溴酸钾氧化中性红动力学光度法测定甲醛

在一定温度和酸性介质条件下,甲醛对溴酸钾氧化中性红的反应具有显著的催化作用,据此建立了测定甲醛的新动力学光度分析法。方法的线性范围为0．10～1．10μg／mL,检出限为0．063μg／mL,对于0．40μg/mL甲醛11次测定的相对标准偏差是1.77％。本法应用于水样及漆料中甲醛的测定,结果满意。     

检测痕量纳米金的纳米催化光度法

在EDTA—NaOH介质中,金纳米微粒对盐酸联氨还原硫酸铜生成铜微粒这一慢反应具有较强的催化作用．铜微粒在750nm处产生一个吸收峰．随着纳米金浓度的增大,750nm处的吸光强度线性增大．对于粒径为10、30、50nm的纳米金,其线性范围、回归方程、检出限分别为0．12～1．68、0．36～2．80、1．00～5．00nmol／L,△A750nm=0．3205CAu＋0．0076、△A750nm=0．2201CAu＋0．0056、△A750nm=0．1150CAu＋0．0066,0．05、0．20、0．50nmol／L Au．分别对0．50、1．00nmol／L纳米金（d=10nm）平行测定10次,求得其相对标准偏差分别为4．2％、3．5％．     

MBTH法测定织物中的微量甲醛

研究了MBTH法测定织物中微量甲醛的原理及条件．甲醛与MBTH反应形成嗪，嗪与MBTH的氧化产物反应生成青蓝色化合物，该青蓝色化合物在635nm处有最大吸收，在最佳条件下甲醛的检出限为0．00l8μg／mL.利用此法测定织物中甲醛的含量，相对标准偏差为0％-2.5％，回收率为96％-105％，结果满意．     

气相色谱法测定胶粘剂中的游离甲醛

采用超声波萃取胶粘剂中游离甲醛,经2,4-二硝基苯肼衍生后用气相色谱一电子捕获检测器法测定．对提取方法、衍生化条件及色谱条件进行了研究,确定了甲醛检测的最佳条件．研究数据显示,该方法对甲醛的检出限为0．175μLg／g,在0．1～60．0μg／mL浓度范围内,线性相关系数R^2=0．9999;在1、2和8μg／mL3个添加水平下的添加回收率在98．97％-102．24％之间,5个实验室对同一样品中甲醛含量测定值的相对标准偏差为4．0％．结果表明本方法简便、快速、检测限低、回收率高、重现性好．     

蒸馏分离-分光光度法测定枸杞子中的微量锗

利用盐酸与锗元素反应生成易挥发的四氯化锗，以蒸馏方法将四氯化锗分离出来，然后在1～1．5mol／L盐酸溶液中，用显色剂苯芴酮与四氯化锗进行显色反应生成橙红色配合物，在500nm波长处进行分光光度法测定。在0～200μg／(50mL)，线性方程为A=0．1714c．相关系数r=0．9996。该方法的检出限为0．0588μg／mL，测定结果的相对标；位偏差为2．24%～2．30%(n=11)，平均回收率为95．3％～95．4％。     

紫尿酸双波长叠加光度法测定水中微量铁

在碱性介质中,铁（Ⅱ）与紫尿酸发生显色反应形成一种蓝色配阴离子,该配阴离子具有两个吸收峰,分别位于630nm和350nm,吸光度A630,A350之和△A与铁（Ⅱ）的含量在0-2μg／mL范围内线性关系良好,据此建立了测定微量铁的紫尿酸双波长叠加光度法,该法用于水中微量铁的测定,测定结果与火焰原子吸收法（FAAS）相吻合,加标回收率为98％-102％,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1．2％-2．9％（n=5）。     

