化学溶解和电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究地质样品中铂族元素的物相 …

建立了基于化学逐级溶解、火试金预浓集和电感耦合等离子体质谱分析的地质样品中铂族元素的物相分析新流程。应用逐级溶解，地质样品可被分成即水溶相、可交换相、碳酸盐相、Ｆｅ／Ｎｉ金属相、硫化物相、氧化物相、硅酸盐相和残渣相８个组分。详细研究了溶解实验中试剂、温度、酸度和时间等实验参数。作为应用的实例，研究了丹麦Ｓｔｅｖｎｓ Ｋｌｉｎｔ Ｋ／Ｔ界线样品中５个铂族元素的物相分布。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测定碳质板岩样品中铂族元素

碳质板岩属黑色岩系,与多种金属(包括贵金属)成矿有密切的联系。按照常规的分析方法,硫镍试金溶剂配方都不能对贵金属元素有较好的富集,影响贵金属元素的测定。根据石墨岩中样品的成份特征,对测定铂族元素的常规硫镍试金配方进行了改进,增加了硝酸钾和氧化镁,且无需加入锇稀释剂。通过实验选择了合适比例配料,熔融后粉碎镍扣,加入盐酸分解,碲共沉淀剂富集。过滤沉淀用王水溶解。用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定,Lu作内标,对碳质板样品中的铂族元素进行了测定。结果表明,加标回收率为85%～105%,能够满足碳质板岩中铂族元素的分析测定要求。     

碱熔-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硫铁矿单矿物中的金、银及铂族元素

<正>单矿物分析在地质样品分析中属于较难解决的问题之一,原因是现成的分析方法少。而单矿物中微量元素的地球化学特征研究又需要矿物成分中微量元素含量的准确测定。铂族元素可以作为一种新的地球化学示踪剂,对岩石学特征和地幔源区的演化提供重要的信息。铂族元素通常采用火试金的方法测定[1-5],需要至少20g以上的样品,而单矿物的样品量通常比较少。这就要求用较少的试样量,不仅提供矿物主成分,而且要测定多种痕量元素,铂族     

铂族元素在环境和生物样品中的积累及毒性研究进展

由汽车尾气净化器的安装使用而导致环境中的铂族元素尤其是铂、钯、铑的含量逐渐增长,铂族元素对于生活和生态环境的影响也越来越多受到关注.论述了汽车三元催化剂中铂族元素毒性、铂族元素在环境和生物样品的分布、环境样品中铂族元素的消解、测定方法以及干扰处理方法,总结了多国测定结果并对结果进行了综合评述.     

火试金预浓集结合中子活化和电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铂族元素

建立了两种以火试金预浓集为基础的、可用于准确测定铂族元素的方法;中子活化法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法。讨论了它们的分析检出限、准确度及其适应性。并用这两种方法测定了5种候选地质参考物质中铂族元素的含量。     

流动注射在线萃取-火焰原子吸收法测定化探样品中痕量铊

１引言原子吸收光谱法是测定生物、地质和环境样品中铊的重要方法，但多以电热原子吸收光谱法为主。常规的火焰原子吸收光谱法由于测定灵敏度低则往往难以满足分析要求。溶剂萃取预处理直接进行原子吸收光谱测定痕量元素，可起到分离富集的作用并能提高灵敏度和选择性，而流动注射在线萃取技术与原子吸收光谱法相结合却更具有简便、安全、不污染环境等优点。本文研究了在线萃取流程中各项最佳参数，用盐酸－甲基异丁基酮（ＭＩＢＫ）将铂萃取到有机相后，将有机相直接注入火焰中进行原子吸收测定。本法检出限为５μｇ／Ｌ；相对标准偏差为１…     

电荷注入检测器电感耦合等离子体光谱仪测定铂族元素的性能

研究了用电荷注入检测器等离子体光谱仪测定铂族元素的分析性能。结果表明铂族元素有较好的检出限和10^4以上的线性动态范围，铂族元素间光谱干扰很少，在元素浓度＞1mg/L时测量精度可优于1％，钠对铂族元素的影响是轻微的。     

