自然轨道福井函数和成键活性描述符应用于解释苯硫醌和1,3-二烯的[2+4]和[4+2]环加成反应中的成键机理（英文）

苯硫醌与脂肪族烯烃可以发生[2+4]和[4+2]环加成反应。为了解释这些环加成反应中的成键过程,本文使用了自然轨道福井函数(NOFF)与成键活性描述符。自然轨道福井函数揭示了苯硫醌和脂肪族烯烃的键或轨道的亲电性,表明电子供体的成键轨道和电子受体的反键/成键轨道之间发生了电子转移,然后成环,在这一过程中有两个共价键形成,得到了环状产物。成键活性描述符表明共价键比较容易在一个分子中具有较大f~+_(k1)值的k1原子与另一个分子中具有较大f_(k2)值的k2原子之间形成。自然轨道福井函数与成键活性描述符都可以有效解释苯硫醌与1,3-二烯之间的[2+4]与[4+2]环加成反应的机理。     

邻醌与噁唑的光化[4+4]环加成反应

虽然[2+2]和[4+4]环加成反应都是光化学允许的,但[4+4]环加成远不及[2+2]反应普遍.已知的[4+4]环加成主要为蒽、萘、吡啶-2-酮和吡喃-2-酮衍生物的光化二聚以及它们与某些1,3-二烯的环加成.羰基化合物与烯烃一般发生[2+2]环加成(Peterno-B點hi反应).邻醌和α-二羰基化合物与富电子烯烃则已知可进行[2+2]或[4+2]的光化环加成反应,分别得到α-羰基氧杂环丁烷和1,4-二氧杂环己烯.但未知有光化[4+4]环加成反应.     

[2+2]环加成反应机理的理论研究

[2+2]环加成反应是有机化学中非常重要的一类反应,其机理的研究一直是实验和理论工作者关注的课题之一。本文从理论的角度综述了三类[2+2]环加成反应的反应机理,即简单烯烃或炔烃参与的环加成反应、累积双键体系参与的环加成反应以及稀土钍化合物参与的环加成反应, 得出对于简单的烯烃或炔烃之间的环加成反应一般是按双自由基机理进行,而其他两类反应主要按协同或两性离子方式进行,并且从前线分子轨道作用理论角度分析了产生不同反应机理的原因。     

烯烃光敏氧化反应机理 II: 丙烯与单线态氧[2+2]环加成反应途径的解析

本文进一步报道丙烯与单线态氧[2+2]环加成反应途径的计算结果, 沿反应途径反应物间相互作用的详细情况和甲基在反应进程中的动态电子效应, 从而揭示烷基取代烯烃与单线态氧不易发生[2+2]环加成反应的原因. 为进一步探求单线态氧与烯烃[2+2]环加成反应的必要条件提供依据. 本文所用计算方法与前文相同.     

环状烯酮与环状1-氮杂二烯的非对映及对映选择性[4+2]环加成反应

有机胺能催化环状烯酮化合物在多个位点发生不对称合成反应. 最近,我们发展了手性伯胺催化β-取代2-环戊烯酮与从糖精衍生的1-氮杂二烯的α’,γ-区域选择性的[5+3]形式环加成反应. 这里我们将报道采用β-取代2-环己烯酮或β-未取代2-环戊烯酮时,在手性伯胺催化下却与相同1-氮杂二烯发生完全不同的α’,β-区域选择性的不对称[4+2]环加成反应,生成高度官能团化的手性[2.2.2]或[2.2.1]桥环骨架结构. 重要的是利用不同类型的手性伯胺催化剂能够实现非对映选择性的反转,分别制备高立体选择性的endo-或exo-环加成产物.     

α,β—不饱和硫酮体系[4＋2]环加成反应的研究

系统研究了β,β-不饱和硫酮在[4+2]环加成反应中的行为.选取5-芳亚甲基四氢噻唑-2,4-二硫酮作为反应的杂共轭双烯体系,与N-苯基马来酰亚胺等嗜双烯作用,得到12个新化合物.观察到丙烯酸乙酯和丙烯腈在对杂共轭双烯进行[4+2]环加成反应时存在着某种区域选择性.初步探讨了这类环加成反应条件及反应物的反应活性.     

