单重态氧化学VIII.类卟啉稀土配合物光敏化产生单重态氧的ESR研究

用电子自旋共振(ESR)方法研究类卟啉稀土配合物([CO2H-APPC)Gd]Cl2)光敏产生单重态氧的II型机制。利用2,2, 6, 6-四甲基哌啶(TEMP)对单重态氧的捕捉, 测定所生成的氮氧自由基的ESR信号, 经加NaN3和CD3OD的实验, 证实了([CO2H-APPC)Gd]Cl2)光敏作用可有效地产生单重态氧, 并观察到在实验所用的浓度范围内, 随着光敏剂浓度加大, 生成的单重态氧也增加, 同时比较了几种不同稀土离子配合物产生单重态氧的差别。结合氧的消耗和氮氧自由基的ESR线宽变化对氧浓度的依赖性, 证明了类卟啉稀土配合物光敏化生成单态氧的II型反应在光动力光疗中起关键作用。     

一种可生成单重态氧的新型光敏剂──类卟啉大环金属配合物

含丙基取代的不对称联三吡咯大环化合物及其金属配合物的合成已在前文报道,这些配合物在740～780nm光谱区域内具有强的光吸收。其单重态氧的生成可由它的光敏氧化蒈烯得到约68%高产率的“ene”型产物所证实,同时测定了它们的单重态氧量子产率(φ¹O₂)及荧光量子产率(φ₁)。     

钴(Ⅱ,Ⅲ)与meso-四(4-苯基磺基)卟啉(TPPS)络合物的伏安行为研究

木文报道了钴(Ⅱ,Ⅲ)与meso-四(4-苯基磺基)卟啉(TPPS)络合物的形成条件和电还原行为.结果表明在醋酸缓冲溶液(pH3.5)中,Co²⁺-TPPS还原同时产生催化氢波.在氨性缓冲溶液(pH9.0)中,Co²⁺-TPPS产生络合吸附波,讨论了其伏安行为,认为络合物中Co²⁺和TPPS是一步同时还原.溶解氧可以把Co²⁺-TPPS氧化为Co³⁺-TPPS,对比Mn³⁺-TPPS讨论了络合物的形成和溶解氧的作用,认为氧对卟啉络合物中心离子价态变化和电子转移起着重要作用.     

葫芦[7]脲与紫精和香豆素修饰树枝形分子的分步结合及对体系发光性质的调控

合成了外围修饰香豆素PAMAM树枝形分子Gm-2(m+1)C, 外围和核心分别共价连接香豆素和紫精的树枝形分子EV-Gm-2(m+1)C (m=0, 1), 以及香豆素和紫精的模型化合物C-Model和EV, 化合物均通过了¹H NMR, IR和MALDI-TOF MS的鉴定. ¹H NMR和光物理研究结果表明, 在pH=4.5的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液中, CB[7]与紫精和树枝形分子外围的香豆素基团均可形成1:1的包结复合物, 结合常数分别为3.3×10⁶ mol^-1·L和1.4～1.6×10⁵ mol^-1·L. 香豆素基团中7位二乙氨基及取代侧部分香豆素环包裹在CB[7]刚性的疏水空腔内, 包结复合物的形成限制了香豆素7位N,N'-二乙氨基的扭转, 抑制了香豆素基团从发光的分子内电荷转移(ICT)态向不发光的扭曲的分子内电荷转移(TICT)态的转变, 而且CB[7]内腔的疏水环境有利于香豆素ICT态辐射跃迁, 使体系发光大大增强. EV-Gm-2(m+1)C与CB[7]的主客体作用为分步结合机制, 加入的CB[7]先与紫精基团作用形成包结复合物, 待体系中紫精基团与CB[7]结合后, 体系中香豆素基团再与CB[7]作用形成包结复合物. 无论是Gm-2(m+1)C还是EV-Gm-2(m+1)C体系, 均可以通过加入CB[7]的量调节体系中香豆素基团与CB[7]形成包结复合物的多少, 从而实现对Gm-2(m+1)C和EV-Gm-2(m+1)C体系发光的调控. 本工作为可调控发光树枝形聚合物的发展提供了一种新的策略.     

