基于近红外光谱技术与优化光谱预处理的陈皮产地鉴别研究

采集不同产地陈皮内侧和外侧的近红外光谱,采用不同光谱预处理方法进行预处理,筛选得到最佳光谱预处理方法,结合主成分分析法建立了陈皮产地的鉴别模型。实验发现,陈皮原始光谱中存在明显的基线漂移与背景干扰。使用单一光谱预处理可在一定程度上消除干扰的影响。经标准正态变量变换、多元散射校正、一阶导数、二阶导数与连续小波变换预处理后,陈皮内侧光谱数据可获得最优的鉴别结果,鉴别准确率为91.67%;通过最大最小归一化预处理后,陈皮外侧光谱数据可获得最优鉴别结果,鉴别准确率为70.83%;在2种预处理组合的鉴别结果中,有9个组合方式结合陈皮外侧光谱数据实现了对陈皮产地的100%鉴别分析,对于陈皮内侧光谱数据的最佳预处理组合为去趋势校正+最大最小归一化,鉴别准确率为95.83%;而3个预处理组合的鉴别准确率较2个预处理的结果低,表明采用预处理种类过多时可能会扣除有用信息。结果表明:近红外光谱技术结合光谱预处理可以实现不同产地陈皮的无损鉴别分析,其中陈皮外侧光谱数据结合优化光谱预处理方法可实现陈皮产地的100%鉴别分析。     

GC-MS和HELP法分析药对陈皮-青皮与其单味药挥发油成分

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取药对陈皮-青皮与其单味药的挥发油成分,利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)和化学计量学多元分辨方法—直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP),同时结合程序升温保留指数(PTRI)进行挥发油成分定性定量分析.分别在陈皮、青皮和药对陈皮-青皮的挥发油中鉴定出27、27和23个成分,定性组分含量分别占三者挥发油总含量的93.64％、96.45％和85.28％,共有化合物19种;主要化学成分为D-柠檬烯、γ-萜品烯、芳樟醇和α-法呢烯.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定陈皮中砷和汞

采用微波消解法消解陈皮样品,利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定陈皮中砷和汞.研究并优化了硼氢化钾的用量、消解介质的酸度、共存离子的干扰和消除等试验条件.荧光强度与砷及汞的质量浓度在20.0μg·L-1及2.00 μg·L-1以内呈线性关系,方法的检出限为0.084μg·L-1(砷)和0.022 μg·L-1(汞).应用此法分析了6个陈皮试样,测定值的相对标准偏差均小于7.0%,以标准加入法做回收率试验,平均回收率分别为93.6%(砷)和90.7%(汞).     

陈皮中挥发性成分的超声雾化顶空单滴微萃取

陈皮为常用传统中药之一,为芸香科植物橘(Citrus reliculata Blanco)及其栽培变种的干燥成熟果皮,具有理气健脾,燥湿化痰作用~([1]).陈皮挥发油成分主要产生其药理作用,挥发油的主要成分具有抗氧化性,可做为功能性因子加入到食品中,制成具有抗自由基的功能性食品.     

超高效液相色谱法快速测定陈皮及其提取物中4种黄酮类化合物的含量北大核心CSCD

陈皮为芸香科植物橘及其栽培变种的干燥成熟果皮[1],具有理气健脾、燥湿化痰等功效,在许多中药复方制剂中均有添加。陈皮的活性成分主要为黄酮类化合物,包括橙皮苷、芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷以及多甲氧基黄酮(如川陈皮素和红橘素等)[2-5]。     

基于UPLC-Q-TOF MS技术的陈皮陈化年份鉴别方法研究

建立了一种陈皮陈化年份的鉴定方法。利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆串联飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)对陈皮的主要化学成分进行鉴定,研究了不同陈化年份陈皮样品中化学成分的变化规律,结合统计分析方法发现了6个同分异构体在陈皮陈化过程中的相互转化规律。结果表明,6个分子式为C₂₀H₂₂O₇的五甲氧基黄烷酮同分异构体中,前3个化合物含量随年份的增加而降低,后3个化合物含量随年份的增加而升高,其比值与陈化年份具有显著的线性关系。利用该6个特征性成分的转化因子(S),建立了陈皮陈化年份计算模型,相关系数(r²)为0.90。训练集样品的年份预测误差均不大于2年。盲样测试结果中90.0%样品的年份预测误差不大于2年。该方法准确可靠,为陈皮陈化年份的鉴定提供了科学依据。     

陈皮中农药残留分析及风险评估研究

通过分析中药陈皮的农药残留问题开展风险评估研究。采用气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)和高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)对198批陈皮中的117种农药进行检测;采用点评估方式计算陈皮中农药残留的急性和慢性摄入风险;采用英国兽药残留委员会提出的兽药残留风险排序矩阵计算各农药的风险得分;采用危害指数(HI)法计算有机磷农药的慢性累积风险。198批陈皮中共检出30种农药(含13种禁用农药),总检出率为98.5%,农药检出量为0.001~11.7 mg/kg。检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)为0.003%~3.142%,急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)为0.022%~26.667%,风险均远低于100%,表明陈皮中农药的膳食暴露风险处于较低水平。6种有机磷农药的慢性累积暴露危害指数为0.942,略小于1,表明风险虽可控但需要关注。风险排序结果表明,陈皮中有16种为中高风险农药,应在生产和安全监管中重点关注。     

基于矿物元素指纹图谱鉴定陈皮产地的方法研究

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了新会、广西、湖南3地42批陈皮样品中51种矿物元素的含量,运用方差分析和偏最小二乘法-判别分析（PLS-DA）研究了不同产地陈皮中矿物元素的差别,以筛选得到的9种元素为溯源指标,将不同数量级矿物元素含量进行分类和系数缩放后,构建了陈皮中矿物元素的指纹图谱,并基于各产地矿物元素含量的平均值构建了新会、广西、湖南产地陈皮中矿物元素的标准指纹图谱。通过采用SPSS20.0计算18批新会陈皮矿物元素指纹图谱与其标准指纹图谱的相似度,确定新会陈皮矿物元素指纹图谱的相似度阈值为0.941,基于此阈值建立了新会陈皮的鉴别模型。采用24批样品对所建立的鉴别模型进行准确性验证,正确率为91.6%。该方法操作简单直观,满足实验分析要求,可为陈皮的产地溯源提供参考。     

碘酸钾存在下极谱催化波法测定陈皮甙

基于陈皮甙在ＫＩＯ３存在下产生的极谱催化波，拟定了测定陈皮甙的新方法。在 ０．５５ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＨＡｃ－０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ　ＮａＡｃ（ｐＨ ４．００±０．０５）－１．０×１０～（－３）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＩＯ３缓冲溶液中，陈皮甙催化波的峰电位为－１．３５ Ｖ（ｖｓ，ＳＣＥ），它的一阶导数峰峰电流与陈皮甙浓度在２．６ × １０～（－７）～２．６ × １０～（－６）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内呈线性关系（ｒ＝０．９９７０，ｎ＝６）。本方法比现有的电化学方法灵敏度高一个数量级。可用于直接测定中草药贯众水提液中陈皮甙含量。     

陈皮中微量铜的分光光度法测定

采用混合酸V(HNO3) V(HClO4)=5 1对新鲜蕉柑的陈皮和果肉样品进行湿法消化处理,并用分光光度法测定了陈皮和果肉中铜的含量。该法的回收率为96.9%~100.8%,相对标准偏差在0.28%~3.94%之间,方法简便、快速、准确。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.