钯催化[4+2]环加成反应的研究进展

综述了近年来钯催化[4+2]环加成反应的研究进展.重点讨论了钯催化[4+2]环加成反应的影响因素,如二烯体和亲二烯体、催化剂用量、配体、溶剂、反离子、温度及反应时间     

铟(I)/手性磷酸催化简单烯烃与β,γ-不饱和α-酮酸酯的不对称[4+2]环加成反应

报道了In（I）Cl/手性磷酸1a双酸体系催化的简单烯烃和β,γ-不饱和α-酮酸酯的不对称[4+2]环加成反应,可高产率、高选择性（最高99：1dr,99%ee）生成相应的exo-[4+2]环加成产物.InCl和磷酸的协同作用是反应成功的关键,单独使用InCl和磷酸都不能催化反应进行.     

噻唑烯酮与稳定硫叶立德[2+1]环加成反应

噻唑酮衍生的烯烃可以与稳定的硫叶立德发生形式的[2+1]环加成反应,以30%～99%的产率和1∶1～10∶1的非对映选择性得到螺环丙烷噻唑酮衍生物.     

氮杂环丙烷[3+3]环加成反应研究进展

氮杂环丙烷作为一类具有生物活性的三元杂环化合物,由于其三元环高度的环张力而被广泛应用于[2+2]、 [3+1]、 [3+2]、 [3+3]、 [4+3]以及[5+2]等环加成反应中,近年来受到了研究学者们的广泛关注。本文主要综述了氮杂环丙烷与含C=C、 C=N、 C≡N、 C≡C、 C═•═C以及其它类化合物的[3+3]环加成反应的研究进展,并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。      

Syntheses and structural characterization of trivalent lanthanide complexes of p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene

The X-ray crystallographic studies are reported for the water-soluble trivalent lanthanide complexes of the macrocyclic p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene [Gd(H₂O)₆((CH₃)₂SO)(p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene)]·H₃O⁺·5H₂O (1) and Na[Nd(H₂O)₆((CH₃)₂SO)(p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene)]·3H₂O (2). The complexes are isostructural and belong to monoclinic system, C2/m space group. The Ln³⁺ metal ion is coordinated by the thiacalixarene ligand via the sulfonato group, and also ligated by an oxygen atom of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) molecule that occupies the cavity of the thiacalixarene and six aqua ligands. The thiacalixarenes are linked by the coordinated water molecules through hydrogen bonding to form a 2D polymer. The p-sulfonatothiacalixarenes maintain the clay-like bi-layer structure in the coordination network.     

2 + 4] and [4 + 2] cycloadditions of o-thioquinones with 1,3-dienes: a computational study

Cycloadditions of o-thioquinones (o-TQs) with 1,3-dienes could proceed via either a [2 + 4] or a [4 + 2] mechanism. Under kinetic control and with acyclic dienes the reaction affords the spiro cycloadducts 5deriving from the [2 + 4] path as the main products. Under thermodynamic control, or with cyclic dienes, the o-TQs behave as heterodienes to give the benzoxathiin derivatives 4, in most cases with complete regioselectivity. In the present computational study, DFT calculations were performed in order to achieve a deep understanding of both [2 + 4] and [4 + 2] paths. The reactions of three o-TQs with six 1,3-dienes were thoroughly investigated at the B3LYP/TZVP//B3LYP6-31G level, and the two reaction mechanisms were then compared, evidencing that [2 + 4] cycloadditions are kinetically favored, strongly asynchronous, or even unconcerted, while [4 + 2] reactions are thermodynamically favored, quite asynchronous, but undoubtedly concerted. Moreover, the observed regioselectivity was rationalized by mean of the FMO theory and by comparison of the activation energies for different pathways.     