锑试金-电感耦合等离子质谱法测定铬铁矿中铂族元素EI北大核心CSCD

建立了一种可定量富集铬铁矿中6种铂族元素的锑试金-电感耦合等离子体质谱分析方法。针对铬铁矿难溶的问题,选择硼酸、碳酸钠与六偏磷酸钠的熔剂组合,将取样量与熔剂用量等比例缩小(10:1),以XRF用熔样机开展预实验,以确定熔剂配比、熔融温度及时间等参数,而后以标准物质验证,相比试金条件实验省时省力,且易于判断溶解效果。因铬铁矿样品还原性弱,选择锑试金,经灰吹可同时预富集全部6种铂族元素,配料中加入锑粉作为捕集剂,即简化配料又避免了试金过程中熔体溢出。锑扣经灰吹获得合粒,而后经微波密闭消解,ICP-MS KED模式分析。各待测元素检出限在0.03~0.88 ng/g间,重现性RSD为4.5%~13%,铬铁矿标准物质分析结果与认定值吻合,适用于不同品位的铬铁矿样品。     

锑试金-电感耦合等离子质谱法测定铬铁矿中铂族元素

建立了一种可定量富集铬铁矿中6种铂族元素的锑试金-电感耦合等离子体质谱分析方法。针对铬铁矿难溶的问题,选择硼酸、碳酸钠与六偏磷酸钠的熔剂组合,将取样量与熔剂用量等比例缩小(10:1),以XRF用熔样机开展预实验,以确定熔剂配比、熔融温度及时间等参数,而后以标准物质验证,相比试金条件实验省时省力,且易于判断溶解效果。因铬铁矿样品还原性弱,选择锑试金,经灰吹可同时预富集全部6种铂族元素,配料中加入锑粉作为捕集剂,即简化配料又避免了试金过程中熔体溢出。锑扣经灰吹获得合粒,而后经微波密闭消解,ICP-MS KED模式分析。各待测元素检出限在0.03~0.88 ng/g间,重现性RSD为4.5%~13%,铬铁矿标准物质分析结果与认定值吻合,适用于不同品位的铬铁矿样品。     

Rh-Mo-K/Al2O3催化剂的结构及合成醇性能

采用ＸＲＤ，ＬＲＳ技术研究不同Ｒｈ含量的Ｒｈ－Ｍｏ－Ｋ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的结构，并与其合成低碳混合醇性能相关联。结果表明，在氧化态Ｍｏ－Ｋ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化体系中添加０．２％的Ｒｈ会导致表面“Ｋ－Ｍｏ”物相聚集，继续增加Ｒｈ含量，铑可能和钾钼物种结合生成一种新的表面活性物相，从而使“Ｋ－Ｍｏ”物相晶粒主为小。     

Chemical speciation study of platinum metals and other siderophile elements in Precambrian/Cambrian black shale, south China

Chemical speciation of platinum metals and some other siderophile elements in Precambrian/Cambrian black shale, south China, were studied using stepwise dissolution, fire assay preconcentration, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results indicate that platinum metals in Precambrian/Cambrian black shale, south China, are enriched through a syngenetical mineralizing process.     

An accurate procedure for the determination of low levels of platinum group elements in standard materials by neutron activation analysis

The paper describes a destructive neutron activation procedure for the determination of all platinum group elements (PGE). Only a few steps are required after irradiation, namely sample dissolution, osmium and ruthenium separation by solvent extraction, anion exchange separation of remaining noble metals and counting. The chemical yield is evaluated. The method has been used for the determination of noble metals in a large variety of standard reference materials, mainly of geological and technological origin. The results, given as the average of four independent analyses are reported and discussed. Average precision for the whole procedure is usually below 8% and sensitivities are adequate to meet the analysis requirements of terrestrial PGE- and Au-poor materials.     

Radiochemical fire-assay for determination of the platinum group elements

The radioactive study of Ni–NiS bead fire-assay followed by neutron activation analysis showed nearly quantitative collection of the platinum group elements and gold in the bead. However, there was clearly some loss of gold and ruthenium at the dissolution and filtration stage. A preliminary study of the radiochemical fire-assay method indicates that the technique could overcome the problem of losses. Chemical carrier behaves in the same way as platinum metal concentrate during the analytical procedure and could be used to evaluate yields during each determination. When applied to rock samples, the radiochemical fire-assay gives good sensitivity and could be applied to the determination of nanogram concentrations of the platinum group elements without the problem of high blank values from reagents.     

Group separation of rare earth elements by liquid-liquid extraction for the neutron activation analysis of silicate rocks

Rare earth elements are isolated as a group from neutron activated rock samples by a new radiochemical procedure based on extraction with thenoyltrifluoracetone/phenanthroline in CHCl₃. The procedure consists of three extraction steps, obviates the use of anactive carriers and gives practically quantitative chemical yields, thereby avoiding fractionation of the individual rare earths. Details of the dissolution, chemical separations and counting procedure are given togther with an analysis of BCR-1.     

