应活性的方法,但是在数据分析过程中经常忽视了气体反应物在催化剂层中到活性位点的传质可能对估算的反应动力学参数的影响.本文以氧电极反应为例,使用薄膜旋转圆盘电极研究了不同担载量Pt/C电极的氧还原活性.实验结果表明,根据Koutecky-Levich方程求算相同电位下的"表观动力学电流密度"(对Pt活性面积归一化的mA/cm2Pt)或比质量电流(mA/μg Pt)随Pt担载量的减小而增大,说明在估算动力学电流时不能忽略O2在催化剂层中的扩散传质,而气体在催化剂层中的传质与催化剂层的结构、厚度、纳米催化剂的分散度等密切相关.建议在使用薄膜旋转圆盘电极方法来研究纳米催化剂气体电极反应活性时,首先系统考察担载量、分散度与催化剂层厚的影响,然后根据不同担载量催化剂归一化后的动力学电流密度(或比质量电流)-电势曲线是否重合来验证得到的是否是真实的动力学电流,从而得到更为准确的评价结果.     

甲醇对炭载铂和四羧基酞菁钴催化氧还原动力学的影响

运用旋转圆盘电极技术和线性扫描伏安方法研究比较了甲醇对炭载铂（Pt/C）和800 ℃热处理的炭载四羧基酞菁钴（CoPcTc/C）催化氧还原动力学的影响.结果表明，对于Pt/C催化剂，在大于0.64 V和小于0.18 V（vs SCE）的电位范围，甲醇的氧化和氧的还原互不影响，而在其它电位范围，甲醇使Pt/C催化氧还原的性能严重降低.对于800 ℃热处理的CoPcTc/C，在整个电位范围内，甲醇的存在对氧还原都没有影响，是一种活性较高、耐甲醇能力强的氧还原电催化剂.     

PEMFC电极中表面扩散现象的初步研究

制作双催化层结构的PEMFC电极.该双催化层由含有Nafion的内催化层、无Nafion的外催化层组成.循环伏安测试表明,未与Nafion直接接触的外催化层Pt/C催化剂也参与发生在"Pt/Nafion"界面氢原子的吸脱附反应和Pt表面含氧粒子的电化学氧化还原.当电势扫描速率较低时,未与Nafion直接接触的外层Pt/C催化剂,其对氢脱附电流的贡献和直接与Nafion接触的内催化层的Pt/C催化剂大致相当.以双催化层电极作PEMFC阴极,单电池(PEMFC)极化曲线测试表明,其阴极外催化层能明显地提高该单电池在活化极化区的输出性能.进一步证明了PEMFC阴极外催化层不与Nafion直接接触的Pt/C催化剂可通过其表面吸附含氧粒子的表面扩散参与发生在"Pt/Nafion"界面氧的电化学还原反应.上述实验为设计PEMFC电极提供了一定的新思路.     

碱性溶液中空气电极催化剂Co-N/C的研究

采用简单热处理方式制备了空气电极用氧还原电催化剂Co-N/C(800),利用线性电位扫描、控电流极化曲线及单电池测试等方法评价Co-N/C(800)的氧还原反应(ORR)催化活性。结果表明:该催化剂在碱性溶液中(1 mol/LNaOH)对ORR有很好的催化活性,起始氧还原电位约为0.04 V(vs.Hg/HgO);在室温及空气气氛条件下,以Co-N/C(800)制备的空气电极在7 mol/L NaOH溶液中时性能最佳,在电极电位为-0.6 V(vs.Hg/HgO)时电流密度达100 mA/cm2;自制的空气电极与纯锌片所组装的锌-空气电池,以7 mol/L NaOH为电解液,在电池过电位为0.8 V时,电流密度超过了100 mA/cm2,催化性能优于常规MnO2催化剂;同时进行了单电池放电测试,放电平台保持在1.25～1.30 V且性能稳定。     

导电聚苯胺／MnO2空气阴极氧还原动力学

采用动电位扫描、交流阻抗技术研究了导电聚苯胺/MnO2复合阴极上氧还原反应动力学.动电位扫描表明氧在该复合阴极上还原的极化曲线服从Butler-Volmer公式,表观标准活化能为184.9 kJ/mol,反应为电化学步骤控制;交流阻抗谱观察到氧阴极还原由3个明显的线圈组成,表明氧阴极还原分3步进行,第1个圆弧随过电位的增大而显著减小,表明第1步电荷转移过程的确为氧还原反应的速率控制步骤;导电聚苯胺的高比表面积与MnO2的多微毛细管结构使氧在该复合电极上还原变得容易.     