免疫纳米金催化氯金酸与羟胺反应-共振散射光谱检测痕量青霉素G

小粒径的金和免疫金纳米粒子对氯金酸-盐酸羟胺这一反应具有较强的催化作用,其产物在580 nm处有一共振散射峰。以半抗原青霉素G为模型,用粒径为9 nm的金纳米微粒标记羊抗兔青霉素噻唑蛋白抗体制备了青霉素G的免疫纳米金共振散射光谱探针。在pH5.4的柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液中,青霉素G与金标兔抗青霉素发生特异性结合生成胶体金免疫复合物,离心分离。取适量金标羊抗兔青霉素的上层清液做催化剂,在pH3.36盐酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液－40μg/mL氯金酸－21.6μg/mL的盐酸羟胺条件下,进行催化反应后金纳米粒径增大,在580nm共振散射强度处增强。随着青霉素G浓度c增大,上层清液中免疫金纳米微粒数量降低,I580nm值降低。其降低值△I580nm与c在0.15-225 ng/mL范围内成线性关系,其回归方程为△I580nm=0.28c+5.16,检出限为0. 05 ng/mL。该法用于牛奶中青霉素G的检测,结果较好。     

高锰酸根褪色光度法测定食盐中的微量碘离子

在稀硫酸介质中，碘离子能快速、定量地还原高锰酸根，在加入碘离子前后，高锰酸钾溶液在波长525nm处的吸光度发生显著变化，且吸光度之差ΔA与加入的碘离子的浓度成正比，确定了最佳反应条件，建立了高锰酸根褪色光度法测定食盐中微量碘离子的新方法。方法的线性范围为0-20μg／mL，线性回归方程为ΔA=0．0165c 0．0041，相关系数r=0．9987，检出限为0．17μg／mL。用于食盐中微量碘离子的测定，加标回收率为91．0％～95．0％．相对标准偏差为0．35％～0．75％。     

火焰原子吸收法测定黄芪中的锰

用硝酸-高氯酸混合酸(3 1)消化黄芪，在波长279．5nm处，利用火焰原子吸收法测定黄芪中锰的含量。线性回归方程为A=0．07857c 0．01282，相关系数r=0．9996，线性范围为1．5-4．5μg／mL，检出限为O．0378μg／mL，测定结果的相对标准偏差为1．54％，加标回收率为96．0％-106．5％。     

水发食品中痕量甲醛的测定

为建立催化动力学荧光法测定痕量甲醛的新方法,基于在酸性介质中,甲醛催化KBrO3氧化藏红T的褪色反应,使其荧光猝灭的原理,将反应体系在沸水浴中加热8 min,流水冷却3min,采用动力学荧光法测定痕量甲醛。结果表明,甲醛在0.02~0.14μg/mL范围内与△F值呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为△F=-1.642 8+274.12C(μg/mL),r=0.996 9,检出限为0.011μg/mL。该法简便,快速,常见共存物质干扰小,可用于水发食品及其它食品中甲醛含量的测定,加标回收率为84.63%~94.93%。     

二甲酚橙-溴酸钾体系催化动力学光度法测定微量甲醛

在硫酸介质中,溴酸钾在甲醛的催化作用下能氧化二甲酚橙褪色,其褪色程度与甲醛含量成正比,从而建立了光度法测定微量甲醛的新方法。方法的最大吸收波长为435 nm,在50℃水浴中反应10 min,甲醛含量在0～20μg/mL内呈线性关系。方法应用于废水中微量甲醛的测定,相对标准偏差为4.34%,回收率在91.0%～102.8%之间。     

NaOH浓度对Cu_2O结构及甲醛乙炔化性能的影响

以CuCl_2·2H_2O为铜源,NaOH为沉淀剂,L-抗坏血酸钠为还原剂,采用液相还原法制备了Cu_2O,并将其应用于甲醛乙炔化反应制1,4-丁炔二醇.借助傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和H_2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等手段研究了NaOH浓度对Cu_2O结构、性质及催化性能的影响.结果表明,调变NaOH浓度改变了Cu2O的结晶度与粒径,从而使Cu_2O表现出不同的炔化性能.低NaOH浓度时,Cu_2O结晶度低,粒径小,易被还原为非活性的金属Cu;高浓度时,Cu_2O结晶度过高,粒径大,难以转化为活性物种炔化亚铜,两者均造成催化剂活性较低.而中等浓度的NaOH使Cu_2O具有了适宜的结晶度与粒径大小,Cu_2O可高效转化为炔化亚铜活性物种,表现出最优的炔化性能.     

