LaCoO3晶格结构内外Mg的同步改性及其光催化性能

运用溶胶-凝胶法同步获得了LaCoO_3钙钛矿晶格结构内Mg~(2+)的掺杂改性及晶格结构外MgO的异质结复合改性。观察到了同步改性后LaCoO_3催化剂上水体罗丹明B(RhB)光催化降解活性的显著提升,相同实验条件下最适Mg含量改性LaCoO_3上RhB的降解率从原始LaCoO_3的58%显著提升至98%,表观一级动力学常数为改性前催化剂的4.5倍。运用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气低温吸附-脱附(BET法)、扫描及透射电子显微镜(SEM,TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射(DRS)及光致发光光谱(PL)等分析和表征系统探讨了改性前后催化剂的理化特征。结果表明,约10%Co~(3+)晶格结点可为Mg~(2+)掺杂取代而LaCoO_3钙钛矿结构基本保持不变,适量Mg~(2+)对Co~(3+)的掺杂取代可形成晶格畸变和杂质能级、衍生Co~(4+)及促进溶氧吸附从而有利于RhB的光催化降解,过量掺杂的Mg则可能成为光生载流子复合中心从而不利于RhB的去除。适量MgO异质结复合改性LaCoO_3一方面赋予复合催化剂较大表面积,利于RhB富集,也赋予丰富的表面羟基利于光生电子的捕获并衍生活性羟基自由基;另一方面还可能通过LaCoO_3与MgO异质结间电子的跃迁和流动以及晶格氧空位抑制光生载流子的复合,提高复合催化剂的光量子效率。     

Bi/Yb3+,Er3+:TiO2复合纳米纤维的合成及光催化产氢性能

以静电纺丝技术制备的稀土Yb~(3+)和Er~(3+)共掺杂TiO_2纳米纤维为基质,结合水热法合成了Bi复合Yb~(3+),Er~(3+)∶TiO_2纳米纤维光催化剂。以三乙醇胺为牺牲剂,研究了Bi/Yb~(3+),Er~(3+)∶TiO_2的紫外、可见、近红外和全谱光催化产氢性能。结果表明:全谱光照5 h,产氢速率达到1 650.3μmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1)。Bi作为一种新兴的非贵金属具有独特的等离子体光催化或辅助光催化性能,能与稀土元素丰富的能级结构和特殊的上转换发光特性相结合。对TiO_2进行双重协同修饰改性,可以有效提高TiO_2纳米纤维的光催化活性。     

施主掺杂对BaTiO3钙钛矿半导体纳米晶光催化性能的影响

以沉淀法制备的Cu_2O为牺牲模板剂,采用水热法制备La施主掺杂的BaTiO_3钙钛矿半导体纳米晶,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱((XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)表征La掺杂的BaTiO_3晶的物相、微观形貌及光催化性能。结果表明,La掺杂BaTiO_3构建了晶体缺陷,有效提高了BaTiO_3的光催化性能。当掺杂量为4%(w/w)时,样品的光催化性能最好,在可见光照射360 min后,对4-硝基苯酚溶液的降解率可达到93.2%。该催化剂5次循环后的活性仍然大于86.7%,表明La施主掺杂的BaTiO_3是一种有效的可见光催化剂。     

溶剂热法合成Fe-CeO2与N-Fe-CeO2纳米粉体及其光催化性能

采用溶剂热法合成了不同Fe掺杂含量的Fe-CeO_2纳米粉体及不同氮源掺杂的N-10%Fe-CeO_2(n_(Fe)/(n_(Fe)+n_(Ce))=10%)纳米粉体。利用TEM、XRD、XPS、Raman和UV-Vis等技术对其微观结构与形貌进行了表征,并通过降解亚甲基蓝溶液对其光催化性能进行了研究。结果表明,Fe掺杂可以提高CeO_2的光催化性能,以10%Fe-CeO_2催化效率最高,对亚甲基蓝的降解率从纯CeO_2的67%提高到95%。而N的掺杂可调节10%Fe-CeO_2催化性能。以浓氨水为氮源的N-10%Fe-CeO_2(NH_3·H_2O-N-10%Fe-CeO_2)的降解率可进一步提高到97%,并且具有较好的稳定性,经5次循环使用,对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解率仍高达89%。CeO_2催化活性的提高主要由于掺杂Fe和N改变了CeO_2的晶体结构与能带结构,促进了光生电子与空穴的产生与催化反应。     

g-C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合材料制备及其光催化性能

利用类石墨氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)和亚稳相钙钛氧化物(CaTi_2O_5)固相法制备C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及附带能谱分析仪(EDS)和N2吸附-脱附对样品的显微结构和比表面积进行检测分析,并用紫外-可见吸收光度计(UV-Vis)测试了样品的光吸收性能,研究C_3N_4与CaTi_2O_5物质的量之比(nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5)对C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品的物相结构和微观形貌的影响,同时考察C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品在可见光照射下光催化降解罗丹明染料效果。实验结果表明:相比纯C_3N_4和CaTi_2O_5样品,C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品在可见光下具有较高的光催化性能,随着nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5增加,样品的光催化降解率随之增加而后降低,当nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5=1∶1时,样品的光催化降解率达到最大值99.5%,并且循环重复利用5次后,样品的光催化剂降解率仍几乎保持不变。复合样品光催化性能提高主要归因于复合能级结构有效地抑制了电子和空穴复合所致。     