高铁酸盐在Sn02-Sb2O3／Ti电极上的选择性电化学合成

合成了SnO2-Sb2O3／Ti电极材料．实验结果证实，在14mol／L NaOH水溶液中和完全避免析氧反应的条件下，Fe(Ⅲ)物种在该电极上进行电化学氧化并生成FeO4^2-．结果表明，Fe(OH)。在浓NaOH溶液中发生酸式电离，形成可溶于水的FeO2^-，该离子的浓度随着碱溶液浓度变化而发生明显变化，而且它还是发生化学氧化和电化学氧化的反应物．在SnO2-Sb2O3／Ti电极上，FeO4^2-的电化学还原起始电位为0．38V(vs.Hg／HgO，14mol／L NaOH)，FeO2^-电化学氧化起始电位为0．54V．结果还表明，用电化学方法氧化Fe(Ⅲ)物种生成FeO4^2-是个多步骤过程．     

甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极上的氧还原

利用单晶旋转圆盘电极技术（Hanging Meniscus Rotating Disk Electrode,　HMRD）在硫酸和高氯酸溶液中分别研究了甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面氧分子的电催化还原反应. 实验发现：在硫酸溶液中,经甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面的氧还原活性明显提高,其中氧还原的半波电位与Pt(111)电极的相比正移约0.1 V,而在高氯酸溶液中,甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极的活性几乎没有发生变化. 该实验结果表明：甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极一方面抑制了SO₄^2-在电极表面的吸附,另一方面又能在电极表面提供相邻的空位供氧分子吸附. 通过与文献中报道的CN^-修饰的Pt(111)电极上的氧还原结果的对比,可以推测甘氨酸修饰的Pt(111)电极表面氧还原活性提高是由于甘氨酸在Pt(111)表面可能先被氧化成CN^-后吸附在电极表面,进而促进了氧分子的电催化还原反应.     

二十四面体Pt纳米晶电极上甲酸解离吸附反应动力学研究

研究了甲酸在二十四面体Pt纳米晶（THHPtNCs）电极表面解离吸附反应过程.电化学原位红外反射光谱结果显示,甲酸在低电位（-0.20V（SCE））即可在THHPtNCs电极上氧化到CO2,同时发生分子内化学键断裂生成吸附态CO物种.运用程序电位阶跃暂态方法定量研究甲酸解离吸附反应动力学,测得5×10^-3mol·L^-1 HCOOH＋0.1mol·L^-1 H2SO4溶液中甲酸在THHPtNCs电极上解离吸附的最大平均速率υamax为13.19×10^-10mol·cm^-2·s^-1,是商品Pt/C催化剂电极上υamax的1.5倍.研究结果揭示了THHPtNCs的反应活性显著高于Pt/C催化剂.     

阴离子特性吸附和Pt(111)电极表面结构对乙二醇解离吸附动力学的影响

运用电化学循环伏安和程序电位阶跃方法研究了阴离子特性吸附和Pt(111)电极表面结构对乙二醇解离吸附反应动力学的影响. 结果表明, 阴离子特性吸附显著影响乙二醇的解离吸附, 在高氯酸介质中(无特性吸附)测得乙二醇解离吸附反应的初始速率vi以及解离吸附物种(DA)的饱和覆盖度均明显大于硫酸溶液(发生SO2-4/HSO-4特性吸附)中的相应值; 其平均速率v随电极电位的变化呈类似火山型分布, 最大值位于0.22 V(vs SCE)附近. 还发现通过不同处理获得的Pt(111)电极的不同表面结构对这一表面过程也具有显著的影响.     

The Pt(111)/electrolyte interface under oxygen reduction reaction conditions: an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study

The Pt(111)/electrolyte interface has been characterized during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.1 M HClO(4) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The surface was studied within the potential region where adsorption of OH* and O* species occur without significant place exchange between the adsorbate and Pt surface atoms (0.45-1.15 V vs RHE). An equivalent electric circuit is proposed to model the Pt(111)/electrolyte interface under ORR conditions within the selected potential window. This equivalent circuit reflects three processes with different time constants, which occur simultaneously during the ORR at Pt(111). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to correlate and interpret the results of the measurements. The calculations indicate that the coadsorption of ClO(4)* and Cl* with OH* is unlikely. Our analysis suggests that the two-dimensional (2D) structures formed in O(2)-free solution are also formed under ORR conditions.     

Pt(110)/Sb电极上甲酸的电催化氧化特征和动力学

研究了Sb在Pt(110)晶面上不可逆吸附电化学特性及甲酸在Sb_ad修饰Pt(110)电极[Pt(110)/Sb]上的电催化氧化特征及其反应动力学.发现当扫描电位的上限E_u≤0.45V时,Sb_ad可稳定地吸附在Pt(110)表面上,从而有效地抑制了甲酸的解离吸附.与未修饰的Pt(110)上的结果相比,在Pt(110)/Sb上甲酸氧化的峰电位负移了0.35V.当θ_Sb=0.126时,Pt(110)/Sb电极对甲酸的电催化活性最高.还研究了Pt(110)/Sb上甲酸氧化反应的动力学,定量解析了不同θ_Sb下甲酸氧化的速度常数kf和传递系数β.     

