金属组学：高通量分析技术进展与展望

金属组学是系统研究一种细胞、组织或完整生物体内全部金属原子的分布、含量、化学种态及其功能的新兴综合学科,它的提出受到人们越来越多的关注。本文综述了金属组学的研究方法,并对各种方法的特点和局限性做了比较说明．ICP-MS与NAA技术可实现多元素同时定量分析,同步辐射微束CT及μRF,EDX,PIXE,SIMS及LA-ICP—MS亦可实现金属组分布研究．金属组学研究目前正处于发展初期,仍有许多困难特别是分析仪器及方法方面的问题有待解决．已有的金属组形态及结构分析工作大多数采用的是较低效率的分析方法,一些正在发展中的关键技术平台,如HTXAS可真正实现高通量的形态或结构分析．此外,生物信息学有望成为金属组学研究的重要工具之一．     

金属组学：研究生命体系中金属离子的前沿交叉学科

金属组学是一门新兴的前沿交叉学科,是对若干涉及金属相关生命过程的分子机制以及对细胞与组织内全部金属离子和金属配合物进行综合研究的学科．在金属组学中,生命体系中所有的金属蛋白质、金属酶以及其他含金属的生物分子统称为金属组,这个概念与基因组学中的基因组和蛋白质组学中的蛋白质组相类似．本文对金属组学中涉及的若干概念进行阐述,并将着重介绍金属组学中的研究技术和方法,特别是“组和技术”,即把一种高分辨率分离技术如凝胶电泳／激光切除、色谱或者毛细管电泳与一项高灵敏度检测方法,如电感耦合等离子体质谱、电喷雾电离质谱、基质辅助激光解吸附质谱或者X射线荧光／吸收光谱联合起来．并重点分析了这些方法的优缺点以及在分离鉴别金属蛋白、磷酸化蛋白以及硒蛋白、确定金属蛋白的结构与功能的关系和医药中的金属药物活性抗药性方面的研究中的应用．     

放射金属组学：以α核素靶向治疗药物为例

金属组学是综合研究生命体内(特别是细胞内)自由或络合的全部金属和类金属的含量、分布、形态、结构及功能的一门学科。作为金属组学的一个分支，放射金属组学重点研究放射性核素的制备和应用，特别是其在环境和生物体内的含量、分布、化学种态及功能等。靶向α治疗(Targeted alpha therapy, TAT)是一种利用发射α粒子的放射性核素与肿瘤选择性载体分子结合实现靶向癌细胞，进而对肿瘤组织造成杀伤作用的一种医疗方法，是放射金属组学在癌症治疗领域的重要应用方向。α粒子凭借高线性能量传递、短组织射程和较强的相对生物学效应，在放射性免疫和肿瘤治疗方面有着广阔的应用前景。以TAT药物为例，就常用α核素、TAT药物螯合剂及其标记的靶向载体、几种重要α放射性核素靶向治疗进展予以综述，并分析TAT药物研发的挑战和发展前景，从而展示放射金属组学在核医学领域特别是癌症治疗领域的研究进展。随着更多α核素的制备和更多靶向标记方法的建立，TAT药物有望用于多种疾病，这也需要新的放射金属组学方法的建立和应用。因此，放射金属组学在核医学领域具有良好应用前景。     

金属有机配体分析方法及金属组学研究

环境和生物样品中金属与有机酸、氨基酸、多糖、蛋白质、DNA等形成的金属有机物是一系列生物金属。生物金属中参与金属离子配位的有机配基主要是含氧、硫、氮及磷的功能团。金属组学是整合生物金属中金属有机配体的结合形态及其生理功能活性的新概念。文中介绍了目前常用的金属有机配体的分析方法以及金属组学领域的研究技术,并展望了重金属富集和超积累植物的研究前景。     

金属组学方法识别水中络合态重金属形态及其吸附净化技术研究进展

Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺和Ni²⁺等重金属离子可与水中乙二胺四乙酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸等有机分子形成络合态重金属。相比于游离态离子，络合态重金属具有更高的水溶性和环境毒性，在广泛的pH值范围内稳定存在且形态复杂，难以通过化学沉淀等常规方法高效去除。对近年来基于金属组学方法的水中络合态重金属复杂形态分析方法进行总结，对吸附净化技术在络合态重金属废水处理中的研究进展进行综述，并对上述领域需要解决的问题进行了探讨和展望。     

金属组学在急性心肌梗死早期诊断的应用

为探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者血清中K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺含量变化，并研究其与心肌梗死患者之间的关系。选取2022年5月至2023年2月收治的AMI患者37例，同时选取健康体检者35例作为对照组。依据入院时或体检时收集的抽血样本进行临床生化分析，比较两组间血清K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺含量，采用判别方程、主成分分析法(PCA),判断分析哪种金属离子对于心肌梗死的诊断价值大。结果表明，AMI患者的血清中Ca²⁺和Fe²⁺含量低于健康对照组，差异具有统计学意义。基于血钙、铁水平两组具有显著性差异，以它们为基础进行判别分析，获得判别函数式。将血清中K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺     

