V2O5催化的甲烷液相部分氧化反应

 以不同的过渡金属化合物作为催化剂,在发烟硫酸溶剂中进行了甲烷液相部分氧化反应的研究,考察了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、发烟硫酸浓度等工艺条件对目的产物收率的影响,同时对反应的催化机理进行了探讨. 甲烷在部分氧化反应中首先转化为硫酸单甲酯,后者进一步水解得到甲醇. 以V2O5作为甲烷液相部分氧化反应的催化剂时甲烷转化率可达54.5%, 目的产物选择性为45.5%, 相应的工艺条件为催化剂用量0.025 mol, 反应温度180 ℃, 发烟硫酸中SO3含量50%, 反应时间2 h. V2O5催化的甲烷液相部分氧化反应遵循亲电取代机理,溶剂发烟硫酸是甲烷转化的关键因素之一.     

发烟硫酸中Pd／C催化甲烷选择氧化制甲醇

以PdCl2为前驱体,采用浸渍法制备了Pd/C催化剂,并在发烟硫酸中考察了其催化甲烷选择氧化反应的性能,采用X射线粉末衍射、X射线光电子能谱、高分辨透射电镜和CO吸附等方法对催化剂进行了表征. 甲烷选择氧化反应得到的主产物硫酸单甲酯经水解后得到甲醇,在5%Pd/C催化剂、Pd用量30 μmol、反应温度180 ℃、反应压力4.0 MPa、反应时间 4 h 和发烟硫酸中SO3含量为50%的优化工艺条件下,甲烷转化率为23.6%, 甲醇的选择性和收率分别为69.5%和16.4%, 在一定程度上可实现催化剂的多次重复使用. Pd/C催化剂上的甲烷选择氧化反应可能遵循亲电取代机理,催化性能与Pd负载量、Pd粒子尺寸和分散度等有关.     

甲烷直接氧化制甲醇研究进展概述

目前,天然气转化为高附加值化工产品的应用越来越受到人们关注.甲烷作为天然气的主要成分,其转化和应用是天然气化工领域的重要研究方向.而甲烷直接氧化制甲醇长久以来一直是研究重点.甲烷直接氧化制甲醇与传统的甲烷二步法间接转化相比,有节能和工艺简化的突出特点.然而,甲醇直接氧化制甲醇过程所面临的主要问题有：(1)甲烷分子的活化能很高,需要苛刻的操作条件才能活化参与反应;(2)反应进行的程度难以控制,生成的甲醇会进一步被氧化生成较多副产物,大大降低甲醇收率.因此,高效活化甲烷分子和抑制甲醇深度氧化是促进该过程工业化的重要研究内容.本文主要论述了非均相、气相均相和液相体系中甲烷直接氧化制甲醇的研究进展.在甲烷非均相氧化过程中,采用过渡金属氧化物作为催化剂在高温条件下催化甲烷部分氧化反应,其中,钼系和铁系催化剂的研究最为广泛.研究表明, MoO3可作为催化剂的主要活性组分,尤以 MoO3/Ga2O3催化剂性能最好,得到甲醇收率最高.在铁系催化剂中, Fe-ZSM-5 催化反应的甲醇选择性和收率都相对较高;但是每次反应后催化剂都需要重新活化,这种间歇性操作会增加成本,不利于工业化应用.总之,甲烷的非均相氧化过程存在易形成金属聚集体、催化剂选择性低以及甲醇收率低(5%)等问题,需要深入系统地研究解决.然而,与非均相氧化过程相比,操作较为简单的甲烷气相均相氧化作为目前最有工业前景的过程受到越来越多关注.在此过程中,影响反应的主要因素有反应器、反应条件(反应压力、反应温度和反应时间等)以及添加的介质等.反应器的特殊设计需要考虑的方面有反应产物的分离与转移、反应热的移除以有效提高甲烷的转化率,比如膜反应器对物质的分离作用.反应压力对反应过程的影响较为复杂.基于动力学因素,提高反应压力可以较大幅度地增加甲醇收率,同时最佳反应温度降低,但是,当压力高于8.0 MPa时,设备成本消耗大幅增加.另外,研究表明,进料中加入 NOx作为添加介质可以提高甲烷转化率和甲醇选择性,同时降低初始反应温度.与前两个氧化体系相比,液相均匀氧化过程能够获得较高的甲烷转化率与甲醇选择性.但是液相体系中强腐蚀性介质的使用增加了设备成本,阻碍了该过程工业化的应用进程.因此,促进液相体系工业化的关键就是开发绿色高效的催化剂.     