Kinetics of dissociative adsorption of formic acid on electrodes of tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals

In the present paper we study the kinetics of dissociative adsorption of formic acid on the electrode of tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals (THH Pt NCs). In situ FTIR spectroscopic results demonstrate that HCOOH can be oxidized to CO2 at a low potential (-0.2 V(SCE)) on the THH Pt NCs electrode, and the chemical bonds inside formic acid molecule are broken to form adsorbed COL species. The kinetics of the dissociative adsorption of HCOOH was quantitatively investigated by employing programmed potential s...     

Adsorption of formaldehyde on Pt(111) and Pt(100) electrodes: cyclic voltammetry and scanning tunneling microscopy

The adsorption of formaldehyde (HCHO) on Pt(111) and Pt(100) electrodes was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in 0.1 M HClO(4). The extent of HCHO adsorption at both Pt electrodes was evaluated by comparing the CVs, particularly for the hydrogen adsorption and desorption between 0.05 and 0.4 V, obtained in 0.1 M HClO(4) with and without HCHO. The adsorption of HCHO on these Pt electrodes was significant only when [HCHO] >/= 10 mM. Adsorbed organic intermediate species acted as poisons, blocking Pt surfaces and causing delays in the oxidation of HCHO. Compared to Pt(111), Pt(100) was more prone to poisoning, as indicated by a 200 mV positive shift of the onset of HCHO oxidation. However, Pt(100) exhibited an activity 3 times higher than that of Pt(111), as indicated by the difference in peak current density of HCHO oxidation. Molecular resolution STM revealed highly ordered structures of Pt(111)-( radical7 x radical7)R19.1 degrees and Pt(100)-( radical2 x radical2) in the potential region between 0.1 and 0.3 V. Voltammetric measurements further showed that the organic poisons produced by HCHO adsorption behaved differently from the intentionally dosed CO admolecules, which supports the assumption for the formation of HCO or COH adspecies, rather than CO, as the poison. On both Pt electrodes, HCHO oxidation commenced preferentially at step sites at the onset potential of this reaction, but it occurred uniformly at the peak potentials.     

Pt(111)单晶电极上乙二醇解离吸附反应动力学

运用电化学循环伏安和程序电位阶跃方法研究了乙二醇在Pt(111)单晶电极上的解离吸附过程.动力学研究的定量结果指出,乙二醇解离吸附反应的平均速率随电极电位变化呈火山型分布,其最大值在0.10 V(vs SCE)附近.测得在含2×10－3 mol•L－1乙二醇的溶液中,最大初始解离速率vi为4.35×10－12 mol•cm-－2•s－1.     

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance analysis of the oxygen reduction reaction on Pt-based electrodes. Part 1: Effect of adsorbed anions on the oxygen reduction activities of Pt in HF, HClO4, and H2SO4 solutions

The effects of anion adsorption on the activities for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at a Pt film electrode in electrolyte solutions (HClO(4) and HF at various concentrations) were analyzed using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and a rotating disk electrode (RDE). With an increasing HClO(4) concentration [HClO(4)], the onset potential for the Pt oxide formation in the voltammogram shifted in the positive direction, accompanied by a compression of the hydrogen adsorption/oxidation wave to less positive potentials. This is ascribed to a specific adsorption of the ClO(4)(-) anion, because the [HClO(4)] dependence of the mass change Δm detected by EQCM in the double-layer region was found to be fitted well by a Frumkin-Temkin adsorption isotherm. The potential dependencies of Δm in both 0.1 and 0.5 M HClO(4) solutions accord well with those of the ν(Cl-O) intensities observed by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the potential range from 0.3 to 0.6 V. The kinetically controlled current densities j(k) for the ORR at the Pt-RDE were found to decrease with increasing [HClO(4)], because of the blocking of the active sites by specifically adsorbed ClO(4)(-). The values of j(k) in the non-adsorbing 0.1 M HF electrolyte solution, however, were smaller than those in 0.1 M HClO(4). It was found that the low ORR activity could be ascribed to the low H(+) activity in the weak acid solution of HF. We, for the first time, detected a reversible mass change for one or more adsorbed oxygen species on the Pt-EQCM in O(2)-saturated and He-purged HF and HClO(4) solutions. The coverages of oxygen species θ(O) on Pt were found to increase in the O(2)-saturated solution. High values of θ(O) in O(2)-saturated 7 mM HF suggest that the ORR rate was limited by the very low H(+) activity in the solution, and the adsorbed oxygen species remained on the surface because of a slow consumption rate.