自由基浓度测定方法的再验证及其在煤化学中应用

对前人建立的标准曲线法测煤中自由基浓度进行优化,以DPPH标准样品和基准样品的二次积分面积比值为新参数,结果显示新参数标准曲线法的实测值与理论值相对误差都在5%以内;重复性、复现性实验的相对标准偏差都小于3%。将新参数标准曲线法用于分析不同煤化程度煤和新疆黑山煤(HS)沥青质的自由基浓度,发现随着煤化程度增加,其煤中自由基浓度逐渐增大,从低阶褐煤的8.531×10~(17)/g上升到高阶无烟煤3.37899×10~(19)/g;而在HS煤液化过程中,随着加氢液化温度的升高,其沥青质自由基浓度逐渐下降,从290℃的1.5793×10~(18)/g降到450℃的7.410×10~(17)/g,沥青质自由基浓度变化趋势与其产率变化趋势相一致。     

含氟烷基氧杂磺酸钾盐快速电子辐照自由基衰变

本文报导了用电子自旋共振谱研究一些含氟烷基氧杂磺酸钾盐经快速电子辐照后自由基衰变的情况。真空辐照和空气中辐照的剂量均为7.2×10~6rad。辐照后的全氟和多氟化合物于室温下放置2～12天后,其自由基浓度为10~(18)spin No./g,放置88天后,自由基浓度与前相同,基本无变化。而十二烷基磺酸钠辐照后生成的自由基,在室温下却很快衰变。辐照后生成的自由基具有反应活性,可以引发苯乙烯的聚合反应。     

甲烷-空气-H2O模拟光化学反应体系中CH3OO·自身复合反 应的研究

在1.013×10^5Pa,(298±2)K及O2-N2气氛下,研究了羟基自由基·OH引发的甲烷光化学反应体系中过氧甲基自由基CH3OO·自身复合反应。反应物和产物采用长光路Fourier红外光谱(LP-FTIR)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定。证实产物中有甲基过氧化氢(CH3OOH,MHP)和过氧甲醚(CH3OOCH3,DMP)存在并首次在该体系中发现了羟甲基过氧化氢(HOCH2OOH,HMHP).HMHP的检出表明,CH3OO·自身复合的可能途径之一生成了Criegee中间体过氧次甲基双自由基·CH2OO·,采用G2,G2(MP2)和G2(ful)方法对一些反应的标准焓变和标准Gibbs自由能变化进行了理论计算。结果表明CH3OO·自身复合生成·CH2OO·及·CH2OO·与H2O反应生成HMHP的途径在热力学上是可能的。     

反应时间对淖毛湖煤加氢液化中间产物自由基浓度影响研究

以新疆淖毛湖煤(NMH)为原料,在间歇高压反应釜中进行加氢液化实验,通过电子顺磁共振波谱仪(EPR)分析了加氢液化过程中间产物-沥青质(PAA)自由基浓度随停留时间的变化。结果表明,在实验温度下NMH煤加氢液化总转化率先升高后降低,在60 min达到峰值96.87%,油产率为53.01%;淖毛湖原煤自由基浓度为2.6654×10~(18)/g,PAA自由基浓度在1.2519×10~(18)/g-1.9121×10~(18)/g,随着反应停留时间的延长先上升后下降,中间产物PAA自由基浓度数值可以反映液化反应进行的程度,与油产率变化趋势一致;反应中间产物PAA的g值小于原煤g值(2.00434),在2.00301-2.00403,在液化加氢过程中其g值呈先上升后下降的趋势,与PAA中N、S、O等杂原子成分的变化一致,与元素分析结果相吻合。     

乙醇—丙烯酸体系中乙醇的γ辐解研究

研究了乙醇-丙烯酸体系在低剂量下的γ辐解产物H_2、2,3-丁二醇及乙醛的生成.结果表明,乙醛不是在α-羟乙基自由基的歧化反应中生成的,而是来源于刺迹中的快反应;在该体系中丙烯酸(未与溶剂化电子反应)可清除H原子,其反应速率常数k_4=7.5×10~(9)mol~(-1)s~(-1);2,3-丁二醇由α-羟乙基自由基的再结合反应生成,动力学方程可表示为:G=G_0—[k_(11)/2(k_10)~(1/2)](G/K'D)~(1/2)[AAH].     

