松脂素二糖苷印迹修饰金属有机骨架复合材料的合成及其吸附性能

构建了金属有机骨架MIL-101的后合成印迹修饰法以改善其对松脂素二糖苷(PDG)的吸附选择性。MIL-101经过氨基化修饰及表面接枝制备了金属有机骨架-分子印迹复合材料MIPs@ED-MIL-101,用X射线衍射法、红外光谱法及扫描电镜分析对MIL-101的晶体结构、表面化学功能基团及结构形貌进行表征。测试了MIPs@ED-MIL-101对模板分子的吸附动力学、选择性及固相萃取性能。结果表明,经印迹修饰后的MIL-101对PDG的吸附性能大幅提高,且对模拟混合物中的PDG也具有较高的竞争吸附选择性。当以MIPs@ED-MIL-101为吸附剂从杜仲提取物中提取和分离PDG时,产品纯度85.3%,且复合材料多次重复使用后对目标化合物的吸附量变化不大。     

五乙烯六胺改性金属有机骨架材料MIL-101(Cr)对CO_2的吸附性能

采用溶剂热法合成金属有机骨架材料MIL-101(Cr),用回流法将五乙烯六胺(PEHA)负载到MIL-101(Cr)孔道中的不饱和金属位点上,使用扫描电镜、粉末X射线衍射、氮气物理吸附、元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱等表征手段考察材料的结构和形貌,测试氨基改性前后的MIL-101(Cr)在25℃、不同压力下对CO_2的吸附效果。结果表明,负载0.24 m L五乙烯六胺后的MIL-101(Cr)对CO_2的吸附效果最好,在25℃、常压下对CO_2的饱和吸附量可达58.944 mg/g,相比未负载五乙烯六胺的MIL-101(Cr)吸附量(CO_2饱和吸附量为44.208 mg/g)增加了33%。随着吸附压力的增加,MIL-101(Cr)和0.24PEHAM IL-101(Cr)对CO_2的饱和吸附量逐渐增加,当吸附压力为1.1 MPa时,两者的吸附量分别为1 147.59和1 256.74 mg/g,表明该类材料在高压下对CO_2有着良好的吸附效果。     

超四面体骨架(类)分子筛的研究进展

分子筛由于具有规则的孔道结构和优异的催化、吸附性能而得到广泛的应用.对于传统的硅铝分子筛而言,其骨架主要由四面体单元构成,单纯的四面体配位特性大大限制了其骨架结构的多样化.超四面体(类)分子筛是一类新型的孔道材料,骨架元素的多元化(特别是过渡金属的引入)使得其构筑了丰富的结构类型(如手性骨架、超大孔).作为超四面体分子...     

X射线晶体学和电子晶体学在分子筛结构表征中的应用

分子筛是一类具有规则孔道或笼结构的晶态微孔材料, 在吸附、 分离和催化中都表现出了优异的性能. 为了探索其结构与性质的关系, 在原子尺度上研究分子筛的微观结构是十分必要的. 本综述介绍了一系列与X射线晶体学和电子晶体学相关的表征技术（倒易空间和正空间）在分子筛结构表征中的应用. 随后, 基于分子筛的结构表征方法和化学组成, 对2007年之后发现的85种新分子筛进行了系统总结, 对其中9种具有独特合成方法或结构特征的分子筛进行了详细介绍.     

X射线晶体学和电子晶体学在分子筛结构表征中的应用（英文）

分子筛是一类具有规则孔道或笼结构的晶态微孔材料,在吸附、分离和催化中都表现出了优异的性能.为了探索其结构与性质的关系,在原子尺度上研究分子筛的微观结构是十分必要的.本综述介绍了一系列与X射线晶体学和电子晶体学相关的表征技术(倒易空间和正空间)在分子筛结构表征中的应用.随后,基于分子筛的结构表征方法和化学组成,对2007年之后发现的85种新分子筛进行了系统总结,对其中9种具有独特合成方法或结构特征的分子筛进行了详细介绍.     

