Synthesis of V5+‐doped Ag/AgCl photocatalysts with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity

V⁵⁺‐doped Ag/AgCl photocatalysts were prepared via the ion exchange method. The catalysts were characterized using X‐ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray, X‐ray photoelectron, Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopies. The V⁵⁺‐doped Ag/AgCl photocatalysts show much higher photocatalytic activities than Ag/AgCl under visible light irradiation for methyl orange (MO) decomposition. Especially, the 2.0 wt% V⁵⁺‐doped Ag/AgCl photocatalyst shows the highest photocatalytic activity and also high stability after five cycles. The MO degradation rate during each cycle is almost maintained at 97%. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy and radical trapping experiments reveal that holes play an important role in the photocatalytic process.     

Preparation,activity and photocatalysis mechanism of high‐performance AgBrO3/AgBr photocatalysts

AgBrO₃/AgBr compound photocatalysts were prepared via a precipitation method and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffusion spectroscopy, and solid surface fluorescence trials. The photocatalytic performances and mechanism were also investigated. It was found the 2.5 wt.% AgBrO₃/AgBr compound photocatalyst was most effective in dye degradation. The AgBrO₃/AgBr showed degradation rate up to 94.5% in a 10 mg/L MO (Methyl Orange) solution and was still very stable after five cycles of reuse. The AgBrO₃/AgBr photocatalysts could oxidize and decompose methyl orange molecules under visible light irradiation. The compounding largely improved the photocatalytic activity of AgBr. Photocatalytic mechanism experiments showed ·OH was the major active species.     

Synthesis of cubic Ag@AgCl and Ag@AgBr plasmonic photocatalysts and comparison of their photocatalytic activity for degradation of methyl orange and 2,4-dichlorophenol

Uniform cubic Ag@AgCl and Ag@AgBr plasmonic photocatalysts with side length of 0.7 µm were synthesized by a facile green route, in which a controllable double-jet precipitation technique was employed to fabricate homogeneous cubic AgCl and AgBr grains while a photoreduction process was used to produce Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of AgCl and AgBr grains. The synthesized samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The photocatalytic activities of Ag@AgCl and Ag@AgBr were compared using degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) under visible-light irradiation. Ag@AgBr showed higher photocatalytic activity for MO degradation but weaker activity for 2,4-DCP decomposition. Possible degradation mechanisms are proposed to interpret these contrary paradoxical experimental results.     

Rapid microwave-assisted nonaqueous synthesis and growth mechanism of AgCl/Ag, and its daylight-driven plasmonic photocatalysis

We report on a rapid microwave‐assisted nonaqueous synthesis and the growth mechanism of AgCl/Ag with controlled size and shape. By rationally varying the reaction temperature and the microwave irradiation time, we achieved the transformation of nanocubes to rounded triangular pyramids by a combined process of “oriented attachment” and Ostwald ripening. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties of the as‐prepared AgCl/Ag have been found to be somewhat dependent on the size, morphology, and composition. The as‐prepared AgCl/Ag exhibits high photocatalytic activity and good reusability for decomposing organic pollutants (such as methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), and pentachlorophenol (PCP)) under indoor artificial daylight illumination (ca. 1 mW cm^?2). The AgCl/Ag has also been found to display a superior ability to harvest diffuse indoor daylight (ca. 5 mW cm^?2), and could complete the degradation of 10 mg L ^?1 MO within 15 min. Experiments involving the trapping of active species have shown that the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in the AgCl/Ag system may proceed through direct hole transfer. This study has revealed that plasmonic daylight photocatalysis may open a new frontier for indoor pollutant control around the clock under fluorescent lamp illumination.     

F‐doped Ag/AgBr with enhanced visible‐light photocatalytic activity and mechanism

Novel F‐doped Ag/AgBr photocatalysts containing various amounts of F^? were synthesized by an ion exchange method. The photocatalysts were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopies, X‐ray photoelectron, ultraviolet–visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies and electron spin resonance (ESR). Powder XRD revealed that F^? was inserted into the crystal lattices of AgBr and partially replaced Br^?, resulting in the contraction of the AgBr lattices. Methyl orange photodegradation experiments showed that the photocatalytic activity of F‐doped Ag/AgBr was significantly dependent on the amount of F^?. Ag/AgBr doped with 0.02 M F^? achieved the highest activity of 91% after 8 min. ESR showed the main active species in methyl orange degradation was ^?OH. The main enhancement mechanism is that F^? inhibits the recombination of electron–hole pairs.     