Some noble metals and copper content of italian meteorites as determined by destructive neutron activation analysis

Copper, iridium, platinum and gold content was determined in 15 italian chondritic meteorites by destructive neutron activation analysis. The chemical procedure involves few steps: sample dissolution, group separation of noble metals on inorganic adsorbers and gamma-ray spectrometry. Element content and atomic abundances (Si=10⁶ atoms) are presented and discussed. Precision and accuracy of the analytical method are given as well. Copper, platinum and gold content is within the reported ranges for ordinary chondrites, whereas the iridium content is located on the low side of reported values.     

Determination of precious metals in ores and rocks by thermal neutron activation/γ-spectrometry after preconcentration by nickel sulphide fire assay and coprecipitation with tellurium

The six platinum group elements (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt) can be determined in geological samples down to the μg kg^?1 level, by using nickel sulphide fire assay and neutron activation of the residue ramaining after dissolution of the nickel sulphide button in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Losses for the platinum group elements during this dissolution step are usually insignificant, except when the elements are present at ultra-trace levels. The can be recovered from the filtrate by coprecipitation with tellerium. The latter approach also permits determination of silver, which is significantly lost in the hydrochloric acid treatment (recovery <98% instead of typically ≈ 10%). The coprecipitation with tellurium considerably improves the results for gold (recovery ≈ 95% instead of typically 75%).     

Analytical Determination and Bio-Monitoring of Platinum Group Elements in Roadside Grass Using Microwave Assisted Digestion and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The analytical conditions that enable the determination of traffic related platinum group elements (PGEs) in roadside grass using microwave digestion and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry were evaluated as an alternative to the biomonitoring of traffic related PGEs and Pb levels in urban areas. To optimize the analytical conditions and account for matrix effects that could import error in the analysis, method optimization was based on matrix simulation through analyte recovery from spiked unpolluted samples against a matrix blank. A mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid under progressively increasing microwave irradiation was optimized to afford the quantitative extraction of platinum group elements from plant matrix. Due to the low levels of platinum group elements in real samples, preconcentration was accomplished using sample evaporation followed by dissolution in dilute nitric acid prior to deliverance to the atomic detector. Quantitation limits below 1 ng g^?1 for Pd and Rh and lower than 2 ng g^?1 for Pt, were accomplished, enabling the monitoring of platinum group elements bioaccumulation in roadside grass with satisfactory recoveries, as determined from the analysis of spiked samples. The results from method application in an annual monitoring survey of PGEs and Pb levels in urban flora and other roadside media are presented and discussed.     

Distribution and speciation of platinum group elements in environmental matrices

The use of platinum group elements (PGEs) as components of autocatalytic converters attached to motor vehicles has resulted in serious contamination of the environment by Pt, Rh and Pd in nanocrystalline forms. Trace concentrations of PGEs, particularly the major component Pt, in environmental samples have been measured by sensitive instrumental procedures. These data have raised further questions about the nature of Pt species in contaminated soils and in plants grown in them. The focus of attention is changing from accumulations of data expressing total concentrations to investigations of speciation. Application of analytical procedures for research on speciation has provided information concerning transformations of Pt compounds in contaminated soils, the uptake of Pt by plants and the nature of Pt compounds in vegetation. Determination of background levels of precious metals in clinical and environmental matrices has required the development of analytical methods which combine uses of minimal quantities of reagents, and as small a number of chemical operations as possible to yield very low procedural blanks. Sensitive instrumental methods based upon high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and adsorptive stripping voltammetry have proven to be valuable for this work.     

Preparation of Platinum Implanted Glassy Carbon Electrode and Electro-oxidation of Formic Acid and Formaldehyde

Electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules has attracted considerable at-tentionin system of fuel celll-4. In this research field, Parsons4 pointed out that the electrodeswhich were prepared from non-noble substrates modified by excellent dispersal noblemetal particles and which still exhibited better catalytic activity should be studied. Ionimplantation is a technique with unique advantage and has been used in manyelectrochemical research fieldss'6. The present study is an at-tempt…     

Rhodium in car exhaust tips by total automatic activation analysis

Exhaust systems of modern cars contain catalysts for the reduction of CO, NO_x and hydrocarbons. These catalysts are made of ceramic materials with a large surface on which platinum metals catalyse the oxidation. The catalysts contain approximately 2 g of platinum and 0.4 g of rhodium. Recently platinum is being replaced by palladium. During driving the platinum-group elements (PGEs) are expelled from the tip in fine particles and are deposited in the environment. For a projected study of emissions from cars driven on streets and highways it is important to know which elements can be measured by short time activation analysis without any chemical procedure.