掺F影响LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2结构和性能的微观机制

以氟化锂为氟源,通过高温固相法合成了F掺杂的LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学测试等手段研究F影响LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2结构和性能的微观机制。结果表明:适量F掺杂可以提高正极材料的放电比容量,改善其倍率性、循环性和热稳定性。当F掺杂量(物质的量分数)为1.5%时,材料的综合电化学性能最优,初始放电比容量(0.2C)和50周循环容量保持率(1C)分别由原始的174.0 mAh·g~(-1)(78.7%)提高到178.6 mAh·g~(-1)(85.7%)。LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2材料性能的改善可归因于F能够增强过渡金属层、锂层与氧层之间的结合力,提高材料的结构稳定性。此外,F掺杂还有利于降低电化学反应中的界面电阻和电荷转移阻抗。     

金属有机框架衍生的高性能锂离子电池负极Co3O4/C复合材料

为克服Co_3O_4负极材料导电率低、循环稳定性差的缺点,选择Co_2(NDC)_2DMF_2(NDC=1,4-萘二甲酸根)为前驱体采用两步煅烧工艺,制备了具有高碳含量的Co_3O_4/C复合材料。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和拉曼光谱对样品进行了表征。采用热重分析法(TGA)测定了Co_3O_4/C中非晶态碳的含量。作为锂离子电池的负极材料,Co_3O_4/C具有高的可逆比容量、优异的循环性能(在200 m A·g~(-1)的电流密度下,循环200圈后放电比容量稳定保持在1 000 mAh·g~(-1))和良好的倍率性能(在100、200、500、1 000和2 000 mA·g~(-1)的电流密度下,放电比容量为分别1 076.3、976.2、872.9、783.6和670.1 mAh·g~(-1))。材料优异的电化学性能归结为有机配体衍生的高含量非晶态碳的导电和缓冲作用有利于电子的快速传递并有效减缓了金属氧化物充放电过程中的体积膨胀。     

球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li1.0Na0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2正极材料及其性能

以乙酸盐(乙酸锂、乙酸钠、乙酸钴、乙酸镍、乙酸锰等)为原材料,采用球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li_(1.0)Na_(0.2)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)Mn_(0.54)O_2正极材料。借助XRD、SEM等表征材料的结构和形貌,利用循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗等方法研究材料的电化学性能。结果表明,钠的掺杂导致颗粒表面光滑度降低,形成Na_(0.77)Mn O_(2.05)新相。0.05C活化过程中,掺钠样品和未掺钠样品首次放电比容量分别为258.4 m Ah·g~(-1)和215.8 m Ah·g~(-1),库伦效率分别为75.2%和72.8%;2C放电比容量分别为116.3 m Ah·g~(-1)和106.2 m Ah·g~(-1)。研究发现,掺钠可减小首次充放电过程的不可逆容量,提高容量保持率;改善倍率性能与容量恢复特性;降低SEI膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗;掺钠后样品首次循环就可以基本完成Li_2Mn O_3组分向稳定结构的转化,而未掺杂的样品需要两次循环才能逐步完成该过程;XPS结果表明,掺钠样品中Ni~(2+)、Co~(3+)、Mn~(4+)所占比例明显提高,改善了样品的稳定性和电化学性能;循环200次后的XRD结果表明掺钠与未掺钠材料在脱嵌锂反应中的相变化过程基本一致,良好有序的层状结构遭到破坏是循环过程中容量衰减的主要原因。     

石墨烯修饰改性制备锂离子电池LiFePO4/LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2复合正极材料及其性能

采用两步干混-球磨方法制备了石墨烯掺杂改性的锂离子电池LiFePO_4/LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2复合正极材料,实现LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2材料的高容量和高安全性。借助X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)以及电化学测试等表征手段对材料的晶体结构、微观形貌和电化学性能进行了较系统的研究。结果表明,石墨烯的存在实现了Li Fe PO4材料在LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2材料表面的完全包覆,形成致密的包覆层,进一步抑制LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2与电解液之间的副反应,提高活性材料利用率和循环性能。三者之间构成导电网络,加快电子渗透和传输,提高倍率性能。Li Fe PO4质量分数为20%的Li Fe PO4-Graphene/LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2样品具有最佳的容量性能和长循环性能,0.1C时放电容量达到202.5 m Ah·g~(-1),3C时放电容量仍然可保持在160.5 m Ah·g~(-1)。50℃在2.8~4.3 V,0.5C下循环100次后,容量保持率为91.9%,优于LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2和LiFePO_4/LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2样品的72.9%和82.0%。     