Ag/AgCl/BiOIO3三元复合物光催化剂的性能增强机制

半导体光催化技术是一种环境友好技术,它既能在温和条件下应用于环境领域——利用光能降解有机和无机污染物,又可应用于能源领域——将低密度的太阳能转化为高密度的洁净能源,因而在解决环境污染和能源匮乏问题方面展现出巨大的应用潜力.最近,一种新型Bi基光催化剂, BiOIO3,表现出优异的紫外光催化性能.它由层状[Bi2O2]2+和[IO3]?组装而成,带隙为3.1 eV左右.然而,其较大的带隙限制了其对太阳光的利用.近年来,多种方法如金属掺杂、非金属掺杂、半导体复合、光敏化改性和加氢处理被用来提高半导体的光催化效率.其中,以Ag/AgX (X=Cl, I和Br)作为助催化剂可提高体系的可见光吸收和载流子的分离能力,从而增强光催化性能.基于此,我们设计并合成了一种新型的三元光催化剂.首先采用水热法合成了BiOIO3纳米片,然后在室温条件下原位引进Ag/AgCl,制备了Ag/AgCl/BiOIO3三元异质结构.与Ag/AgCl和纯的BiOIO3相比,该三元Ag/AgCl/BiOIO3复合物光催化剂对NO表现出优异的可见光光催化去除性能.本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)、电化学测试(光电流和阻抗谱)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)等表征手段研究了Ag/AgCl/BiOIO3光催化性能增强的机制. SEM结果表明,制备的Ag/AgCl/BiOIO3三元复合物为纳米颗粒和纳米片形貌, Ag/AgCl的引入对BiOIO3形貌影响不大. XRD和XPS测试结果表明,与纯的BiOIO3相比,随着Ag/AgCl 的加入,复合物的峰位置发生了明显位移,表明Ag, AgCl和BiOIO3三组分间存在强的相互作用.光电流响应图谱表明,随着Ag/AgCl的加入, Ag/AgCl/BiOIO3的光电流强度明显增强,同时阻抗谱的圆弧直径明显减小,表明电子和空穴的分离能力增强. UV-Vis图谱中, BiOIO3在可见光区几乎没有吸收,而三元复合物表现出明显的可见光吸收,且随着Ag/AgCl量的增加,复合物的可见光吸收增强,该吸收归结于复合物中Ag的表面等离子体吸收.结合之前报道的光催化剂体系如Ag/AgCl和Ag/AgCl/TiO2,我们提出了Ag/AgCl/BiOIO3复合物光催化剂性能增强的机制.在可见光照射下, Ag0因其表面等离子体吸收而产生电子空穴对.由于功函数不同, Ag和BiOIO3之间形成肖特基势垒.电子从Ag0表面转移到BiOIO3的导带上, BiOIO3导带上电子的电势不足以把O2氧化成?O2?,但电子能以多电子的形式与O2和H+生成水.同时, Ag0表面的空穴能将AgCl表面的Cl?氧化成Cl0.光照诱导AgCl表面的部分Ag+离子被还原,所以AgCl粒子的表面带负电荷. Cl0是活性自由基,能够氧化去除NO,反应之后自身被还原成Cl?.由此可见,在三元复合光催化剂中, Ag0在可见光照射下因其表面等离子体效应产生电子空穴对,随后BiOIO3有效地分离了光生载流子,使得复合材料能有效地利用光生电子和空穴.故三元Ag/AgCl/BiOIO3复合物光催化剂增强的光催化性能可归结于Ag的表面等离子体吸收和BiOIO3的载流子分离能力.该结果有助于设计和制备具有优异的光催化性能的BiOIO3基材料.     

Y2O3/Ag3VO4复合可见光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以Na3VO4.12H2O,AgNO3和Y(NO3)3.6H2O为原料,采用浸渍法制备了Y2O3/Ag3VO4复合可见光催化剂,并用XRD,SEM,XPS,UV-Vis等测试手段表征了试样的结构和性能。结果显示,Y2 O3/Ag3VO4复合可见光催化剂为单斜结构,Y以Y2 O3的形式分散在Ag3VO4晶体的表面。UV-Vis测试结果表明,Y2O3/Ag3VO4较纯Ag3VO4吸收带边发生了红移,在可见光区的吸收增强;以金属卤灯(波长大于400 nm)为光源,研究了Y2O3/Ag3VO4催化剂对甲基橙(MO)的可见光催化降解性能。结果发现,Y2O3/Ag3VO4复合可见光催化剂的光催化活性较纯Ag3VO4均有大幅提高,其中Y掺杂量为4%时活性最高。     