Cu/S-TiO2光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

分别采用化学镀铜法、化学还原法、浸渍法制备了3种Cu负载的S-TiO2光催化剂,综合利用UV-Vis、XRD、XPS、EXAFS、SEM和FESEM技术对制备的Cu/S-TiO2光催化材料的结构和光电子性能进行了表征.结果表明,化学镀铜法和浸渍法负载的铜物种为Cu2O和CuO,化学还原法制备的铜为Cu和Cu2O.化学镀铜法制备的Cu/S-TiO2光催化剂不仅对可见光具有很强的吸收能力,而且负载的铜物种连续、均匀地分散在S-TiO2表面,这种结构有利于光生电子的捕获、转移和分离.因此,化学镀铜法制备的Cu/S-TiO2在不同可见光波段(λ>420 nm,λ>500 nm)条件下光催化重整甲醇水溶液制氢反应中都表现出最高的催化活性,同时在模拟太阳光条件下以及稳定性实验的测试中也表现出优秀的性质,因此对其催化作用/反应机理进行了探讨.     

Study of the elementary processes involved in the selective oxidation of methane over MoOx/SiO2

Isolated molybdate species supported on silica are reported to have the highest specific activity and selectivity for the direct oxidation of methane to formaldehyde. The present investigation was undertaken to understand the elementary redox processes involved in the formation of formaldehyde over such species. A MoO(x)/SiO(2) catalyst was prepared with a Mo loading of 0.44 Mo/nm(2). On the basis of evidence from extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Raman spectroscopy, the Mo atoms in this catalyst are present as isolated, pentacoordinated molybdate species containing a single Mo=O bond. Isotopic labeling experiments in combination with in-situ Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the reducibility of the dispersed molybdate species and the exchange of O atoms between the gas phase and the catalyst. It was established that treatment of MoO(x)/SiO(2) at 873 K under pure methane reduces the dispersed molybdate species to only a limited extent and results mainly in the deposition of amorphous carbon. During CH(4) oxidation to formaldehyde, the catalyst undergoes only a very small degree of reduction and typically only approximately 50-500 ppm of Mo(VI) is reduced to Mo(IV). Reactions carried out using CH(4) and (18)O(2) show that there is extensive scrambling of O atoms between the species in the gas phase and the catalyst. Additional experiments revealed that H(2)O formed in the reaction is the principal species responsible for the exchange of O atoms between the gas phase and the SiO(2) support. Low concentrations of H(2)O were observed to enhance the activity of MoO(x)/SiO(2) for CH(4) oxidation to formaldehyde. A mechanism for the oxidation of CH(4) over MoO(x)/SiO(2) was formulated in light of the observations made here and is discussed in the light of previous studies. It is proposed that peroxides are produced by the reaction of O(2) with a small concentration of reduced molybdate species and that the reaction of CH(4) with these peroxide species leads to the formation of formaldehyde. The proposed mechanism also accounts for the positive effects of low concentrations of H(2)O on the rate of formaldehyde formation.     

溶剂热合成Cu2O微球及其对高氯酸铵热分解的催化作用

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为添加剂,利用溶剂热法合成了Cu2O微球.考察了PVP用量以及反应温度对产物形貌的影响,并在反应时间为2.5与4.5h时分别合成了直径为100-200nm和1μm的Cu2O微球.同时,利用差热分析(DTA)技术考察了不同直径的Cu2O微球对高氯酸铵(AP)热分解的催化效果,结果表明:添加2%(w)的直径为100-200nm和1μm的Cu2O微球使得AP的高温分解温度分别降低了116和118°C,AP在低温阶段的分解量也明显提高.     