γ-A12O3表面电子授受中心的考察

本文报道了用电子顺磁共振法考察γ-Al_2O_3和经HF交换的F-γ-Al_2O_3分别与强吸电子剂(四氰乙烯)、强氧化剂(醌类)和具有电子授受二性物(稠环芳烃)进行电子转移反应的结果。认为在γ-Al_2O_3表面上存在着具有较强电子受体特性中心,稠环芳烃吸附于其上并把π电子转移给它,生成正离子自由基,其强度为10~(15)自旋数/克量级;同时也存在着具有强电子授体特性中心,四氰乙烯和醌氢醌吸附于其上并夺得其电子,生成负离子自由基,其强度为10~(17)自旋数/克量级。经过氟交换后的F-γ-Al_2O_3的吸电子的能力增加两个数量级,而给电子的能力则相应地降低一个数量级。     

基于阴极电致化学发光法的小麦粉中过氧化苯甲酰的痕量分析检测

采用热电子诱导阴极电致化学发光技术,建立了小麦粉中过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)的高灵敏度检测方法.以氧化处理的玻碳电极(C_xO_(1-x))为工作电极,在电极上施加-18 k V(vs.Ag/Ag Cl)阴极脉冲电位,电子通过遂穿机制无能量损失地穿越能垒,形成热电子,而后经水合热能化作用,形成水合电子,溶液中的BPO在强还原性的水合电子作用下,生成了强氧化性自由基,生成的自由基参与了鲁米诺(Luminol)的氧化还原反应,而激发Luminol发光,从而最终实现BPO的痕量检测.线性范围为:10~1000μg/L;检出限(S/N=3)为0.7μg/L.本方法用于小麦粉中BPO分析,回收率达97.2%~100.4%,结果令人满意.     

漆酶催化邻苯二酚开环的自由基反应机制（英文）

酶催化反应是绿色化学领域中的研究热点之一。在常用的酶中,漆酶是一种多铜氧化酶。在此,漆酶被用来研究邻苯二酚的氧化和芳香环开环的自由基过程。实验表明,邻苯二酚的初始氧化产物是一个半醌自由基,再发生分子间加成反应而生成二聚体和三聚体(通过质谱鉴定),和分子内加成而生成可被5,5-二甲基-1-氧化吡咯啉(DMPO)所捕获的含有支链烷基自由基的呋喃衍生物。后者经核磁共振氢谱(~1H-NMR)加以分析。同时,通过~(17)O同位素标记追踪方法,我们发现水直接参与该分子内加成反应,并释放出~(17)O标记的羟基自由基(?~(17)OH)。此外,除了3-甲基邻苯二酚和4-甲基邻苯二酚两种类似物,此自由基过程在间苯二酚、对苯二酚、萘二酚、3-硝基邻苯二酚和4-硝基邻苯二酚等底物中均未发生。据此,我们对C_4-C_5位点的选择性活化与开环的机理展开分析和讨论,并将该机理与邻苯二酚双加氧酶导致的邻苯二酚双氧中间位置和相邻位置的开环过程相比较。这些结果将有益于漆酶的改造和仿生。     

聚乙烯吡啶化学修饰电极预富集-石墨炉原子吸收法测定酒石酸锑钾的研究

本文研究了聚乙烯吡啶(PVP)化学修饰电极预富集——石墨炉原子吸收法测定酒石酸锑钾的方法。结果表明,在 pH 为3.5的 HCl 介质中,酒石酸锑钾浓度在5.4×10~(-8)～2.2×10~(-6)g/ml 范围内,与吸光度值呈良好的线性关系。对1.1×10~(-6)g/ml 的酒石酸锑钾溶液平行测定9次,相对标准偏差为4.9%,最低检测限为1.6×10~(-8)g/ml。17种异离子及有机物不干扰测定,回收率在97～103%之间,结果令人满意。     