Sonochemical Synthesis of Ag/AgCl Nanocubes and Their Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Performance

A novel one‐step sonochemical approach to synthesize a plasmonic photocatalyst of AgCl nanocubes (ca. 115 nm in edge length) with a small amount of Ag metal species is presented. The nanoscale Ag/AgCl hybrid photocatalysts with cubic morphology are readily formed under ambient ultrasonic conditions and neither external heat treatment nor reducing agents are required. The size of the Ag/AgCl photocatalysts could be controlled by changing the concentrations of Ag⁺ ions and polyvinylpyrrolidone molecules in precursor solutions. The compositions, microstructures, influencing factors, and possible growth mechanism of the Ag/AgCl hybrid nanocubes were systematically investigated. The Ag/AgCl photocatalysts show excellent photocatalytic performance for degradation of various dye molecules under visible light.     

Ag/AgBr/graphene oxide nanocomposite synthesized via oil/water and water/oil microemulsions: a comparison of sunlight energized plasmonic photocatalytic activity

In this article, we report that Ag/AgBr nanostructures and the corresponding graphene oxide (GO) hybridized nanocomposite, Ag/AgBr/GO, could be facilely synthesized by means of a surfactant-assisted assembly protocol, where an oil/water microemulsion is used as the synthesis medium. We show that thus-produced nanomaterials could be used as highly efficient and stable plasmonic photocatalysts for the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) pollutant under sunlight irradiation. Compared with the bare Ag/AgBr nanospecies, Ag/AgBr/GO displays distinctly enhanced photocatalytic activity. More importantly, the as-prepared nanostructures exhibit higher photocatalytic activity than that of the corresponding Ag/AgBr-based nanomaterials synthesized viaa water/oil microemulsion and than that of the corresponding Ag/AgCl-based nanospecies synthesized by an oil/water microemulsion. An explanation has been proposed for these interesting findings. Our results suggest that thus-manufactured Ag/AgBr/GO plasmonic photocatalysts are promising alternatives to the traditional UV light or visible-light driven photocatalysts.     

Sunlight responsive photocatalysts: AgBr/ZnO hybrid nanomaterial

A novel high-effective sunlight-induced AgBr/ZnO hybrid nanophotocatalyst has been synthesized and it was characterized by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis). The AgBr/ZnO hybrid nanophotocatalyst has excellent photocatalytic activity for photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) under sunlight irradiation. The MO degradation efficiency for AgBr/ZnO is about 98% after 1 hour under sunlight irradiation. These results suggested that AgBr/ZnO is a promising candidate for the development of highly efficient sunlight photocatalysts. In addition, the photocatalytic mechanism of AgBr/ZnO under sunlight irradiation is illustrated and discussed.     

离子交换法制备AgBr/Ag2WO4复合催化剂及其可见光催化性能

以Ag₂WO₄为载体,采用离子交换法合成了新型的AgBr/Ag₂WO₄复合光催化剂.利用XRD、SEM和UV-Vis对AgBr/Ag₂WO₄催化剂进行了表征,在可见光条件下(500 W、λ>420 nm)、以甲基橙(MO)为染料模型研究了AgBr/Ag₂WO₄的光催化活性.结果表明,AgBr/Ag₂WO₄具有比单独的AgBr和Ag₂WO₄更佳的催化活性,其中30%-AgBr/Ag₂WO₄复合催化剂具有最大光催化活性.机理研究表明,在MO的降解过程中,·O₂^-起主要作用,h⁺次之而·OH可以忽略.AgBr和Ag₂WO₄之间构成的异质结有效分离了光生电子和空穴,提高了催化剂的活性.     

Study on the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in water using Ag/ZnO as catalyst by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry

A nanocrystal catalyst Ag/ZnO was successfully synthesized using a simple solvothermal method in this study. This catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that this catalyst was composed of metallic Ag and ZnO. The photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) was investigated in aqueous suspension containing Ag/ZnO catalyst under UV irradiation. Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry was applied to the analysis of the samples coming from the photocatalytic degradation of MO. The experimental results showed that there were four intermediates existing in the photocatalytic reaction. MO could be mineralized in the Ag/ZnO suspension after 60 min illumination.     