正离子Gemini表面活性剂/负离子聚电解质相互作用的研究

摘要 采用荧光探针法和电导法研究了正离子偶联表面活性剂(C₁₂H₂₅(CH₃)₂N-(CH₂)₆-N(CH₃)₂C₁₂H₂₅•2Br) (12-6-12• 2Br^－)和带相反电荷聚电解质聚丙烯酸钠(NaPA)的相互作用, 结果表明: 由于静电相互作用, 12-6-12•2Br^－和NaPA之间可以形成类胶束或复合物. 对比十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTMAB)与NaPA复配体系的荧光光谱, 发现偶联表面活性剂与NaPA的相互作用强于传统表面活性剂. 此外, 还研究了盐和醇对偶联表面活性剂/聚丙烯酸钠的复配体系微极性的影响, 发现盐和醇对表面活性剂在聚电解质上形成类胶束和复合物的溶解都有一定的促进作用.     

利用ESR技术研究二氢吡喃光敏氧化反应机理

利用自旋捕获 电子顺磁共振技术研究证实了二氢吡喃 (DHP)在乙腈、四氯化碳和正己烷溶剂中 9,10 二氰基蒽 (DCA)或四苯基卟啉 (TPP)敏化的光氧化反应机理 .实验证实 ,在四氯化碳中 ,DCA敏化光氧化反应中的单重态氧 ( 1O2 )反应来自DCA的激发三重态 ,而在乙腈中 ,所发生的单重态氧反应来自超氧负离子基 (O-·2 )与反应底物正离子自由基 (D ·)的电荷重组 (CR) ;TPP敏化光氧化反应 ,在乙腈中有O-·2 的反应 ,它来自单重态氧与底物 (D)的电子转移电荷分离 (CS) ;在反应过程中存在着CR与CS动态平衡     

金属卟啉/异烟酸/二氧化钛复合光催化剂制备及其光催化性能研究

合成了四苯基卟啉(H2TPP)及铜卟啉(CuTPP)和锌卟啉(ZnTPP),获得了配合物[Zn(TPP)(DMF)]的晶体。制备了金属卟啉、异烟酸共修饰的二氧化钛复合光催化剂:金属卟啉/异烟酸/二氧化钛,红外光谱和X-射线衍射(XRD)分析结果表明金属卟啉和异烟酸负载于TiO2表面,未改变TiO2的晶型。在光催化降解水中污染物4-硝基苯酚(4-NP)时显示了好的催化效果。     

四苯基卟啉及其衍生物的结构与性质研究(Ⅳ)——二质子四苯基卟啉及其衍生物的光谱、pKa与取代基常数间的线性关系

以HMO法剖析了二质子四苯基卟啉(H₂TPP²⁺)及其衍生物的紫外-可见光谱,确定了四苯基卟啉(TPP)和H₂TPP²⁺及其衍生物的λ_max、pK_a与取代基常数σ间的线性关系。     

C60与铈卟啉相互作用的密度泛函理论研究

应用Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE)密度泛函理论对5种可能存在的富勒烯与铈卟啉复合物进行了几何结构优化, 通过分子间距离及结合能数值, 确认了C₆₀和铈卟啉可以通过非键相互作用形成超分子主-客体复合物, 且最有可能的作用位点为C₆₀的C5:6键(相邻五元环与六元环共用碳-碳键). 应用扩展过渡态方法对结合能进行分解, 分解结果显示, 静电能对总吸引能的贡献约为60%, 说明静电作用是复合物稳定存在的最主要因素. 最后对复合物中的电子流向进行了研究, 结果表明复合物中电子的转移与主-客体间相互作用有一定联系, 且电子是从主体铈卟啉流向客体C₆₀.     