从头计算方法比较研究B_2Au_4,Al_2Au_4和BAlAu_4的几何和电子结构(英文)

Au/H相似性的研究是现代化学中的一个热门话题.我们从理论上报道Au/H相似的新成员:共价化合物B2Au4,离子化合物Al2Au4和BAl Au4.采用密度泛函和波函数理论方法对比研究了缺电子体系B2Au4、Al2Au4和BAl Au4的几何和电子结构.详细讨论了它们基态结构的轨道、适应性自然密度划分(Ad NDP)和电子局域函数(ELF)分析.计算结果表明稍微扭曲变形的C2B2Au4是基态结构,在这个共价化合物中含有两个B―Au―B三中心二电子(3c-2e)键.然而C3vAl+(Al Au4)-和C3vAl+(BAu4)-被研究证明是含有三个X―Au―Al三中心二电子键的类盐化合物(在Al2Au4中X=Al,BAl Au4中X=B).Al2Au4和BAl Au4是至今为止首例报道的在离子缺电子体系中含有金桥键的化合物.同时计算了B2Au4-、Al2Au4-和BAl Au4-阴离子基态结构的绝热剥离能和垂直剥离能,为实验表征提供依据.文中报道的金桥键为共价键和离子键相结合的缺电子体系提供了一个有趣的键合模式,有助于设计含有高度分散金原子的新材料和催化剂.     

[NHN] and [OHO] hydrogen bonding in the adduct of 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN) with 1,8-dihydroxy-2,4-dinitronaphthalene (DHDNN)

X-Ray diffraction, IR and ¹H NMR studies were performed on the 1:1 adduct of 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN) with 1,8-dihydroxy-2,4-dinitronaphthalene (DHDNN). The adduct crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group , a = 9.911(2) Å, b = 11.212(2) Å, c = 11.194(2) Å, = 68.95(2)°, β = 79.72(2)°, γ = 73.78(2)°, Z = 2. Both [NHN]⁺ and [OHO]⁻ hydrogen bonds formed in the ion pairs are asymmetrical with lengths equal to 2.574(2) Å and 2.466(4) Å respectively. The [NHN]⁺ bridge shows a typical behaviour in the IR spectrum, i.e. a low-frequency absorption between 300 and 700 cm⁻¹. The coupling of [OHO]⁻ hydrogen bonds with the naphthalene π-electron system is so strong that no absorption related to the proton stretching vibrations can be detected in the high- and low-frequency regions. The ¹H NMR chemical shifts for the [NHN]⁺ and [OHO]⁻ bridge protons of 18.63 and 15.81 ppm respectively confirm the strong hydrogen bonds.     

Das Reaktionsverhalten von Cp2NbCl2 gegenüber WF6—Struktur von [Cp2NbCl2]4[WF6]2[WCl6]

The oxidation of Cp₂NbCl₂ with pure WF₆ in SO₂ solution yielded the cationic metallocene species [Cp₂NbCl₂]⁺[WF₆]⁻ essentially in quantitative yield. The same reaction carried out in the presence of either equimolar amounts or a two-fold excess of HCN led to the preparation of the new niobocenium salt [Cp₂NbCl₂]₄⁺[WF₆]²⁻ which was studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. This compound represents the first example of a structurally characterized metallocene-WF₆⁻ complex, and crystallizes in the tetragonal system: space group, P4₁2₁2(No. 92), a = 11.083(8) Å, c = 48.285 (9) Å; Z = 8; R = 0.0759, R_W = 0.0841. ab]Die Oxidation von Cp₂NbCl₂ mit reinem WF₆ führt in SO₂-Lösung zur Synthese von [Cp₂NbCl₂ ]⁺[WF₆]⁻ in nahezu quantitativer Ausbeute. Die analoge Reaktion führt unter Anwesenheit der äquimolaren Menge oder eines zweifachen Überschusses an HCN zur Ausbildung des Niobocenium-Komplexsalzes [Cp₂NbCl₂]₄⁺ [WF₆]₂⁻[WCl₆]²⁻, von dem eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse angefertigt wurde. Diese Verbindung repräsentiert den ersten structurell charakterisierten Vertreter eines Metallocen-WF₆⁻-Komplexes und kristallisiert im tetragonalen System: Raumgruppe P4₁2₁2 (Nr. 92), a = 11.083(8) Å, c = 48.285(9) Å; Z = 8; R = 0.0759, R_W = 0.0841. kw]Niobium; X-ray diffraction; Oxidation; Metallocenes     

Tautomeric properties, conformations and structure of N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-amino-3-penten-2-on