脂族酰基过氧化物分解动力学的研究——Ⅹ.过氧化酰热分解反应的自旋捕获 ESR 研究

脂族酰基过氧化物在非极性溶剂中的热分解反应主要是自由基过程.但由于反应中生成的酰氧基自由基 RCOO·和其脱羧生成的烷基自由基 R·都是短寿命自由基,不能直接用 ESR检测.近年来发展的自旋捕获法,系利用亚硝基化合物如亚硝基叔丁烷(TNB)、亚硝基苯(NB)和 Nitrone 如 C-phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone(PBN)等所谓自旋捕获剂与化学反应中产生的短寿命自由基作用生成可供 ESR 研究的稳定自由基的方法.     

六氟丙烯等离子体聚合机理研究

<正> 在以前的工作中,我们曾应用色谱-质谱(GC-MS)及顺磁共振(ESR)等方法研究了四氟乙烯和三氟氯乙烯等离子体聚合过程中气体冷凝物的组成及结构,提出自由基引发聚合反应机理。本文用类似方法研究六氟丙烯(HFP)等离子体气体冷凝物的组成与结构和冷凝物的ESR信号及其从低温到高温的变化规律,证实了自由基的稳定性并提出气相聚合反应机理。     

PHOTOSENSITIZED DEGRADATION OF DNA BY DAUNOMYCIN

Abstract Visible irradiation of DNA-daunomycin solutions resulted in a decrease of viscosity of the DNA and an increase of the rate of denaturation of DNA in formaldehyde. These changes are consistent with the induction of single-strand breaks in the DNA, some of which pair to cause fragmentation of the DNA. The DNA damage increases with drug: nucleotide ratio up to 0.2 and is diminished beyond that range. The damage also increases with ionic strength up to 0.6 M and is diminished above that value. These results suggest that the non-intercalated form of the drug is involved in the photosensitization process. Radicals that are produced accompanying the degradation have been trapped by 5,5-dimeth-yl-l-pyrroline-1-oxide and identified as hydroxyl radicals from their ESR spectrum. The DNA photosensitized damage is completely inhibited when hydroxyl radicals are removed by the spin-trap, suggesting a direct role for the hydroxyl radicals in the DNA photosensitized degradation process. The implications of the photosensitized DNA damage and the production of hydroxyl radicals in this process are discussed with respect to the medical uses and chemotherapeutic role of daunomycin.     

The free radical species in polyacrylonitrile fibers induced by γ-radiation and their decay behaviors

Free radicals in vacuum, air and oxygen atmospheres were studied using electron spin resonance (ESR). Mainly two types of radicals, namely alkyl radicals and polyimine radicals, are formed in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers after γ-ray irradiation. The G value of the radical formation was calculated to be 2.1 (number of radicals per 100 eV absorbed) in air at room temperature based on the ESR measurements. The radical stability and decay behaviors at room temperature and elevated temperatures were also investigated under different atmospheres. The alkyl radicals were found to be rather stable when stored in vacuum at room temperature, but they decayed via reaction with oxygen when stored in air. The alkyl radicals disappeared completely after a thermal treatment at 110 °C in vacuum, but only 15% of the polyimine radicals decayed; this indicates that polyimine radicals are more stable compared to the alkyl radicals due to their lower mobility.     

ESR study on free radicals trapped in crosslinked polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Free radicals in crosslinked PTFE which formed by ⁶⁰Co γ-rays irradiaion at 77 K and at room temperature were studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The crosslinked PTFE specimens with different crosslinking density were prepared by electron beam irradiation in the molten state. The ESR spectra observed in the irradiated crosslinked PTFE are much different from those in non-crosslinked PTFE (virgin); a broad singlet component increases with increasing the crosslinking density, G-value of radicals is much higher in crosslinked PTFE than in non-crosslinked one. Free radicals related to the broad component are trapped in the non-crystalline region of crosslinked PTFE and rather stable at room temperature, whereas radicals trapped in amorphous non-crosslinked PTFE are unstable at room temperature. It is thought that most of free radicals trapped in the crosslinked PTFE are formed in the crosslinked amorphous region. The trapped radicals decays around 383 K (110°C) due to the molecular motion of -relaxation.     