基于同步辐射X射线荧光光谱与一维卷积神经网络的癌症筛查方法

癌症是全球范围内引起高发病率与高死亡率的疾病之一。现有癌症检测方法耗时、昂贵、专业人员依赖性强，开发一种无损、快速筛查方法非常重要。在前期工作基础上，发展了基于同步辐射X射线荧光光谱技术(SRXRF)与深度学习技术结合的一种非靶标金属组学方法筛查癌症患者。首先，分析控制组与癌症组共269份血清样本的SRXRF谱线，得到Ca、Mn、Zn、Ge、Br在两类人群中具有代表性差异，可以作为癌症筛查的标志物；其次，对于平均光谱进行归一化(Normalization)、迭代自适应加权惩罚最小二乘法(airPLS)、Savitzky-Golay平滑(SG)、标准正态变换(SNV)的预处理，并建立偏最小二乘判别分析(PLSDA)、K近邻法(KNN)、软独立建模分类法(SIMCA)的化学计量学模型，三种模型对癌症筛查的最优准确率分别为89.89%、93.26%、90.95%;最后，基于像素级光谱，搭建三种一维卷积神经网络(1DCNN)模型，三种模型准确率分别为93.56%、95.24%、93.27%,相对于化学计量学模型均有所提高，增加卷积层的数量有助于数据特征提取，模型准确率提高了1.68%。将三种模...     

同步辐射技术在大气科学领域的研究进展

作为新颖和独特的大型仪器,同步辐射装置正在越来越多地被应用到大气和环境科学的研究中。本文介绍了基于同步辐射的探测技术的理论原理、关键技术以及近期的主要研究成果。涉及的同步辐射技术包括:常压X射线光电子能谱(APXPS)、近边X射线吸收精细结构(NEXAFS)和扫描透射X射线显微镜(STXM)。本文按实验类型进行了分类,即APXPS实验、流体束实验和STXM实验。主要内容包括:(1)冰表面;(2)盐表面;(3)酸性溶液;(4)有机溶液;(5)盐溶液;(6)臭氧分解;(7)黑碳;(8)冰核;(9)吸湿性;(10)反应机理。同步辐射设施的发展为气溶胶科学和大气异相化学的研究提供了强大的工具。可以预见越来越多的重要大气过程和机制将通过基于同步辐射的研究所揭示,而这也将体现同步辐射装置在大气和环境领域的巨大潜力和价值。     

基于金属组学四昧肝泰颗粒抑瘤作用机制初步研究

为探讨基于金属组学四味肝泰颗粒抑制荷瘤小鼠瘤组织生长的作用机制,采用腋下注射小鼠腹水瘤细胞S180的方法建立模型,将小鼠随机分为5组,灌胃给药,10d后处死,收集小鼠瘤组织,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP—MS）测定样品中Mg、A1、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ni、Se等10种微量元素含量。运用主成分分析方法进行了统计学分析。结果表明,Ca、Mn、Ni、Zn、Se是四味肝泰治疗肿瘤的主要相关微量元素。提示四味肝泰作用机制可能与Ca、Mn、Ni、Zn、Se几种微量元素有关。     

岩石矿物中铀钍的分析方法进展——非破坏分析法

非破坏分析法部分着重介绍了岩石矿物中铀钍的非破坏性分析方法原理、特点和应用范围。非破坏分析手段主要包括:中子活化分析法(NAA)、裂变径迹法(FTA)、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)、激光烧蚀光谱法(LIBS)和γ能谱直接测量法。非破坏分析鉴于其独特优势仍有发展空间,LIBS技术是新近发展的具有较大潜力的技术手段,而γ能谱直接测量法针对铀钍等放射性核素的测量具有无可比拟的发展优势。     

金属组学在肝癌诊断及治疗中的应用

金属组学与医学的交叉结合为疾病的诊断及治疗提供了新的研究方向。以肝癌为例，首先介绍了金属组学在肝癌诊断中的应用，包括常用的检测设备和诊断方法；最后介绍了金属组学在肝癌治疗中的应用，除了传统的铂类药物，还发展了钒复合物、钌复合物及砷类药物。金属组学除了用于肝癌的诊断和治疗，也可以预测疗效，如血清Zn与Fe含量的上升，Cu含量下降，提示预后较好。随着新技术的不断发展，金属组学将会在肝癌的诊断及治疗中发挥更大的价值。     

Nuclear-related analytical techniques: Literature retrieval from the INIS database

The applicability of the INIS database for literature retrieval on nuclear-related analytical techniques [e.g. neutron activation analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE)] has been studied. There exist about 9700 documents on NAA and other forms of activation analysis, about 3500 documents on XRF and about 1200 documents on PIXE in the database collected from 1976 until July 1988. They cover a variety of elements and matrices in the fields of biology, geochemistry and the physical sciences. Some technical notes and comments on the practical use of this database are also included.     