胶质液体泡沫(CLA)的形成及其稳定性研究

以研究胶质液体泡沫(CLA)内部结构及其特性为最终目的, 对组成为十二烷基醇聚氧乙烯(3)醚(AEO-3)/正癸烷/十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/水的CLA体系形成过程和稳定动力学行为进行了电导率测定和光学显微观察. 通过上述两过程的电导率变化探明了CLA的形成和稳定性动力学行为, 并被光学显微照片所证实. 实验结果表明CLA的形成是一个低能量乳化过程, 经历了水相泡沫化→油相替代气泡乳化→CLA形成. 在整个乳化过程中, 没有发生相的转变现象, CLA呈O/W型乳状液. 其稳定性并不遵守一级动力学模型. 在常温下, 其电导率曲线呈直线关系; 当温度超过318.15 K时, 其电导率曲线近似于Langmuir等温线形. 并可用Sigmoidal模型σ_t=(σ₁－σ₂)/[1＋e^(t－t₀)/S] ＋σ₂较好的拟合, 式中, σ_t表示t 时的电导率值(μS/cm); t表示时间(min); σ₁, σ₂分别代表存储过程中电导率最小值和最大值(μS/cm); t₀对应于σ_t等于 1/2(σ₁＋σ₂)的时间t值(min); S描述了电导率曲线陡峭程度(min). 并提出了CLA的破乳过程包括液膜排液和液膜破裂两个阶段, 同时伴随有絮凝过程发生的稳定性机理.     

Photoinduced Nitric Oxide and Singlet Oxygen Release from ZnPC Liposome Vehicle Associated with the Nitrosyl Ruthenium Complex: Synergistic Effects in Photodynamic Therapy Application

Under continuous photolysis at 675 nm, liposomal zinc phthalocyanine associated with nitrosyl ruthenium complex [Ru(NH.NHq)(tpy)NO]³⁺ showed the detection and quantification of nitric oxide (NO) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) release. Photophysical and photochemical results demonstrated that the interaction between the nitrosyl ruthenium complex and the photosensitizer can enable an electron transfer process from the photosensitizer to the nitrosyl ruthenium complex which leads to NO release. Synergistic action of both photosensitizers and the nitrosyl ruthenium complex results in the production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, which is a potent oxidizing agent to many biological tissues, in particular neoplastic cells.     

Membrane Damage Efficiency of Phenothiazinium Photosensitizers

Structure–activity relationships have been widely reported for porphyrin and phthalocyanine photosensitizers, but not for phenothiazinium derivatives. Here, four phenothiazinium salts (methylene blue, toluidine blue O, 1,9‐dimethyl methylene blue and the pentacyclic derivative DO15) were used to investigate how the ability to damage membranes is affected by membrane/solution partition, photophysical properties and tendency to aggregation of the photosensitizer. These two latter aspects were studied both in isotropic solutions and in membranes. Membrane damage was assessed by leakage of a fluorescent probe entrapped in liposomes and by generation of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive species (TBARS), while structural changes at the lipid bilayer were detected by small‐angle X‐ray scattering. We observed that all compounds had similar singlet‐oxygen quantum yields in ethanol, but only the photosensitizers that had higher membrane/solution partition (1,9‐dimethyl methylene blue and DO15, the latter having the higher value) could permeabilize the lipid bilayer. Moreover, of these two photosensitizers, only DO15 altered membrane structure, a result that was attributed to its destabilization of higher order aggregates, generation of higher amounts of singlet oxygen within the membranes and effective electron‐transfer reaction within its dimers. We concluded that membrane‐based protocols can provide a better insight on the photodynamic efficiency of the photosensitizer.     