甲烷直接氧化制甲醇研究进展概述（英文）

目前,天然气转化为高附加值化工产品的应用越来越受到人们关注.甲烷作为天然气的主要成分,其转化和应用是天然气化工领域的重要研究方向.而甲烷直接氧化制甲醇长久以来一直是研究重点.甲烷直接氧化制甲醇与传统的甲烷二步法间接转化相比,有节能和工艺简化的突出特点.然而,甲醇直接氧化制甲醇过程所面临的主要问题有:(1)甲烷分子的活化能很高,需要苛刻的操作条件才能活化参与反应;(2)反应进行的程度难以控制,生成的甲醇会进一步被氧化生成较多副产物,大大降低甲醇收率.因此,高效活化甲烷分子和抑制甲醇深度氧化是促进该过程工业化的重要研究内容.本文主要论述了非均相、气相均相和液相体系中甲烷直接氧化制甲醇的研究进展.在甲烷非均相氧化过程中,采用过渡金属氧化物作为催化剂在高温条件下催化甲烷部分氧化反应,其中,钼系和铁系催化剂的研究最为广泛.研究表明,MoO_3可作为催化剂的主要活性组分,尤以MoO_3/Ga_2O_3催化剂性能最好,得到甲醇收率最高.在铁系催化剂中,Fe-ZSM-5催化反应的甲醇选择性和收率都相对较高;但是每次反应后催化剂都需要重新活化,这种间歇性操作会增加成本,不利于工业化应用.总之,甲烷的非均相氧化过程存在易形成金属聚集体、催化剂选择性低以及甲醇收率低(5%)等问题,需要深入系统地研究解决.然而,与非均相氧化过程相比,操作较为简单的甲烷气相均相氧化作为目前最有工业前景的过程受到越来越多关注.在此过程中,影响反应的主要因素有反应器、反应条件(反应压力、反应温度和反应时间等)以及添加的介质等.反应器的特殊设计需要考虑的方面有反应产物的分离与转移、反应热的移除以有效提高甲烷的转化率,比如膜反应器对物质的分离作用.反应压力对反应过程的影响较为复杂.基于动力学因素,提高反应压力可以较大幅度地增加甲醇收率,同时最佳反应温度降低,但是,当压力高于8.0MPa时,设备成本消耗大幅增加.另外,研究表明,进料中加入NO_x作为添加介质可以提高甲烷转化率和甲醇选择性,同时降低初始反应温度.与前两个氧化体系相比,液相均匀氧化过程能够获得较高的甲烷转化率与甲醇选择性.但是液相体系中强腐蚀性介质的使用增加了设备成本,阻碍了该过程工业化的应用进程.因此,促进液相体系工业化的关键就是开发绿色高效的催化剂.     

醋酸溶液中Pd(OAc)2-对苯醌-CO催化甲烷选择氧化制甲醇

考察了Pd(OAc)2-对苯醌-CO催化剂体系中甲烷有氧选择氧化制甲醇反应的性能。结果表明,在Pd(OAc)2用量为100μmol时,该催化剂体系中对苯醌和CO的最佳用量分别是1 000μmol和0.4 MPa。在讨论反应温度、反应时间及反应溶剂对甲烷选择氧化影响的基础上,得出在原料气组成为2.5 MPa甲烷+0.4 MPa氧气+0.4 MPa氮气及最佳催化剂用量的条件下,该催化剂体系选择性催化氧化甲烷的适宜工艺条件为反应温度130℃、反应时间3 h、溶剂中CH3COOH与H2O的体积比为4∶1。在此工艺条件下,目标产物甲醇的生成量为1 650μmol。     

环己烷液相亚硝化一步合成己内酰胺

采用正交设计试验法对乙酸锰催化环己烷液相亚硝化一步合成己内酰胺的新反应进行了研究.考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量和反应物配比等因素对环己烷转化率和己内酰胺选择性的影响.结果表明,最佳的合成条件为:在81℃反应36 h,催化剂乙酸锰用量为环己烷质量的2.5%,亚硝基硫酸与发烟硫酸的质量比为1:3.在此优化的条件下,环己烷液相亚硝化反应的转化率为8.12%,目标产物己内酰胺的选择性达10.54%.     