溶胶-凝胶自蔓燃法制备铁掺杂纳米TiO2光催化剂

为了研究溶胶-凝胶自蔓燃法（SHS）制备的铁掺杂纳米TiO2的光催化活性,以TiCl4为原料制备了Fe3+掺杂TiO2光催化剂,分别在低压汞灯、中压汞灯和太阳光照射下进行了亚甲基蓝降解实验。 XRD和SEM显示,以TiCl4为前驱体,n(Ti)∶n(柠檬酸)∶n(NH4NO3)=1∶3∶5,经250 ℃自蔓燃和500 ℃热处理后,TiO2呈疏松、多孔的灰白色锐钛型粉体,粒径约为20 nm;在不同光源作用下,掺铁摩尔分数为0.02%的TiO2催化活性均最大;亚甲基蓝溶液在掺铁分数为0.02%的TiO2作用下,经太阳光照90 min后降解率达到了96.1%,为纯TiO2的1.78倍。     

稀土离子Tm3+掺杂Bi2WO6的可见光催化性能

以Na_2WO_4·2H_2O和Bi(NO_3)_3·5H_2O为主要原料,采用水热法合成了稀土离子Tm~(3+)掺杂的Bi_2WO_6光催化剂。采用XRD、SEM、TEM、Raman、PL、DRS研究了Tm~(3+)掺杂Bi_2WO_6的物相,微观形貌和可见光催化性能。结果表明,Tm~(3+)掺杂有效提高了Bi_2WO_6的光催化性能,当掺杂量为6%时,样品的光催化性能最好,可见光照射30 min后,对罗丹明B的降解效率达到91.27%,而可见光照射5 h后,对焦糖色素的降解效率达45.25%。与未掺杂Bi_2WO_6相比,分别提高了27.78%和35.22%。     

Ag3PO4/Ag2S/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的制备与性能

通过沉积法和离子交换法成功地制备了Ag_3PO_4/Ag_2S/g-C_3N_4复合型光催化剂。利用X射线多晶粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N_2吸附-脱附等温线、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、荧光光谱等手段对样品进行了表征。通过降解罗丹明B考察其可见光催化活性及稳定性,研究了硫化钠与磷酸银物质的量的比值(n_(Na_2S)/n_(Ag_3PO_4))、g-C_3N_4添加量对所制备复合光催化材料性能的影响,同时对光催化机理进行了探讨。结果表明,随着n_(Na2S)/n_(Ag3PO4)的增加,所得复合催化材料活性先增加后降低;当n_(Na2S)/n_(Ag_3PO_4)为1.5%、g-C_3N_4与Ag_3PO_4的质量比为3∶7时制备的催化剂ASC1.5的光催化活性最好,在可见光照射下,40 min内可将罗丹明B完全降解,且5次循环使用后仍保持较高的催化活性。和Ag_3PO_4相比,Ag_3PO_4/Ag_2S/g-C_3N_4复合型光催化材料的活性与稳定性都得到明显提高,这主要归因于复合催化剂比表面积和孔结构的增加,载流子分离效率的提高。光催化机理研究表明,空穴(h~+)、超氧阴离子自由基(·O~(2-))和羟基自由基(·OH)都是光催化过程中的主要活性物种。三者作用大小依次为:h~+·O~(2-)·OH。     

三维树枝状C/PbWO4催化剂的制备及其对不同染料的光催化降解性能

采用水热法合成了一种高结晶度的3D树枝状C/PbWO_4复合光催化剂(其中碳的质量分数分别为0.13%、0.26%、0.52%、0.78%)。应用X射线衍射、N2物理吸附、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、能量色散X射线光谱、紫外可见漫反射光谱、光致发光光谱和光电流响应等手段对合成样品进行了表征。研究结果表明,当C的复合量为0.52%时,催化剂在降解偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ、甲基橙和罗丹明B呈现出最高的光催化活性,在光照100 min内对20 mg·L-1酸性橙Ⅱ的降解率达到97%,为纯Pb WO4的2.48倍。C/PbWO_4复合光催化剂活性提高的主要原因是掺杂在催化剂表面的C成为了电子俘获中心,有效俘获光生电子,促进光生电子和空穴分离的显著效果,从而产生更多活性物种(·OH、h+)参与染料分子的降解,提升光催化活性。     