溶剂热条件对MIL-53(Fe)结晶度及吸附性能的影响

采用溶剂热法制备一系列金属有机骨架材料MIL-53(Fe),使用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、电子扫描电镜等表征手段对其结构进行表征.探讨了其对有机染料亚甲基蓝的吸附性能.通过改变反应温度来调控MIL-53(Fe)的结晶度,结果表明,高结晶度的MIL-53(Fe)更利于吸附行为.吸附动力学、等温线研究表明,该吸附过程符合准二级动力学和Langmuir等温线模型.     

金属有机框架材料在催化领域的研究现状与展望（英文）

金属有机骨架材料(MOF)又称多孔配位聚合物(PCP),是一类由金属团簇和有机配体通过配位作用形成的新型晶态多孔材料.近30年, MOF材料在催化领域受到了广泛的关注和研究.MOF的多孔结构和高比表面积可以实现催化位点的空间分离并促进物质传输,从而提高催化活性.MOF可以像均相催化剂一样在原子精度进行灵活剪裁和调控,同时具有非均相催化剂易分离回收的优势.通过结合均相和非均相催化剂的优点, MOF表现出了诸多优于传统催化材料的独特性质.本文首先简要介绍了MOF基催化材料设计的基本原理和MOF应用于催化的独特性,其次对MOF在催化中面临的瓶颈和局限进行了论述,最后指出了MOF在未来催化领域中潜在的独特应用前景.MOF材料中金属节点、有机配体和孔空间都可以进行灵活功能化,从而赋予催化活性.金属节点上的不饱和配位点可作为路易斯酸催化中心.配体可以通过修饰不同功能基团从而赋予催化活性.此外,金属节点和有机配体还可以通过接枝外来催化位点进行功能化.更重要的是, MOF孔空间可以限域客体活性单元,极大扩展了活性位的来源.MOF还可以作为前驱体通过化学转化获得多孔碳、金属化合物及其复合材料.MOF的高...     

新型HPWs@MIL-101催化剂的制备、表征及其催化性能

采用直接合成法将磷钨杂多酸(HPWs)固载到金属-有机骨架材料MIL-101的介孔笼中,制得新型HPWs@MIL-101多相催化剂。利用XRD、N2吸附、扫描电镜(SEM)、XPS、UV-Vis DRS、Raman和FT-IR等手段对该催化剂进行了表征,并研究了其在环戊烯选择氧化制备戊二醛反应中的催化性能。结果表明,磷钨杂多酸高度分散在金属-有机骨架MIL-101的介孔笼中,将磷钨杂多酸固载到MIL-101上后,能够很好地保持磷钨杂多酸的Keggin结构和载体MIL-101的晶体骨架结构。HPWs@MIL-101催化剂的催化性能远高于传统浸渍法制备的催化剂的催化性能,当磷钨杂多酸的负载量为12.5%(w)时,HPWs@MIL-101表现出最优的催化性能,环戊烯转化率高达100%,戊二醛的得率达到78.7%。重复实验表明该催化剂具有较高的稳定性,使用三次后,GA的得率仍然达到74.1%。     

磺酸功能化金属-有机骨架吸附脱氮性能

以硝基甲烷为溶剂,采用三氟甲磺酸酐(Tf2O)和浓硫酸对金属有机骨架材料MIL-101(Cr){Cr3F(H2O)2O[(O2C)-C6H4-(CO2)]3nH2O(n~25)}进行磺酸功能化修饰,使其孔壁配体上形成磺酸基团.通过改变MIL-101(Cr)、Tf2O和浓硫酸的摩尔配比,得到含有不同磺酸基团数量的S-MIL-101(Cr),对磺化后的材料进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)、氮气物理吸附、酸碱电位滴定以及热重分析(TGA)表征.结果表明,磺酸功能化后MIL-101(Cr)的孔道结构仍然保持,比表面积和孔径有所下降,表面磺酸基团的数量根据磺化程度的不同从0.21到0.42 mmol g-1不等.将磺酸功能化后的MIL-101(Cr)用于液体燃料的吸附脱氮,发现磺酸功能化能够增强MIL-101(Cr)与含氮化合物的相互作用,有利于其对碱性氮化物的吸附脱除.相对于未经磺化的样品,按照摩尔配比n(MIL-101(Cr)):n(H2SO4):n(Tf2O)=1:3:4.5反应得到的磺酸功能化MIL-101(Cr)对喹啉和吲哚的吸附量提高较大,其对喹啉和吲哚的Langmuir最大吸附量分别提高了12.2%和6.3%.通过乙醇洗涤,吸附剂可再生,经过三次再生之后的吸附剂对模拟燃料中含氮化合物的吸附量没有明显的降低.     