乙酸修饰Ag/TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及协同催化性能

利用光化学还原法制备了Ag/TiO₂,然后通过乙酸浸渍制备了HAc-Ag/TiO₂复合光催化剂.利用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis DRS）等手段表征了催化剂的性质.以降解水溶液中的甲基橙（MO）为探针反应,考察了催化剂在可见光下的光催化性能.结果表明,乙酸对TiO₂的修饰在TiO₂禁带中产生了"带尾",使TiO₂的禁带宽度发生了显著的缩减;Ag纳米粒子和乙酸共同修饰的HAc-Ag/TiO₂样品具有更窄的禁带宽度和更正的价带顶位置;Ag和乙酸的协同作用使HAc-Ag/TiO₂具有良好的可见光催化活性：可见光照射2 h后,甲基橙在HAc-Ag/TiO₂上的降解率接近100%.     

Sonochemical synthesis of Ag/AgCl nanocubes and their efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance

A novel one-step sonochemical approach to synthesize a plasmonic photocatalyst of AgCl nanocubes (ca. 115 nm in edge length) with a small amount of Ag metal species is presented. The nanoscale Ag/AgCl hybrid photocatalysts with cubic morphology are readily formed under ambient ultrasonic conditions and neither external heat treatment nor reducing agents are required. The size of the Ag/AgCl photocatalysts could be controlled by changing the concentrations of Ag(+) ions and polyvinylpyrrolidone molecules in precursor solutions. The compositions, microstructures, influencing factors, and possible growth mechanism of the Ag/AgCl hybrid nanocubes were systematically investigated. The Ag/AgCl photocatalysts show excellent photocatalytic performance for degradation of various dye molecules under visible light.     

Z型复合催化剂g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO光催化活性的研究

随着科学技术的不断进步和经济的快速发展,人类对自然资源的需求量越来越大,在开发利用自然资源的同时,大量的有机污染物也随之进入自然环境.这些物质不仅污染环境、破坏生态,更对人类的生活和健康带来了巨大的威胁.研究证实,半导体光催化剂在光照条件下可以破坏有机污染物的分子结构,最终将其氧化降解成CO2、H2O或其它不会对环境产生二次污染的小分子,从而净化水质.近年来,有关光催化降解有机污染物的报道日益增多. ZnO作为一种广泛研究的光催化降解材料,因其无毒、低成本和高效等特点而具有一定的应用前景.但是ZnO较大的禁带宽度(3.24 eV)导致其只能吸收紫外光部分,而对可见光的吸收效率很小,极大地制约了其实际应用.除此之外, ZnO受光激发产生的电子-空穴分离效率较低、光催化过程中的光腐蚀严重也是制约其实际应用的重要因素.为了提高ZnO的光催化活性和稳定性,本文合成了用g-C3N4修饰的氧空位型ZnO(g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO)复合催化剂,在有效调控ZnO半导体能带结构的同时,通过负载一定量的g-C3N4以降低光生电子-空穴对的复合速率和反应过程中ZnO的光腐蚀,增强催化剂的光催化活性和稳定性.本文首先合成前驱体Zn(OH)F,然后焙烧三聚氰胺和Zn(OH)F的混合物得到g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO复合催化剂,并采用电子顺磁共振波谱(EPR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等表征了它们的结构及其性质. EPR结果表明,ZnO焙烧后具有一定浓度的氧空位,导致其禁带宽度由3.24 eV降至3.09 eV,因而提高了ZnO对可见光的吸收效率. UV-vis结果显示, Vo-ZnO复合g-C3N4后对可见光的吸收显著增强. HRTEM和FT-IR结果均表明, g-C3N4纳米片和Vo-ZnO颗粒之间通过共价键形成了强耦合,这对g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO复合催化剂中光生载流子的传送和光生电子-空穴对的有效分离起到重要作用.可见光催化降解甲基橙(MO)和腐殖酸(HA)的实验进一步证明, g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO复合材料具有较好的光催化活性,优于单一的g-C3N4或Vo-ZnO材料.同时还发现, g-C3N4的负载量对光催化活性有显著影响,当氮化碳的负载量为1 wt%时,所制材料具有最高的光催化活性：可见光照射60 min后,MO降解率可达到93%, HA降解率为80%.复合材料光催化活性的增强一方面是因为氧空位的形成减小了ZnO的禁带宽度,使得ZnO对可见光的吸收能力大大增强;另一方面, g-C3N4和Vo-ZnO的能带符合了Z型催化机理所需的有效能带匹配,使得光生电子-空穴对得到了有效的分离,从而提高了光催化活性.降解MO的循环实验表明, g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO催化剂具有很好的稳定性且不容易发生光腐蚀.与此同时,我们对比了用不同方法制备的g-C3N4/ZnO材料的催化性能.结果显示,本文制备的g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO复合材料具有更好的降解效率.总体而言,对于降解有机污染物, g-C3N4/Vo-ZnO可能是一个更为有效可行的催化体系.此外,本文也为设计与制备其他新型光催化剂提供了一条新的思路.     