添加NaBF_4对阳极氧化法制备TiO_2纳米管光催化剂的影响

在阳极氧化电解液中添加Na BF4制得了具可见光活性的B掺杂TiO_2纳米管阵列(B/TNTs)。采用扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对样品进行表征,以亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化降解为目标反应评价其光催化活性。结果表明:添加Na BF4后,TiO_2纳米管表面形貌变化较大;B掺入到TiO_2晶格中形成B-O-Ti键;B掺杂使得TiO_2纳米管表面羟基量增加、光学带隙能减小、光吸收阀值红移,且B掺杂量越多,其相应值的变化量越大;B掺杂能促进TiO_2锐钛矿相的发育,纳米管经550℃煅烧后仍保持未掺杂样品的锐钛矿相结构;Na BF4的最佳添加量为0.6%(w/w)时,所得样品光催化活性最佳,可见光下光催化降解MB的4 h降解率由未添加的39.90%提高至75.15%,且反复使用10次后其光催化性能基本保持不变;总有机碳(TOC)分析结果表明,MB在可见光下能被B/TiO_2有效矿化。     

Near infrared study of aqueous rare-earth ethylsulfates

The near infrared spectra of aqueous solutions of the ethylsulfates of La, Nd, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb, Lu, Y, and Na have been determined from about 0.2 mol-dm^–3 to nearly saturation. The extinction coefficients of water have been calculated taking into account the absorption of ethylslfate anions determined in separate experiments. Their values appeared to be nearly the same as that of pure water. The relative contents of free OH groups in 0.5 and 0.7M solutions have been estimated from the absorbances at 1160 nm. They were lower in solutions of the heavy rare-earth ethylsulfates (Tb, Er, Yb, Lu) than in equimolar solutions of the lighter ones (La, Nd), confirming our previous view that secondary hydration of the heavy trivalent rare-earth cations is distinctly stronger than that of the lighter ones. A comparison of the spectra of these aqueous ethylsulfates with those of perchlorates shows that the structure-breaking ability of the C₂H₅SO ₄ ^– ion is much smaller than that of perchlorate anion.     

Microstructures of Some Bi-W-Nb-O Phases

Microstructures of three Bi-W-Nb-O phases have been examined by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Bi₁₇W₂Nb₃O₃₉ and Bi₁₇WNb₃O₃₆ have incommensurate superstructures derived from the defect fluorite-type δ-Bi₂O₃ and can be regarded as intermediate phases between the type II solid solutions in the Bi-Nb-O and Bi-W-O systems. Bi₈W₂Nb₂O₂₃ has a Bi₂WO₆-like subunit cell with a stepped superstructure. Formation mechanisms of various superstructures are discussed.     

Reactivity of Binary Mixtures of La(III) Oxide and Cu(II) Oxalate or Nitrate and Synthesis of La(III) Cuprate

Reactivity of mixtures of La(III) oxide and Cu(II) oxalate/nitrate in hydrated as well as anhydrous state was studied using TG, DTA and XRD. Cu(II) oxide formed in the endothermic decomposition of mixture containing hydrated Cu(II) nitrate and La(III) oxide could not form La₂CuO₄ while Cu(II) oxide formed in the exothermic decomposition of mixture containing hydrated/anhydrous Cu(II) oxalate and La(III) oxide reacts with La(III) oxide and develops the phases CuLaO₃ and La₂CuO₄. The maximum reactivity with respect to the formation of La₂CuO₄phase was observed in mixture containing anhydrous Cu(II) oxalate. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定铜冶炼烟尘中锌

本实验介绍了电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定铜冶炼烟尘中锌含量的分析方法。针对样品碳,硅含量高的特点,有针对性的研究了样品的消解方法,确定采用盐酸、硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸对铜冶炼烟尘样品进行消解。同时进行了干扰试验,确定样品中高含量的铜,铅,砷等对样品测定结果没有影响。并对仪器的工作参数进行了优化。方法检出限为为0.011 mg/L,测定下限为0.019 mg/L,3个样品的相对标准偏差在0.54%~0.92%之间,加标回收率在96%~101.14%之间。该方法样品消解完全,流程短,操作简单,快速,测定准确度高,可以满足铜冶炼烟尘中锌含量的测定。     

α-Fe2O3掺杂对In2O3电导和气敏性能的影响

用化学共沉淀法制备了α Fe2O3掺杂的In2O3纳米晶微粉,研究了α Fe2O3掺杂对In2O3电导和气敏性能的影响. 结果表明, α Fe2O3和In2O3间可形成有限固溶体In2－xFexO3(0≤x≤0.40); Fe3＋对In2O3晶格中In3＋格位的部分取代,大大增强了阴阳离子间的结合力,导致材料中氧空位VO×数骤降、 自由电子的浓度变稀和电导下降. n(Fe3＋):n(In3＋)=5 :5的共沉淀粉于800 ℃下灼烧4 h所得的α Fe2O3掺杂In2O3传感器元件,对45 μmol•L－1 C2H5OH的灵敏度达54.0,为相同浓度干扰气体汽油的8倍多.     