水洗和回烧工艺对高镍三元材料LiNi0.88Co0.07Al0.05O2微观结构及电化学性能的影响

以镍钴氢氧化物、异丙醇铝为原料,采用水解法合成三元前驱体Ni_(0.88)Co_(0.07)Al_(0.05)O_2,再与锂盐混合烧结得到正极材料(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、能量色散X射线谱(EDS)和恒电流充放电测试等对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌、元素价态以及电化学性能进行表征。研究表明,料液比1∶25、水洗3次、600℃回烧2 h合成的LiNi_(0.88)Co_(0.07)Al_(0.05)O_2具有较优的综合电化学性能,其在0.2C的放电比容量达207.6 mAh·g~(-1),首次充放电效率为84.8%,1C放电比容量为192.0 mAh·g~(-1),循环100周后,材料的放电比容量仍有148.0 mAh·g~(-1),容量保持率达到77.1%。     

高压实富镍正极材料LiNi_(0.85)Co_(0.06)Mn_(0.06)Al_(0.03)O_2的制备

通过控制结晶法制备高密度类球形Ni_(0.85)Co_(0.06)Mn_(0.06)Al_(0.03)(OH)_2前驱体,与LiOH·H_2O均匀混合后,在820℃于氧气气氛下进行高温煅烧,最终合成高压实富镍正极材料Li Ni_(0.85)Co_(0.06)Mn_(0.06)Al_(0.03)O_2。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征前驱体、正极材料及正极片的形貌;X射线衍射(XRD)表明材料具有良好的六方单相层状α-NaFeO_2结构,能谱仪(EDS)分析表明材料颗粒中各组分含量呈均匀分布。制备的LiNi_(0.85)Co_(0.06)Mn_(0.06)Al_(0.03)O_2正极材料具有良好的加工性能和很高的压实密度,极片压实密度达到了3.82 g·cm~(-3)。以该极片组装的模拟电池具有良好的电化学性能,尤其具有优异的倍率性能,在电压区间2.8~4.3 V和0.2C电流密度充放电条件下,首次放电比容量为211.7 mAh·g~(-1),首次充放电效率88.9%,5C大倍率充放电条件下容量仍达到180.2 mAh·g~(-1),循环200周容量保持率为80.4%。     

LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2制备过程中聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的加入对其电化学性能的影响

为提高LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_2(NCA)材料的电化学性能,在NCA材料的制备过程中加入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),通过调控所得NCA材料的形貌来提高其电化学性能。所得材料采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜进行形貌结构表征,电化学性能经组装成纽扣电池,用电池程控测试仪和电化学工作站进行测试。研究结果表明:由于PVP的空间效应和静电作用,PVP改性的NCA材料拥有更完整的棒状结构、发育出更好的层状结构,电化学储能性能得到较大的提升。在0.1C下,材料的首次放电比容量和充放电效率分别从143.36 mAh·g~(-1)、78.25%提高到了170.24 mAh·g~(-1)、89.20%;在0.2C的实验室条件下循环50次后,容量保持率为94.28%。     

钠离子电池正极材料Na3V2(PO4)2O2F的控制合成与电化学性能优化

采用简单的水热合成法制备氟磷酸钒氧钠(Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2O_2F,简写为NVPOF),通过调节水热反应溶液的pH值和反应温度等关键参数,有效调节NVPOF的颗粒尺寸和均匀性,优化其电化学性能。研究结果显示,性能最优的NVPOF的合成条件是:pH值为7.00±0.05,水热反应温度为170℃。在该条件下合成的NVPOF正极材料具有优异的电化学性能,表现为0.1C(1C=130 mA·g~(-1))的倍率下放电比容量可达123.2 mAh·g~(-1),且在20C的高倍率下仍可实现85.9 mAh·g~(-1)的比容量,在1C下循环200圈后其容量保持率为96.2%,表明该材料具有高容量、优异的倍率和循环性能。所制备的NVPOF颗粒为纳米尺度且具有很高的均匀性,可缩短Na~+的传输路径从而缩短其传输时间,且NVPOF晶体结构具有高稳定性,是一类具有高性能的钠离子电池正极材料。     

xLi2MnO3-(1-x) Li[Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05]O2(0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.8)的结构和电化学性能