MOF基上创立活性位的方法及其催化应用*

近年来金属有机骨架（MOF）以其独特的结构特点（高比表面积、织构性质可调以及暴露的金属离子可以100%利用）引起了催化学者的极大重视,本文评述了与传统催化材料（如分子筛）相比,金属有机骨架作为催化材料的优点与不足,针对多数MOF中处于节点的金属离子被配体配位饱和而不具备催化活性这一弊端,本文基于对这一问题的最新研究进展总结了在MOF上创立催化活性位的4种方法：即前合成法、后合成共价修饰法、浸渍法以及沉淀法,讨论了这4种方法各自的优缺点,并详细介绍了这些方法在催化反应中的探索和应用,指出了MOF在催化领域需要重视的问题和未来的研究方向,以期对MOF在催化领域的研究和开发提供参考。     

金属有机骨架(MOFs)结构的透射电子显微分析

金属有机骨架(Metal organic framework,MOF)配位聚合物作为一类重要的多孔材料具有诸多独特的性能.新型MOF材料的结构表征与确定一直是该研究领域的关键性研究问题.由于单晶X-射线衍射等结构测定方法对晶体尺寸有一定限制,小尺寸MOF新材料的晶体结构确定一直是亟待解决的科学难题.透射电子显微分析方法(Transmission electron microscopy,TEM)作为纳米尺寸晶体材料最有力的结构表征手段之一,已经被逐渐应用于MOF新材料领域,展现出了巨大的应用潜力.本文以几个国内外有代表性的工作为例,浅析TEM在MOF材料领域的发展现状.     

Structural identification of multidimensional metal–organic frameworks using soft x-ray tomography

This paper mainly discusses the applicability of using soft x-ray tomography technology to examine the multidimensional structure of metal–organic frameworks, such as their core-shell and hollow framework, by visually observing their corresponding images in different energy bands by different excitation energies for different elements. The results show that the use of soft x-ray tomography (SXT) can effectively observe the distribution of metals in the structure, as well as observe the type of hollow pores the metal – organic framework (MOF) possesses. This pioneering evaluation of MOFs via SXT shows excellent performance in the structure identification of multidimensional metal–organic frameworks.     

Revelation of the molecular assembly of the nanoporous metal organic framework ZIF-8

Crystalline nanoporous materials are one of the most important families of complex functional material. Many questions pertaining to the molecular assembly mechanism of the framework of these materials remain unanswered. Only recently has it become possible to answer definitively some of these questions by observation of growing nanoscopic surface features on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) through use of in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). Here we reveal that a growth process of a MOF, zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8, occurs through the nucleation and spreading of successive metastable unenclosed substeps to eventually form stable surface steps of the enclosed framework structure and that this process is reliant on the presence of nonframework species to bridge the developing pores during growth. The experiments also enable identification of some of the fundamental units in the growth process and the stable crystal surface plane. The former findings will be applicable to numerous nanoporous materials and support efforts to synthesize and design new frameworks and to control the crystal properties of these materials.     