Studies on photocatalytic activity of Ag/TiO2 films

Ag/TiO₂ photocatalytic films were produced by hybrid sol-gel method. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solution under 365 nm irradiation on TiO₂ and Ag/TiO₂ thin films was investigated. The state and amount of Ag species within the film and the enhancement mechanism of photocatalytic activity of Ag/TiO₂ were discussed. With a loading molar ratio of Ag/Ti = 0.135 in TiO₂ film, the maximum catalytic efficiency was observed. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Sciences), 2005, 41(6) (in Chinese)     

Plasmon-resonance-enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of Ag quantum dots/TiO2 microspheres for methyl orange degradation

We successfully prepared Ag quantum dots modified TiO₂ microspheres by facile solvothermal and calcination method. The as-prepared Ag quantum dots/TiO₂ microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The Ag quantum dots/TiO₂ photocatalyst showed excellent visible light absorption and efficient photocatalytic activity for methyl orange degradation. And the sample with the molar ratio of 0.05 (Ag to Ti) showed the best visible light photocatalytic activity for methyl orange degradation, mainly because of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects of Ag quantum dots to generate electron and hole pairs for enhanced visible light photocatalysis. Finally, possible visible light photocatalytic mechanism of Ag quantum dots/TiO₂ microspheres for methyl orange degradation was proposed in detail.     

以偏钛酸为原料制备高效负载型纳米TiO2/活性炭光催化剂

以颗粒活性炭(AC)为载体, 偏钛酸为钛源, 采用浸渍-水热法制备负载型TiO2光催化剂, 在300～800 ℃下热解处理. 利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、拉曼光谱和氮气吸附对催化剂样品进行了表征. 以甲基橙(MO)降解为模型反应, 对负载型TiO2光催化性能进行评价. 结果表明, 经600 ℃焙烧的样品具有最佳光催化性能, 为锐钛矿晶型, 负载于活性炭上的TiO2是由30～50 nm的球型颗粒组成. 负载型TiO2/AC光催化剂的光催化活性高于相同方法制备TiO2和AC混合物及商业化产品Degussa P25与活性炭混合物, 光降解反应符合一级反应动力学方程. 催化剂重复使用5次其光催化活性基本保持不变.     

共模板法一步合成绣球状BiOCl/Br固溶体光催化剂

以乙二醇/十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(EG/DTAB)为共模板剂,一步制得BiOCl/Br的固溶体光催化剂,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、N2吸附-脱附仪和紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪进行了表征.结果表明,与采用溶剂热法制得的BiOCl分级微球相比,采用EG/DTAB共模板法制得的BiOCl/Br固溶体具有更明显的分层结构,呈绣球状.同时,DTAB的Br-插入到BiOCl的晶格中,形成固溶体,减小了禁带宽度.绣球状BiOCl/Br固溶体具有比商用P25、二维BiOCl纳米片和三维BiOCl分级微球更优异的可见光间接敏化降解染料性能,当nDTAB/nKCl=0.75时,制得的BiOCl/Br固溶体8 min内在可见光下对罗丹明B(Rh B)的降解率达到97.2%;1 h后在可见光下对甲基橙(MO)的降解率达到83.6%.     

W18O49 nanorods decorated with Ag/AgCl nanoparticles as highly-sensitive gas-sensing material and visible-light-driven photocatalyst

A novel gas-sensing material and photocatalyst was successfully obtained by decorating Ag/AgCl nanoparticles on the W₁₈O₄₉ nanorods through a clean photochemical route. The as-prepared samples were characterized using combined techniques of X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Gas-sensing measurements indicate that the Ag/AgCl/W₁₈O₄₉ NRs sensors exhibit superior reducing gas-sensing properties to those of bare W₁₈O₄₉ NRs, and they are highly selective and sensitive to NH₃, acetone, and H₂S with short response and recovery times. The Ag/AgCl/W₁₈O₄₉ NRs photocatlysts also possess higher photocatalytic performance than bare W₁₈O₄₉ NRs for degradation of methyl orange under simulated sunlight irradiation. Possible mechanisms concerning the enhancement of gas-sensing and photocatalytic activities of the Ag/AgCl/W₁₈O₄₉ NRs composite were proposed.