采用喷雾干燥法结合后续的热处理,成功地制备了一系列新型的基于富锂层状固溶体Li_2MnO_3和Li[Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)]O_2结合的xLi_2MnO_3-(1-x)Li[Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)]O_2(0.5≤x≤0.8)材料,并对其晶体结构、表面形貌、元素价态以及电化学性能进行了一系列的研究。实验结果表明,随着x值的增大,材料的晶体结构逐渐从层状的Li[Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)]O_2过渡到类Li_2MnO_3结构。对样品进行淬火处理对晶粒的微观晶体结构和元素价态产生复杂影响,这种变化使得淬火的样品表现出较好的电化学性能。其中x=0.6的样品淬火后表现出较好的电化学性能,100次循环后可逆容量可达209 mAh·g~(-1)。     

Na3V2(PO4)2O2F钠离子电池正极材料的水热法制备及性能

采用水热法制备了Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2O_2F (NVPOF)钠离子电池正极材料,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和恒流充放电(GCD)等方法研究了其形貌、结构与电化学性能。结果显示,纯相NVPOF形貌规则,呈长1～3μm、宽300 nm～1μm、长宽比为2～3的四棱柱形貌。NVPOF具有2对平稳的充放电平台,在0.2C和2C电流密度下,放电比容量达到124.2和70.5 m Ah·g~(-1),经100次循环后,放电比容量仍有105.8和59.6 m Ah·g~(-1),容量保持率达到85.2%和84.5%,库仑效率基本在97%以上,且低温(0℃)电化学性能也有不错的表现。经还原氧化石墨烯(r GO)包覆提高电子电导率,NVPOF@r GO在0.5C和2C的室温放电比容量高达124.4和88.4 m Ah·g~(-1),且2C倍率下循环200圈后的比容量仍有78.7 m Ah·g~(-1),容量保持率高达89%,库仑效率始终保持在99%左右,显示出优异的倍率和循环性能。     

Cr2(WO4)3和Cr2(MoO4)3的负热膨胀特性研究

用液相反应-前驱物烧结法制备了Cr₂(WO₄)₃和Cr₂(MoO₄)₃粉体。298～1 073 K的原位粉末X射线衍射数据表明Cr₂(WO₄)₃和Cr₂(MoO₄)₃的晶胞体积随温度的升高而增大, 本征线热膨胀系数分别为(1.274±0.003)×10^-6 K^-1和(1.612±0.003)×10^-6 K^-1。用热膨胀仪研究了Cr₂(WO₄)₃和Cr₂(MoO₄)₃在静态空气中298～1 073 K范围内热膨胀行为，即开始表现为正热膨胀，随后在相转变点达到最大值，最后表现为负热膨胀，其负热膨胀系数分别为(-7.033±0.014)×10^-6 K^-1和(-9.282±0.019)×10^-6 K^-1。     

Non-centrosymmetric Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2

The compound previously reported as Ba₂Ti₂B₂O₉ has been reformulated as Ba₃Ti₃B₂O₁₂, or Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂, a new barium titanium oxoborate. Small single crystals have been recovered from a melt with a composition of BaTiO₃:BaTiB₂O₆ (molar ratio) cooled between 1100°C and 850°C. The crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction: hexagonal system, non-centrosymmetric space group, a=8.7377(11) Å, c=3.9147(8) Å, Z=1, wR(F²)=0.039 for 504 unique reflections. Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ is isostructural with K₃Ta₃O₆(BO₃)₂. Preliminary measurements of nonlinear optical properties on microcrystalline samples show that the second harmonic generation efficiency of Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ is equal to 95% of that of LiNbO₃.     