Direct Visualization of Atomic Structure in Multivariate Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Guiding Electrocatalysts Design

The direct utilization of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has attracted increasing interests. Herein, we employ the low-dose integrated differential phase contrast-scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM) technique to visualize the atomic structure of multivariate MOFs (MTV-MOFs) for guiding the structural design of bulk MOFs for efficient OER. The iDPC-STEM images revealed that incorporating Fe³⁺ or 2-aminoterephthalate (ATA) into Ni-BDC (BDC: benzenedicarboxylate) can introduce inhomogeneous lattice strain that weaken the coordination bonds, which can be selectively cleaved via a mild heat treatment to simultaneously generate coordinatively unsaturated metal sites, conductive Ni@C and hierarchical porous structure. Thus, excellent OER activity with current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm⁻² are achieved over the defective MOFs at small overpotentials of 286 mV and 365 mV, respectively, which is superior to the commercial RuO₂ catalyst and most of the bulk MOFs.     

Atomically Dispersed Metal Sites in MOF‐Based Materials for Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Energy Conversion

Metal sites play an essential role in both electrocatalytic and photocatalytic energy conversion. The highly ordered arrangements of the organic linkers and metal nodes as well as the well‐defined pore structures of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) make them ideal substrates to support atomically dispersed metal sites (ADMSs) located in their metal nodes, linkers, and pores. Porous carbon materials doped with ADMSs can be derived from these ADMS‐incorporating MOF precursors through controlled treatments. These ADMSs incorporated in pristine MOFs and MOF‐derived carbon materials possess unique advantages over molecular or bulk metal‐based catalysts and bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for energy‐conversion applications. This Review presents recent progress in the design and incorporation of ADMSs in MOFs and MOF‐derived materials for energy‐conversion applications.     

Direct Imaging of Atomically Dispersed Molybdenum that Enables Location of Aluminum in the Framework of Zeolite ZSM-5

Integrated differential phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM) is capable of directly probing guest molecules in zeolites, owing to its sufficient and interpretable image contrast for both heavy and light elements under low-dose conditions. This unique ability is demonstrated by imaging volatile organic compounds adsorbed in zeolite Silicalite-1; iDPC-STEM was then used to investigate molybdenum supported on various zeolites including Silicalite-1, ZSM-5, and mordenite. Isolated single-Mo clusters were observed in the micropores of ZSM-5, demonstrating the crucial role of framework Al in driving Mo atomically dispersed into the micropores. Importantly, the specific one-to-one Mo-Al interaction makes it possible to locate Al atoms, that is, catalytic active sites, in the ZSM-5 framework from the images, according to the positions of Mo atoms in the micropores.     

Evidence of a Uranium-Paddlewheel Node in a Catecholate-Based Metal–Organic Framework

The interactions between uranium and non-innocent organic species are an essential component of fundamental uranium redox chemistry. However, they have seldom been explored in the context of multidimensional, porous materials. Uranium-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a new angle to study these interactions, as these self-assembled species stabilize uranium species through immobilization by organic linkers within a crystalline framework, while potentially providing a method for adjusting metal oxidation state through coordination of non-innocent linkers. We report the synthesis of the MOF NU-1700 , assembled from U⁴⁺-paddlewheel nodes and catecholate-based linkers. We propose this highly unusual structure, which contains two U⁴⁺ ions in a paddlewheel built from four linkers—a first among uranium materials—as a result of extensive characterization via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), sorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in addition to density functional theory (DFT) calculations.     