固体酸SO2-4/ZrO2-MoO3催化合成富马酸二甲酯

在固体酸SO2-4/ZrO2-MoO3催化下,由马来酸酐和甲醇催化合成了富马酸二甲酯.探讨了催化剂用量,原料配比,反应时间对产率的影响.最佳反应条件为醇酸摩尔比为61,反应时间3 h,催化剂占反应物总质量的1.5%,产物收率在93%以上.     

固体酸SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2-MoO_3催化合成富马酸二甲酯

在固体酸SO2-4/ZrO2 MoO3催化下,由马来酸酐和甲醇催化合成了富马酸二甲酯.探讨了催化剂用量,原料配比,反应时间对产率的影响.最佳反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比为6∶1,反应时间3h,催化剂占反应物总质量的1.5%,产物收率在93%以上.     

废尼龙66醇解制备己二酸二甲酯

以浓硫酸为催化剂,对尼龙66(PA66)甲醇醇解反应进行了研究。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振技术(1 H NMR)对醇解产物进行了表征,并确认醇解产物为己二酸二甲酯(DMA)和己二胺(HMD)。采用L_9(3~4)正交实验方法,考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量及甲醇用量等因素对醇解反应结果的影响,并获得较佳工艺条件为:PA66和硫酸的摩尔比1∶2;PA66和甲醇的摩尔比1∶20;反应温度为120℃;反应时间为5h。在此工艺条件下,PA66转化率为100%,DMA和HMD的收率分别达到86.04%和88.62%。     

稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3 +催化合成丙酸苄酯

采用浸渍法制备了稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+,并运用IR、XRD和Hammett指示剂法对其进行了表征.以制备的固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO23+为催化剂、丙酸和苯甲醇为原料合成了丙酸苄酯.考察了催化剂的制备条件及合成条件对酯化率的影响,结果显示催化剂最佳制备条件:钛前体氧化物的浸渍液为含0.07 mol·L-1 La3+的硫酸溶液,焙烧时间3 h,焙烧温度500℃.最佳反应条件:醇酸摩尔比为1:2、催化剂用量为苯甲醇用量的9.3%、反应时间3 h、反应温度120℃,酯化率达84.0%以上.用IR、1H-NMR等手段对产品进行了表征.     

Methane Conversion to Methanol in Condensed Phase

The subject of our investigations was the oxidation process of methane to organic oxygenates. The catalytic system proposed by us in which palladium occurs in the form of palladium powder dissolved in oleum has not been described up to now. Methanol was obtained by the transformation of methane into methyl bisulfate. Subsequently, methanol was formed as a result of ester hydrolysis. The reaction temperature was varied in the range of 70–190°C; the time was changed from 1 to 20 h. The reaction products were carbon dioxide, methanol, and traces of formaldehyde. We found that the rate of ester formation depends on the partial pressure of methane, the concentration of free sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid, and the concentration of ester itself in the reaction mixture. An equation for the rate of formation of the methyl bisulfate was proposed. The rate constants were determined by Marquardt's method.     

High yield conversion of methane to methyl bisulfate catalyzed by iodine cations

Iodine in 2% oleum is an efficient catalyst for the selective, high yield oxidation of methane to methyl bisulfate.     

低浓度煤层气在发烟硫酸中液相部分氧化的催化剂研究

在发烟硫酸溶液中,对低浓度煤层气液相部分氧化的催化剂进行了筛选,考察了硫酸盐化合物系列、过渡金属化合物系列、碘化合物系列对低浓度煤层气液相部分氧化的催化活性,对筛选出的碘催化剂进行了催化剂加入量的考察,并对碘催化剂的催化机理进行了讨论。结果表明,碘单质的催化效果最好,低浓度煤层气中甲烷转化率可达79.69%,甲烷选择性可达83.74%。在对碘催化剂加入量的考察中发现,随着碘催化剂加入量的增加,低浓度煤层气的转化率先增加,达到最大值以后,再逐渐减小。根据甲烷在发烟硫酸溶液中液相部分氧化的反应机理,提出低浓度煤层气在发烟硫酸溶液中液相部分氧化的反应机理属于亲电反应机理。     