TEMPORAL and SPECTRAL SEPARATION OF SINGLET OXYGEN LUMINESCENCE FROM NEAR INFRARED EMITTING PHOTOSENSITIZERS

Abstract— The luminescence emission of singlet molecular oxygen (¹O₂) generated by bacteriopheophytin a, a near-infrared-emitting photosensitizer, was measured using a new high-sensitivity spectrometer system for time- and spectral-resolved near-infrared detection. The instrument uses a low energy pulsed nitrogen laser (40 μJ per pulse) to excite the photosensitizer optically and is capable of a time resolution of 40 ns per data point and an instrument response function of 350 ns FWHM (full width at half maximum). The use of a low-energy (and relatively low cost) source provides sufficient system sensitivity to measure time-resolved spectra in the near infrared with high spectral and temporal resolution. The simultaneous detection, with high accuracy and repeatability, of both the temporal and spectral dependence of the photoprocesses of ¹O₂ generation, especially with near-infrared-emitting photosensitizers, may further stimulate the current intensive investigations concerning the activity of ¹O₂ to biomolecules.     

Highly Efficient,Conjugated‐Polymer‐Based Nano‐Photosensitizers for Selectively Targeted Two‐Photon Photodynamic Therapy and Imaging of Cancer Cells

Two‐photon photodynamic therapy (2P‐PDT) is a promising noninvasive treatment of cancers and other diseases with three‐dimensional selectivity and deep penetration. However, clinical applications of 2P‐PDT are limited by small two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross sections of traditional photosensitizers. The development of folate receptor targeted nano‐photosensitizers based on conjugated polymers is described. In these nano‐photosensitizers, poly{9,9‐bis[6′′‐(bromohexyl)fluorene‐2,7‐ylenevinylene]‐co‐alt‐1,4‐(2,5‐dicyanophenylene)}, which is a conjugated polymer with a large TPA cross section, acts as a two‐photon light‐harvesting material to significantly enhance the two‐photon properties of the doped photosensitizer tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) through energy transfer. These nanoparticles displayed up to 1020‐fold enhancement in two‐photon excitation emission and about 870‐fold enhancement in the two‐photon‐induced singlet oxygen generation capability of TPP. Surface‐functionalized folic acid groups make these nanoparticles highly selective in targeting and killing KB cancer cells over NIH/3T3 normal cells. The 2P‐PDT activity of these nanoparticles was significantly improved, potentially up to about 1000 times, as implied by the enhancement factors of two‐photon excitation emission and singlet oxygen generation. These nanoparticles could act as novel two‐photon nano‐photosensitizers with combined advantages of low dark cytotoxicity, targeted 2P‐PDT with high selectivity, and simultaneous two‐photon fluorescence imaging capability; these are all required for ideal two‐photon photosensitizers.     

The Effect of Biological Substrates on the Ultrafast Excited-state Dynamics of Zinc Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate in Solution

Zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (ZnPcS₄), a potential photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT), has been studied using femtosecond laser spectroscopy. The excited-state dynamics in water have been found to be fast (<80 ps) and dominated by intermolecular aggregation. Since the proposed mechanism for PDT is energy transfer from the triplet excited state of the photosensitizer to triplet O₂ creating singlet O₂, the short lifetime is expected to be unfavorable for producing singlet O₂. This leads to the suggestion that the presence of biological substrates may have an effect on the excited-state dynamics. To test this hypothesis, the lifetimes of the ex-cited states of ZnPcS₄ have been directly measured in the presence of a model membrane, n-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The excited-state dynamics of ZnPcS₄ in buffer solutions and with human serum albumin (HSA) have also been measured. The presence of HSA and CTAB increases the excited-state lifetime significantly relative to that observed in water. The longer lifetime of ZnPcS4 in CTAB (>1 ns) indicates that the micellar surface favors monomer formation. By increasing the excited-state lifetime, the surface substantially in-creases the photosensitizing potential of ZnPcS₄.     

Semiconducting polymer dots with photosensitizer loading and peptide modification for enhanced cell penetration and photodynamic effect

We utilized semiconducting polymer do-PFDTBT, photosensitizer ZnPc and functional polymer PSMA to prepare carboxyl Pdots. The carboxyl Pdots were modified with cell penetrating peptides (R8) to prepare peptide coated-Pdots, which could enhance the cell penetration and photodynamic effect.     