N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-amino-3-penten-2-on (C₁₁H₁₃NO₂) has been studied by X-ray analysis. It crystallizes the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁ with a=8.834(1), b=10.508(2), c=11.212(2) Å, V=1040.8(3) Å³, Z=4, D_c=1.22 g cm⁻³ and μ(MoK)=0.084 mm⁻¹. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R=0.038 for 1373 reflections (I>2σ(I)). The title compound is photochromic and the molecule is not planar. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds occur between the pairs of atoms N(1) and O(1) [2.631(2) Å], and N(1) and O(2) [2.641(2) Å], the H atom essentially being bonded to the N atom. There is also a strong intermolecular O–HO hydrogen bonding [2.647(2) Å] between neighbouring molecules. Tautomeric properties and conformations of the title compound were investigated by semi-empirical quantum mechanical AM1 calculations and the results are compared with the X-ray results.     

钆离子:周期表中最高自旋的离子

钆离子是元素周期表中自旋值最大的离子,其轨道角动量被完全淬灭,具有十分特殊的电子结构。本文以核磁共振造影剂以及分子自旋量子比特为例介绍了钆离子在前沿科技中的应用。     

Keggin型多酸负载的单原子催化剂(M1/POM,M = Ni,Pd, Pt,Cu, Ag,Au, POM = [PW12O40]3-)活化氮气分子的密度泛函理论计算研究

采用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)结合自然键轨道(NBO)分析的方法对一系列以多酸为载体的单原子催化剂(SACs)(M₁/POM (M = Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, POM = [PW₁₂O₄₀]^3-)的分子几何、电子结构及红外光谱进行计算。结果表明,Pt₁/POM对N₂分子具有潜在的活化能力,Pt₁/POM与N₂相互作用主要来自于由金属Pt的d_xz和d_yz轨道与N₂的π^*反键轨道重叠,金属Pt的d_xz、d_yz轨道上的电子填充到了氮气的π^*反键轨道上弱化了N≡N成键,导致了N≡N之间的键长增大,有效的活化了氮气分子。对它们红外光谱的分析表明,Keggin型多酸负载金属后W―O_c―W振动吸收峰发生劈裂,产生了五个典型的红外特征吸收峰。     

Kinetics and mechanisms of the redox reaction of hexaaquotitanium(III) and the ethylenediamine tetraacetato titanium(III) complex by aqueous solutions of bromine

At 25°C, I = 1.0 M (CF₃SO₃⁻Li⁺+CF₃SO₃H), [H⁺] = 0.034–0.274 M and λ = 453 nm, the rate equation for the oxidation of Ti(H₂O), ₆³⁺ by bromine was found to be: −d/[Br₂]T/dt=kK/[Br₂][Ti^III]/[H⁺]+K+kK/[Br₃⁻][Ti^III]/[H⁺+K, where k = 9.2 × 10⁻³ M ⁻¹ s ⁻¹ and K = 4.5 × 10⁻³ M. At [H⁺] = 1.0 M, [Br⁻] = 0.05–0.4 M, the apparent second-order rate constant decreases as [Br⁻] increases.

The pH-dependence of the oxidation of Ti^III-edta by bromine is interpreted in terms of the change in identity of the Ti^III-edta species as the pH of the reaction medium changes. The second-order rate constants were fitted using a non-linear least-square computer program with (1/k₀^edta)² weighting into an equation of the form: k₀^edta =k₁+k₂K₁[H⁺]⁻¹+k₃K₁K₂[H⁺]^−2/1+K₁[H⁺[H⁺⁻¹+K₁K₂[H⁺]⁻², with K₁ and K₂ fixed as earlier determined at 9.55 × 10⁻³ and 2.29 × 10⁻⁹ M, respectively, for the oxidation of bromine. k₁=k₂=(3.1±0.32)×10³M⁻¹s⁻¹ k₃=(2.3±0.45)×10⁶N⁻¹s⁻¹.

It is proposed that these electron transfer reactions proceed by univalent changes with the production of Br₂^.− as a transient intermediate. An outer-sphere mechanism is proposed for these reactions. The homonuclear exchange rate for Ti^III-edta+Ti^IV-edta is estimated at 32 M⁻¹ s⁻¹.