Some uncertainties associated with preparation of standards in organic matrix

Summary Until recently no techniques which have multielement detection capability, high sensitivity and good spatial resolution in relatively thick tissue section have existed. The use of proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) and synchrotron radiation induced x-ray emission (SRIXE) using proton and x-ray microbeams changed this situation. However there are some difficulties with the existing standards for quantitatively calibrating the trace elements concentration in biological material. For the purpose of our experiments a special technique of standard production was applied.     

Assessment of the chemical characteristics and sources of airborne particulate matter in Santiago, Chile

Neutron activation analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and ion chromatography (IC) were used for the chemical characterization of airborne particulate matter in Santiago, Chile. The PM10 mass and elemental concentration were higher in the winter than in the summer collection period. Analytical quality assessment for NAA, XRF, PIXE, AAS and IC was performed on some samples. Correlations were found between the elements Pb–Br, Si–Ca–Fe, As–Cu–S and also between the fine mass and black carbon concentrations, which could be associated with some relevant sources.     

Applications of synchrotron radiation in forensic trace evidence analysis

Synchrotron radiation sources have proven to be highly beneficial in many fields of research for the characterization of materials. However, only a very limited proportion of studies have been conducted by the forensic science community. This is an area in which the analytical benefits provided by synchrotron sources could prove to be very important. This review summarises the applications found for synchrotron radiation in a forensic trace evidence context as well as other areas of research that strive for similar analytical scrutiny and/or are applied to similar sample materials. The benefits of synchrotron radiation are discussed in relation to common infrared, X-ray fluorescence, tomographic and briefly, X-ray diffraction and scattering techniques. In addition, X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (incorporating XANES and EXAFS) is highlighted as an area in which significant contributions into the characterization of materials can be obtained. The implications of increased spatial resolution on microheterogeneity are also considered and discussed.     

Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of an Egyptian faience pendant and comparison with PIXE

The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique is a common choice in the archaeometric field for in situ investigations with portable instruments. This work shows that XRF portable systems can be used for quantitative analyses using appropriate software, obtaining a similar accuracy to that provided with other techniques such as particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), as shown for an Egyptian faience pendant and for two glass standards.     

Level of some minor and trace elements in Bangladeshi meat products

An investigation on the level of some minor and trace elements in some varieties of meat (beef, mutton and chicken) consumed in Bangladesh is reported. In this study, protoninduced X-ray emission (PIXE) and radioisotope-induced X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques were used for analytical measurements. In PIXE measurements, the samples were exposed to the proton beam in air as 1 mm thick pellets and irradiated with 2.0 MeV protons having the beam intensity of 30 nA for characteristic X-ray excitation, whereas in XRF, the samples were excited for 5000 seconds with a 10 mCi¹⁰⁹Cd annular X-ray source. The elemental concentrations of Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb and Sr were determined in the samples by comparison with X-ray yield curves constructed from IAEA and NBS standard reference materials. The significance of the results is dicussed in relation to human health and diseases.This research received financial support from the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, under the research contract RC-4265/RB.     

X射线荧光与粒子激发X射线光谱分析

本文是《分析试验室》定期评述“Ｘ射线荧光光谱分析”系列评论第７篇,简述了１９９６年７月至１９９８年６月国内Ｘ射线荧光光谱分析技术发展的概况,从Ｘ射线荧光光谱仪的研制与改造、特殊激发方式的研究与应用、化学计量学与数据处理方法研究、化学态分析、标准物质与样品制备、测定方法研究与应用６个方面评述了国内Ｘ射线荧光与粒子激发Ｘ射线光谱分析进展。共收录国内学者论文及相关文集１４３篇。     

Recent and future developments in the use of radiation for the study of objects of cultural heritage significance

Until recently, items of cultural heritage significance have been studied only using laboratory-based techniques. Improvements in the design of synchrotron radiation sources have made it possible to undertake experiments on objects of cultural heritage experience which had hitherto been impossible. Experimental techniques used in conservation science studies range from infrared microscopy to X-ray diffraction and fluorescence (both micro- and macro-diffraction), to small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) (both micro- and macro-scattering). Here, we describe studies of important artefacts held by Australian national collecting agencies using both laboratory- and synchrotron-based analytical techniques and particle beam X-ray emission (PIXE). As well, a new technique for studying easel paintings, hyperspectral imaging, will be introduced.