POTENTIAL PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY—II. PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF [26] PORPHYRIN

Abstract— –Photophysical properties of [26] porphyrin (26 P) were investigated in chloroform. The quantum yields of fluorescence, of S₁→ T₁ intersystem crossing and singlet oxygen formation were measured. The purity, stability, the strong absorption in the red (δ_max= 783 nm; ε_max= 28 000 M ¹ cm^-1) and the ability of singlet oxygen formation recommend 26 P as potential photosensitizer for tumor therapy.     

Aggregation and counter ion binding ability of sulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarenes in aqueous solutions

¹H NMR spectroscopy, ¹H NMR spin-lattice relaxation, conductivity and pH-metric titration data have been used to study the aggregation and counter-ion binding of tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarenes with methyl (H₈XNa₄) and amyl (H₈YNa₄) substituents. The data obtained reveal the self-aggregation of H₈YNa₄ driven by hydrophobic interactions. The NMR relaxation data indicate that Gd³⁺ is bound by both H₈XNa₄ and H₈YNa₄. The Gd³⁺ ions were found to induce the aggregation of H₈YNa₄ with critical association concentration (CAC) value less than in case of its self-aggregation. Using Gd³⁺ as a probe of counter-ion binding with the aggregate interface it was found out that binding of quaternary ammonium cations (QUATSs) with H₈YNa₄ aggregates and SDS aggregates is quite different, while binding of inorganic ions by both types of aggregates is similar. The most outstanding peculiarity of QUATSs binding with H₈YNa₄ aggregates is selective recognition of QUATSs, possessing trimethylammonium group, detected by NMR relaxation method.     

PHOTODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF NEW SILICON PHTHALOCYANINES: In vitro STUDIES UTILIZING RAT HEPATIC MICROSOMES AND HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE GHOSTS AS MODEL MEMBRANE SOURCES

Abstract— Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is a modality that relies upon the irradiation of tumors with visible light following selective uptake of a photosensitizer by the tumor tissue. There is considerable emphasis to define new photosensitizers suitable for PDT of cancer. In this study we evaluated six phthalocyanines (Pc) for their photodynamic effects utilizing rat hepatic microsomes and human erythrocyte ghosts as model membrane sources. Of the newly synthesized Pc, two showed significant destruction of cytochrome P-450 and monooxygenase activities, and enhancement of lipid peroxidation, when added to microsomal suspension followed by irradiation with ∼ 675 nm light. These two Pc named SiPc IV (HOSiPcOSi[CH₃]₂[CH₂]₃N[CH₃]₂) and SiPc V (HOSiPcOSi[CH₃]₂[CH₂]₃N[CH₃]₃¹ I) showed dose-dependent photodestruction of cytochrome P-450 and monooxygenase activities in liver microsomes, and photoenhancement of lipid peroxidation, lipid hydroperoxide formation and lipid fluorescence in rnicrosomes and erythrocyte ghosts. Compared to chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate, SiPc IV and SiPc V produced far more pronounced photodynamic effects. Sodium azide, histidine, and 2,5-dimethylfuran, the quenchers of singlet oxygen, afforded highly significant protection against SiPc IV- and SiPc V-mediated photodynamic effects. However, to a lesser extent, the quenchers of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical also showed some protective effects. These results suggest that SiPc IV and SiPc V may be promising photosensitizers for the PDT of cancer.     

光敏氧化还原反应——四苯基卟啉类化合物光敏还原甲基紫精

在DMSO-H₂O混合溶剂中,用TPP和它的四种金属络合物作为敏化剂,EDTA作为电子给体,经可见光照射,成功地还原了甲基紫精。反应活性顺序为ZnTPP>TPP>MgTPP》CoTPP>CuTPP。对以ZnTPP为敏化剂的反应,我们测得其量子产率为φ_418nm=0.08。我们考察了ZnTPP、MV²⁺和EDTA的浓度以及氧气对反应的影响。在一定浓度范围内,我们发现,反应速度与MV²⁺和EDTA浓度之间的关系符合于从推测的反应机理导出的动力学方程。