Preparation of ZrO2-TiO2-CeO2 and Its Application in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3

TiO₂,ZrO₂-TiO₂,andZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ were prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area measurements (BET), temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). The results showed that ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ exhibited large number of surface strong acid, possessed some oxygen storage capacity, and strong redox property. The three materials were used as supports and the monolith catalysts were prepared with 1% (w) V₂O₅ and 9% (w)WO₃ for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of excessive O₂, and the results of catalytic activity showed that the catalyst used ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ as support yielded nearly 100% NO conversion at 275 °C at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 10000 h⁻¹, and it had the best catalytic activity and showed great potential for practical application.     

B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Al2O3玻璃助烧剂对BaTiO3陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响

通过调节B₂O₃-Bi₂O₃-ZnO-Al₂O₃(BBZA)玻璃的添加量研究其对钛酸钡(BaTiO₃)陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适量的BBZA玻璃能够有效地将BaTiO₃陶瓷烧结温度由1 350℃降至950℃,并使其致密化。同时,添加BBZA玻璃后,BaTiO₃的晶体结构随着烧结温度的升高而发生转变(立方相→四方相)。另外,BBZA玻璃的引入使BaTiO₃陶瓷的居里峰得到了有效的抑制和拓宽。陶瓷微观形貌显示,玻璃相均匀分布在BaTiO₃晶粒表面。优化的BaTiO₃陶瓷制备条件如下：BBZA添加量(质量分数)为2.0%,烧结温度为950℃。在该条件下制备的BaTiO₃陶瓷介电常数达到1 364,介电损耗低至1.2%。     

Synthesis and characterization of gallium-based perovskitetype dense membrane with oxygen semipermeability

La0.15Sr0.85Ga0.3Fe0.7O3-δ(LSGFO) and La0.15Sr0.85Co0.3Fe0.7O3-δ(LSCFO) mixed oxygen-ion and electron conducting oxides were synthesized by using a combined EDTA and citrate complexing method, and the corresponding dense membranes were fabricated. The properties of the oxide powders and membranes were characterized with combined SEM, XRD, H2-TPR, O2-TPD techniques, mechanical strength and oxygen permeation measurement. The results showed that LSGFO had much higher thermochemical stability than LSCFO due to the higher valence stability of Ga3+. After the temperature-programmed reduction by 5% H2 in Ar from 20℃to 1020℃, the basic perovskite structure of LSGFO was successfully preserved. LSGFO also favors the oxygen vacancy formation better than LSCFO. Oxygen permeation measurement demonstrated that LSGFO had higher oxygen permeation flux than LSCFO, but they had similar activation energy for oxygen transportation, with a value of 110 and 117 kJ ?mol~(-1), respectively. The difference in oxygen permeation f     

Titania-supported mixed HPMoV polyoxometallates as precursors of hydrodesulfurization catalysts

HDS catalysts were prepared by loading H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀ or H₄PMo₁₁V₁O₄₀ polyoxometallates on TiO₂ (0.5 and 1.0 mmol (Mo+V)). Activity of the catalysts was tested in the HDS of thiophene. The activity of catalysts of low concentration was 2–3 times higher than the activity of those of high concentration. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and IR spectroscopy were used to determine the properties of the catalyst. TPR measurements proved that vanadium promotes and stabilizes HDS activity due to an increase in the Mo⁵⁺/Mo⁴⁺ ratio.     

B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Al2O3玻璃助烧剂对BaTiO3陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响

通过调节B₂O₃‐Bi₂O₃‐ZnO‐Al₂O₃(BBZA)玻璃的添加量研究其对钛酸钡(BaTiO₃)陶瓷烧结条件、晶体结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明：添加适量的BBZA玻璃能够有效地将BaTiO₃陶瓷烧结温度由1350℃降至950℃,并使其致密化。同时,添加BBZA玻璃后,BaTiO₃的晶体结构随着烧结温度的升高而发生转变(立方相→四方相)。另外,BBZA玻璃的引入使BaTiO₃陶瓷的居里峰得到了有效的抑制和拓宽。陶瓷微观形貌显示,玻璃相均匀分布在BaTiO₃晶粒表面。优化的BaTiO₃陶瓷制备条件如下：BBZA添加量(质量分数)为2.0%,烧结温度为950℃。在该条件下制备的BaTiO₃陶瓷介电常数达到1364,介电损耗低至1.2%。