Y_2O_3负载金属Cu在催化甲醛水溶液制氢反应中的Y_2O_3载体效应

采用NaBH_4还原法将纳米金属Cu负载在Y_2O_3上.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和测定氢氧根在Y_2O_3和Cu上的吸附等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明,Y_2O_3表面存在一层薄的Y(OH)3,能优先吸附OH-使其在Y_2O_3表面"富集";金属Cu以纳米粒子形式负载在Y_2O_3上.在碱性甲醛溶液中考察了Y_2O_3负载Cu(Cu/Y_2O_3)的催化性能.结果表明,在低碱度条件下,相对于未负载纳米Cu的Y_2O_3,Cu/Y_2O_3具有较高的产氢活性.当氢氧化钠浓度为0.050 mol/L时,在氮气气氛下Cu/Y_2O_3产氢量约为未负载纳米Cu的7.8倍;而在空气气氛下约为4.3倍.在2种气氛下,Cu/Y_2O_3产氢的最佳氢氧化钠浓度均为0.25 mol/L.这可归结为Y_2O_3表面对OH-的"富集"效应,使其表面产生更多的活性物种CH2(OH)O-(甲二醇负离子).相对于未负载纳米Cu的Y_2O_3,Y_2O_3负载Cu提高了催化剂的稳定性,其原因是Y_2O_3负载阻止了Cu粒子在反应过程的生长.     

Mechanistic information on the copper-catalysed autoxidation of mercaptosuccinic acid in aqueous solution

Copper(II) ions react rapidly with sulfur from thiol groups, forming two distinct, intensely absorbing, short-lived intermediates, which decompose in a subsequent redox reaction to produce reduced copper and disulfides. In this study we report the results of a mechanistic study on the reaction between mercaptosuccinic acid, HO(2)CCH(2)CH(SH)CO(2)H, and Cu(2+)(aq) and [Cu(tren)H(2)O](2+), tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Spectroscopic and kinetic data indicate that in the presence of an excess of thiol, at least two distinct complexes are formed, with very different decomposition rate constants and an absorption maximum at 346 nm. Upon addition of thiol to [Cu(tren)H(2)O](2+)(1:1), a transient with a maximum at 380 nm appears, whereas in an excess of thiol this complex decomposes and again the 346 nm band is observed. The use of [Cu(tren)H(2)O](2+) enables to study the reaction of thiol with copper also in alkaline solution, where the rate of the overall process is slowed down greatly. The reactions were studied in detail, including the effect of dioxygen, and a possible reaction mechanism for the catalysed autoxidation process is proposed and discussed in reference to available literature data.     

Sequential spectrophotometric determination of methanol and iron in vinegar by a flow injection-pervaporation method

An easily automatable sequential flow-injection-pervaporation method is proposed for the photometric determination of methanol and iron in vinegar. The method is based on separation of the methanol from the sample matrix by pervaporation followed by its oxidation to formaldehyde with permanganate, decolouration of the latter with S(2)O(5)(2-), and subsequent reaction of formaldehyde with p-rosaniline to yield a violet reaction product with maximum absorption at 567 nm. Iron is determined by an existing method based on reaction with thiocyanate in acidic medium and monitoring at 508 nm. After optimisation by either the univariate or multivariate approaches, as required, the linear range was established for methanol (4-1000 mg L(-1)) and iron (0.18-20 mg L(-1)). The proposed method was then compared with reference methods for methanol and iron in terms of repeatability (2.452 mg L(-1) and 0.245 mg L(-1), respectively), reproducibility (4.435 mg L(-1) and 0.356 mg L(-1), respectively), detection limit (LOD=82 and 0.234 mg L(-1), respectively), and traceability. The throughput was nine samples per hour.     

紫外分光光度法测定乙二醇中的钛含量

乙二醇中的钛加入浓硫酸后,在酸性介质中与过氧化氢(H2O2)发生配合显色反应,配合物的最大吸收峰位于410 nm处.对影响配合显色光度法测定钛含量的因素进行了考察,建立了乙二醇中的钛含量的测定方法,获得了满意的结果.该方法是一种简便、迅速、可靠的钛含量分析方法.     

有机添加物对Cu-Co-Fe合成醇催化剂的修饰作用

 采用并流共沉淀法制备了Cu-Co-Fe合成醇催化剂,通过改变有机添加物,对Cu-Co-Fe催化剂前驱物的结构和表面状态进行修饰和改性,考察了不同有机添加物对催化剂结构的影响规律. 不同添加物可以修饰调节催化剂的晶粒大小、比表面积和孔径分布. 加入草酸或丙烯酰胺,可使CuO(111)和Co3O4(110)晶粒度增大,比表面积减小,孔径较大的过渡孔分数增大. 柠檬酸为添加物时,催化剂中CuO和Co3O4晶粒度较小,比表面积较大,孔径主要分布在小于10 nm的细孔区.