用电子自旋共振谱研究我国一些煤的自由基

本文用电子自旋共振谱(ESR)研究了我国十种不同变质程度的煤。电子自旋共振最重要的参数是g值、自由基的浓度、线宽和线形。用这些参数与煤中的碳、氧等元素相关联,发现ESR参数与煤的变质程度有密切关系。     

Nature of mechanoradical formation of substituted celluloses as studied by electron spin resonance

Mechanically induced free radical (mechanoradical) formation of several substituted celluloses such as carboxylmethyl cellulose, chitin, and chitosan was studied based on electron-spin resonance (ESR) in comparison with those of plasma-induced radicals. Room temperature ESR spectra had multicomponent spectra and were different in pattern from each other. The mechanoradical concentration gradually decreased after reaching the maximum value in each substituted polysaccharide, accompanied by a decrease in molecular weight in the course of vibratory milling. One of the most intriguing facts is that the component radicals are all glucose-based radicals as in the case of plasma irradiation, although it is known that mechanoradicals are formed by 1,4-glucosidic bond cleavage of polysaccharides.     

溴化银微晶和羧酸盐水溶液体系中的光生自由基的形成

利用ESR电子自旋捕捉技术,研究了甲酸钠,乙酸钠,草酸钾等羧酸盐的水溶液及其含有AgBr的分散体系在不同光照条件下自由基的产生.结果表明:某些羧酸盐(特别是甲酸盐)自身具有光解性,而且AgBr的存在对其光解过程有促进作用.这对研究羧酸盐掺杂乳剂尤其是甲酸盐掺杂乳剂的增感机理有重要意义.     

Electron spin resonance studies of polycarbonate irradiated by γ-rays and ultraviolet light

Paramagnetic species produced in polycarbonate (PC) by γ- or ultraviolet irradiation were investigated by ESR. In γ-irradiation, scissions of carbonate groups in the main chain occur. ESR spectra (g = 2.003₄) composed of a sharp singlet, some broad singlets, and a small signal with hyperfine structure are obtained, and they are assigned to trapped electrons, positive radical ions, phenoxy-type free radicals, phenyl radicals, and ? O? C₆H₄? C(CH₃)₂ radicals. The G value for total yields of paramagnetic species at 77°K is 1.8. The percentage of CO and CO₂, the dominant gases evolved, is 65.4 and 33.8%, respectively. In ultraviolet irradiation, energy is absorbed selectively at the surface region. The surface region becomes insoluble in methylene chloride because of crosslinking of phenyl groups. The ESR spectrum obtained at 77°K is a broad singlet and assigned to phenoxy-type free radicals, phenyl radicals, and polyenyl-type free radicals. Some differences in effects of γ- and ultraviolet irradiation of PC are discussed.     

ESR STUDY OF PLASMA-TREATED POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS

The plasma treatment of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films was carried out in a capacitively coupled reactor with external electrodes. The free radicals generated in the process of treatment were detected by ESR techniques. The ESR spectra tended to indicate that the free radicals of the pLasma-treated PTFE film sample were turned into peroxy radicals on exposure to air. The extrema separation (W) of the ESR spectrum of the peroxy radical increased with the lowering temperature and underwent a sudden change within the temperature range of 170 to 190K. The ESR spectrum observed at 77K was quite different from that observed at room temperature. Finally, the effects of treatment time, input power and system pressure on radical concentration of the treated samples were studied. The attenuation of the peroxy radical at room temperature was also investigated.     

Pressure dependence of free radical decay in irradiated isotactic polypropylene

Free radicals were generated in isotactic polypropylene by gamma-irradiation. The samples were annealed at pressures between 1 and 8000 atm and temperatures between 60 and 110°. The concentration of free radicals was estimated by the ESR method. The rate constants of free radical decay were determined for various pressures and temperatures. The rate constant of free radical decay decreases with increasing pressure while the activation energy increases. The relationship between the kinetics of molecular motion and the kinetics of free radical decay is discussed.