可见光响应的Co3(PO4)2/Ag3PO4纳米复合光催化剂的制备及表征

采用简单的化学偏聚法合成出Ag₃PO₄纳米颗粒、磷酸钴（Co₃（PO₄）₂,CoP）纳米片以及它们两者的纳米复合结构（CoP/Ag₃PO₄）,同时还比较了它们的可见光催化活性. 采用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）、X 射线衍射（XRD）、紫外-可见（UV-Vis）吸收光谱以及光致发光谱等手段对其形貌、结构、光学以及可见光催化性能等进行表征. 结果表明,CoP/Ag₃PO₄复合纳米结构的可见光降解甲基橙（MO）的速率和循环稳定性均明显优于其它两种物质. 这表明CoP应该起着共催化剂的作用,它能够抑制光生电子与空穴之间的复合,并且提供大量高活性的光生空穴. 此外,我们还发现CoP/Ag₃PO₄降解另一种阳离子型染料——罗丹明B（RhB）的能力则远不如纯Ag₃PO₄,这可能是与光催化剂的表面性质发生改变有关,造成更低的RhB吸附能力. 本文提供了一种廉价制备高效可见光催化剂的新方法.     

Eu0.5RE0.5Fe0.5Mn0.5O3的57Fe Msosbauer谱研究

利用固相反应合成了Eu0.5RE0.5Fe0.5Mn0.5O3(RE=La,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Y)等化合物。测量了其XRD谱及57FeMssbauer谱。实验发现,随着RE原子序数的增加,样品的晶胞体积减小,Fe在化合物中处于Fe3+的高自旋状态,57Fe的四极裂矩与样品的畸变参数D成线性关系。     

g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO32D纳米片复合材料的制备及可见光催化性能研究

采用自组装和化学沉淀法分别制得两种可见光驱动复合材料石墨相氮化碳/碳酸氧铋(g-C_3N_4/Bi_2O_2CO_3).采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD),紫外可见光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,制备方法对纳米复合材料的晶相、形态及光学性能没有影响,但是影响g-C_3N_4和Bi_2O_2CO_3之间的相互作用力,导致光生电子-空穴对的分离速率存在显著差异.以可见光驱动苯酚和罗丹明B的降解实验为探针反应检测催化剂的光催化性能.实验结果表明自组装法得到的异质结催化剂中相互作用力更强,催化效果最高.O_2-是罗丹明B降解反应的主要活性物种,染料的光敏化、Bi_2O_2CO_3与g-C_3N_4综合效应,导致光生载流子电荷分离效率更高.     

Vibrational spectra of the peroxotantalates (NH4)3[Ta(O2)4], K3[Ta(O2)4], Rb3[Ta(O2)4] and Cs3[Ta(O2)4] and the crystal structure of Rb3[Ta(O2)4]

The compounds (NH₄)₃[Ta(O₂)₄], K₃[Ta(O₂)₄], Rb₃[Ta(O₂)₄] and Cs₃[Ta(O₂)₄] have been prepared and investigated by X-ray powder methods as well as Raman- and IR-spectroscopy. In the case of Rb₃[Ta(O₂)₄] the structure has been solved from single crystal data. It is shown that all these compounds are isotypic and crystallize in the K₃[Cr(O₂)₄] type (SG , No. 121). The infrared- and Raman spectra (recorded on powdered samples) are discussed with respect to the internal vibrations of the peroxo-group and the dodecahedral [Ta(O₂)₄]³⁻ ion. Symmetry coordinates for the [Ta(O₂)₄]³⁻ ion are given from which the vibrational modes of the O-O stretching vibrations of the O₂²⁻ groups, the Ta-O stretching vibrations and the Ta-O bending vibrations are deduced.     

Synthesis, crystal structure, infrared and Raman spectra of Sr4Cu3(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)4·3H2O and Ba2Cu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)3

The two new compounds, Sr₄Cu₃(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₄·3H₂O (1) and Ba₂Cu₄(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₃(2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. They represent previously unknown structure types and are the first compounds synthesized in the systems SrO/BaO-CuO-As₂O₅-H₂O. Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction [space group C2/c, a=18.536(4) Å, b=5.179(1) Å, c=24.898(5) Å, β=93.67(3)°, V=2344.0(8) Å³, Z=4 for 1; space group P4₂/n, a=7.775(1) Å, c=13.698(3) Å, V=828.1(2) Å³, Z=2 for 2]. The crystal structure of 1 is related to a group of compounds formed by Cu²⁺-(XO₄)³⁻ layers (X=P⁵⁺, As⁵⁺) linked by M cations (M=alkali, alkaline earth, Pb²⁺, or Ag⁺) and partly by hydrogen bonds. In 1, worth mentioning is the very short hydrogen bond length, D···A=2.477(3) Å. It is one of the examples of extremely short hydrogen bonds, where the donor and acceptor are crystallographically different. Compound 2 represents a layered structure consisting of Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers crosslinked by As1φ₄ tetrahedra, where φ is O or OH, which are interconnected by Ba, As2 and hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network. The layers are formed by Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers of CuO₅ edge-sharing polyhedra, crosslinked by As1O₄ tetrahedra. Vibrational spectra (FTIR and Raman) of both compounds are described. The spectroscopic manifestation of the very short hydrogen bond in 1, and ABC-like spectra in 2 were discussed.     