金属有机骨架衍生 Ni基材料催化烷烃选择氧化

N掺杂碳基纳米材料由于具有高稳定性、良好的导电性、较大的孔体积和比表面积等特点而受到了国内外广泛的关注,在气体吸附、催化、电化学以及燃料电池等许多领域表现出潜在应用价值. N掺杂碳材料的制备主要采用两种方法,即后合成法和原位合成法.后合成法是指采用含 N化合物(如尿素等)对已合成的碳材料进行处理,但所制材料中 N含量往往偏低,且 N活性位不够稳定.要得到 N含量较高且稳定的 N掺杂碳材料常常采用原位合成法,即以富氮前体作为模板,在热解过程中 N原位嵌入碳纳米材料中,因而具有结构稳定, N含量丰富等优点.
　　金属有机骨架(MOFs)材料是一种新型的类沸石类多孔材料,是由金属离子和有机配体通过配位键键合而成的拓扑结构.该类材料具有较高的孔隙率和比表面积以及结构可调控性等特点.通过调节金属中心和配体种类,引入含 N配体,可以得到不同类型的含 N的 MOFs.此外,含 N的 MOFs在一定温度下热解能有效减少 N元素的流失,因此, MOFs是一类优秀的用于制备 N掺杂碳基纳米材料的模板材料.近年来,以含 N的金属有机骨架材料为模板,通过简单热解一步合成 N掺杂碳基纳米催化剂,已成为国内外研究的热点之一.
　　本文在惰性气氛中采用直接热解 Ni基 MOF方法制备了 N掺杂 C包裹的 Ni纳米颗粒,并利用 X射线粉末衍射(PXRD)、N2吸附脱附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对该复合材料的组成和结构进行了表征.
　　 PXRD测试结果表明,经过热解,催化剂中出现了大量的金属 Ni粒子,说明 Ni-MOF中的 Ni2+离子在热解过程中被原位还原成了 Ni纳米颗粒. N2吸附脱附结果表明,热解前的 Ni-MOF结构中只存在微孔结构,但是热解 Ni@C-N材料中生成了大量的介孔或大孔结构,从而有利于反应底物与催化剂活性位点的接触. SEM结果表明,在较低的温度下热解,催化剂可以保持 MOFs原来的构型,且结构疏松多孔；而在较高的温度下热解,如800oC,将有大量的碳纳米管生成. TEM结果表明,随着热解温度升高,催化剂中 Ni纳米颗粒逐渐增大.从 HRTEM测试结果可以清晰看出,高温热解时有石墨烯结构生成,并且生成的 Ni纳米颗粒原位嵌入了石墨烯结构中,因而有利于 Ni纳米颗粒的分散,从而提高催化剂的活性. XPS结果进一步证明,热解过程中, Ni2+被原位还原成了零价的 Ni纳米粒子,此外, N 1s谱图也进一步证明 N在热解过程中原位嵌入了生成的石墨烯结构中.
　　随后,以乙基苯选择性氧化为模型反应,测试了 Ni@C-N材料的催化活性.结果表明,该材料在烷烃选择氧化反应中表现出很高的催化活性和选择性,尤其是 Ni@C-N-900-8h,在温和的反应条件下,可有效催化一系列饱和烷烃的选择氧化,获得很高的氧化产物收率,且重复利用多次后其活性和选择性没有明显的下降.     

Controlling Dissolution and Transformation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks by using Electron‐Beam‐Induced Amorphization

Amorphous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) offer promising applications as novel functional materials. Herein, amorphization of ZIF‐L through scanning‐electron‐beam exposure is demonstrated, based on amorphization of individual ZIF‐L crystals. The amorphized ZIF product has drastically increased stability against dissolution in water. An electron dose that allows for complete preservation of amorphous particles after immersion in water is established, resulting in new shapes of amorphous ZIF‐L with spatial control at the sub‐micrometer length scale. Changed water stability as a consequence of scanning‐electron‐beam exposure is demonstrated for three additional metal–organic frameworks (ZIF‐8, Zn(BeIm)OAc, MIL‐101), highlighting the potential use of an electron beam for top‐down MOF patterning. Lastly, recrystallization of ZIF‐L in the presence of linker is studied and shows distinct differences for crystalline and amorphized material.     

Metal Organic Framework Glasses: A New Platform for Electrocatalysis?

Metal organic framework (MOF) glasses are a coordination network of metal nodes and organic ligands as an undercooled frozen-in liquid, and have therefore broadened the potential of MOF materials in the fundamental research and application scenarios. On the road to deploying MOF glasses as electrocatalysts, it remains several basic scientific hurdles although MOF glasses not only inherit the structural merits of MOFs but also endow with active catalytic features including concentrated defects, metal centers and disorder structure etc. The research on the ionic conductivity, catalytic stability and reactivity of MOF glasses has yielded scientific insights towards its electrocatalytic applications. Here, we first comb the history, definition and basic properties of MOF glasses. Then, we identify the main synthetic methods and characterization techniques. Finally, we advance the potentials and challenges of MOF glasses as electrocatalysts in furthering the understanding of these themes.