Methane esterification in oleum

The reactions taking place during methane esterification in oleum were investigated. It was found that the primary products were methyl bisulphate and formaldehyde, which was subsequently oxidized to carbon dioxide. The catalyst, Pd or PtCl₄, was needed to activate methane and for its oxidation to the primary products. The formation of CO₂ was not a catalytic process. It was found that the addition of either carbon dioxide or ester into the reaction mixture did not slow down the reactions. Methane oxidation in oleum is an irreversible process, during which water is produced and subsequently consumed to give sulphuric acid by the reaction with sulphur trioxide. Presented at the 33rd International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 22–26 May 2006.     

大麻籽油合成生物柴油

大麻籽油;甲醇;甲酯化;生物柴油;酯交换     

苯胺与氨基甲酸甲酯合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯反应研究

以无水氯化锌为催化剂,考察了温度、时间、催化剂含量及原料配比等条件对合成反应的影响,确定了最优化反应条件,并初步探讨了反应机理.最佳反应条件下MPC收率可达89.90%,选择性为99.76%.     

Preparation of alkaline polymer catalyst by radiation induced grafting for transesterification of triacetin under neural network optimized conditions

A simple and flexible method was used to develop new alkaline polymer catalyst through radiation induced grafting of glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) onto polyethylene/polypropylene (PE/PP) nonwoven sheet followed by amination reaction and alkalisation. The chemical structure and morphology of catalyst was evaluated by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The catalyst was examined for the transesterification of triacetin/methanol mixtures in a batch mode and the obtained methyl ester was detected by GC-MS. In order to optimize the reaction parameters towards getting the higher yield, an artificial neural network (ANN) was used to develop a non-linear model correlating the four independent reaction parameters including catalyst dosage, triacetin/methanol molar ratio, reaction time and temperature. The maximum conversion obtained via the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was 86.2% at the optimal conditions of 5.01 wt% catalyst dosage, triacetin/methanol 1:12 molar ratio, 8 h reaction time and 62.8°C temperature. Upon using these optimal conditions in the experimental reaction, the conversion of as high as 85% was achieved. These results suggest that the simply modified low cost PE/PP fibrous sheet has a potential to catalyze biodiesel production. Moreover, the combined ANN-SA modelling method is highly effective in predicting the conversion of transesterification reaction and optimizing its parameters.     

A catalyst-free protocol for direct oxidative esterification of alcohols and aldehydes

A fast, simple, and efficient protocol for the direct conversion of alcohols and aldehydes to methyl ester has been developed using TsNBr₂ without any catalyst. The one pot reaction proceeds in the presence of a base at room temperature in methanol, to produce the corresponding methyl ester in high yield within a short time.     

Improved light olefin yield from methyl bromide coupling over modified SAPO-34 molecular sieves

As an alternative to the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas followed by methanol synthesis and the subsequent generation of olefins, we have studied the production of light olefins (ethylene and propylene) from the reaction of methyl bromide over various modified microporous silico-aluminophosphate molecular-sieve catalysts with an emphasis on SAPO-34. Some comparisons of methyl halides and methanol as reaction intermediates in their conversion to olefins are presented. Increasing the ratio of Si/Al and incorporation of Co into the catalyst framework improved the methyl bromide yield of light olefins over that obtained using standard SAPO-34.     

Methanolysis of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) catalyzed by ionic liquids

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was depolymerized by methanol in the presence of a novel catalyst: ionic liquids. It was found that the purification method of the main products in the methanolysis catalyzed by ionic liquids was simpler than that of traditional compounds, such as sulfuric acid. Qualitative analysis indicated that the main product in the methanolysis process was methyl lactate. The influences of experimental parameters, such as the amount of ionic liquids, methanolysis time, reaction temperature, and dosages of methanol on the conversion of PLA, yield of methyl lactate were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, using ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Bmim][Ac]) as catalyst, results showed that the ionic liquid could be reused up to 6 times without apparent decrease in the conversion of PLA and yield of methyl lactate. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated. The results indicated that the methanolysis of PLA was a first-order kinetic reaction with activation energy of 38.29 kJ/mol. In addition, a possible catalysis mechanism of the methanolysis of PLA was proposed.