A Structural Investigation of La2(GeO4)O and Alkaline-Earth-Doped La9.33(GeO4)6O2

The structures of the oxyorthogermanate La₂(GeO₄)O and the apatite-structured La_9.33(GeO₄)₆O₂ have been refined from powder neutron diffraction data. La₂(GeO₄)O crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell (P2₁/c) and is cation stoichiometric in contrast to previous reports. La_9.33(GeO₄)₆O₂ crystallizes in a hexagonal unit cell (P6₃/m) and the powder diffraction data show anisotropic peak broadening that is observed in electron diffraction patterns as incommensurate diffuse spots at hkq reciprocal planes (with q=1.6-1.7) and can be attributed to a correlated disorder in the “apatite channels”. This compound was doped up to a nominal composition close to M₂La₈(GeO₄)₆O₂ with M=Ca, Sr, Ba. The dopant ions preferentially occupy the 4f sites as the number of La vacancies decreases. The measured ionic conductivity of La_9.33(GeO₄)₆O₂ is about 3 orders of magnitude larger than for La₂(GeO₄)O at high temperatures and decreases with increasing dopant content from the highest value of about 0.16 S cm⁻¹ at 1160 K.     

Ni-P-Zn3(PO4)2(ZnSnO3、ZnSiO3)纳米复合化学镀层性质和组成的研究

研究了温度、时间、浓度等对Ａ３钢片上Ｎi-P-Zn3(PO4)2、Ni-P-ZnSnO3和Ｎi-P-ZiSiO3纳米复合合化学镀层外貌的影响,用扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）观察外貌、称重法测定厚度;通过１０％ＮaCl溶液、１％Ｈ２Ｓ气体加速腐蚀试验,１０％ＣuSO4溶液点滴试验等多种手段测定其耐腐蚀性能,用Ｘ－射线光电子谱（ＸＰＳ）及俄歇电子能谱（ＳＥＳ）测定其价态组成,结果表明：在最佳施镀条件下,可得光亮、致密、耐腐蚀性强于Ａ３钢、磷化膜及Ｎi-P镀层的纳米复合化学镀层,镀层的原子百分组成约为（％）：Ｎi-P-Zn3(PO4)2:Ni70.00,P12.47,Zn3(PO4)213.93,C3.6;Ni-P-ZnSnO3;Ni77.56,P10.00,ZnSnO39.84,C2.6;Ni-P-NiSiO3,Ni83.00,P10.96,ZnSi5.15,C0.89.     

Sol-gel synthesis of K3InF6 and structural characterization of K2InC10O10H6F9, K3InC12O14H4F18 and K3InC12O12F18

K₃InF₆ is synthesized by a sol-gel route starting from indium and potassium acetates dissolved in isopropanol in the stoichiometry 1:3, with trifluoroacetic acid as fluorinating agent. The crystal structures of the organic precursors were solved by X-ray diffraction methods on single crystals. Three organic compounds were isolated and identified: K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉, K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈. The first one, deficient in potassium in comparison with the initial stoichiometry, is unstable. In its crystal structure, acetate as well as trifluoroacetate anions are coordinated to the indium atom. The two other precursors are obtained, respectively, by quick and slow evaporation of the solution. They correspond to the final organic compounds, which give K₃InF₆ by decomposition at high temperature. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ is characterized by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₄(OH_x)₂]^(5−2x)− and isolated [CF₃COOH_2−x]^(x−1)− molecules with x=2 or 1, surrounded by K⁺ cations. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ is only constituted by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₆]³⁻ and K⁺ cations. For all these compounds, potassium cations ensure only the electroneutrality of the structure. IR spectra of K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ were also performed at room temperature on pulverized crystals.