钯原子修饰的金纳米颗粒乙醇氧化电催化剂

钯催化剂对碱性溶液的乙醇电催化氧化反应表现较好的催化活性. 本文通过简单的化学沉积法,将钯原子成功修饰到金纳米颗粒表面,制备的催化剂对乙醇电催化氧化反应表现出比钯更好的催化性能. 研究发现,钯原子不均匀地覆盖在金核表面,部分金原子暴露在外层. 制备的催化剂的峰电流密度是钯催化剂的4.6 倍,起始电势低100 mV. 该催化剂较好的催化性能可能归因于金核的电子效应和表面双功能电催化反应机制.     

无碱条件下Au/ZnO选择性催化氧化1,3-丙二醇合成3-羟基丙酸甲酯

采用溶胶-沉积法合成了高选择性的Au/ZnO催化剂,用于1,3-丙二醇选择性氧化酯化为3-羟基丙酸甲酯的反应.研究了保护剂PVA用量、金溶胶合成温度、金负载量及催化剂循环利用对反应的影响,且优化了反应温度和反应压力,并对催化剂进行了XRD和TEM表征.结果表明,PVA∶Au(m/m)=1∶4、金溶胶合成温度25℃、金负载量1%的Au/ZnO对目标反应的催化活性最好,在100℃和Po2=2MPa的条件下1,3-丙二醇的转化率达82.8%,产物3-羟基丙酸甲酯的选择性达95.4%.Au纳米粒子的粒径影响催化性能,在Au平均粒径为2.8~6.1nm的范围内,产物选择性随Au纳米粒子的粒径的减小而增大,平均粒径在2.8~4.8nm的范围内时,催化剂具有较好的产物选择性(大于90%);Au/ZnO催化剂循环利用4次后催化性能(转化率和选择性)无明显下降;并推测了无碱条件下Au/ZnO选择性催化氧化1,3-丙二醇合成3-羟基丙酸甲酯的反应机制.     

铜离子配位甲烷氧化菌素功能化纳米金模拟过氧化物酶的研究

合成了纳米金-甲烷氧化菌素(Mb)-铜配合物,该配合物可以作为模拟过氧化物酶用于催化过氧化氢氧化对苯二酚的反应.通过紫外光谱、荧光光谱、红外光谱对纳米金-甲烷氧化菌素(Mb)-铜进行了表征.利用紫外-可见分光光度法研究了配合物催化过氧化氢氧化对苯二酚的动力学.考察了体系p H、体系温度及过氧化氢/催化剂摩尔比对催化反应速率的影响.结果表明纳米金-甲烷氧化菌素(Mb)-铜配合物符合生物催化剂条件影响的一般规律,但比生物酶具有更高的热稳定性.     

树枝状聚酰胺胺负载TEMPO的合成及其催化分子氧氧化醇的性能

以乙二胺和丙烯酸甲酯为原料,经过重复Michael和酯氨解反应,制备出二代(2.0 G)树枝状聚酰胺胺(PAMAM).PAMAM与2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶酮氮氧自由基经缩合、还原将PAMAM与2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(TEMPO)键连,得到PAMAM负载的TEMPO(PAMAM-TEMPO).采用1H NMR、13C NMR以及FT-IR等手段对中间体及最终产物进行了表征.将PAMAM-TEMPO与CuBr2以及2,2-联吡啶结合构成催化体系,用于分子氧为氧化剂的醇的选择性氧化反应,结果表明该体系对苄基以及烯丙基伯醇的氧化显示出良好的催化活性和选择性.结果还证明,TEMPO的负载使氧化产物醛很容易与催化体系分离,而且催化剂可以循环使用.     

甲烷氧化偶联纳米SrTiO3催化剂的原位ESR和TPSR表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米钙钛矿型复合氧化物SrTiO3催化剂,并用X射线粉末衍射、透射电子显微镜、原位电子自旋共振和程序升温表面反应等技术对催化剂进行了表征,测定了催化剂对甲烷氧化偶联(OCM)反应的催化性能.结果表明,与相同组成的常规SrTiO3催化剂相比,纳米SrTiO3催化剂具有较好的低温(～650℃)催化性能.通过增大Sr/Ti比可进一步优化纳米SrTiO3的催化性能.纳米SrTiO3催化剂表面的吸附氧物种和F中心均具有活化及催化甲烷分子生成C2烃产物的活性,但吸附氧物种易使OCM反应中间体和产物深度氧化,而F中心具有低温活化甲烷分子及高选择性生成C2烃产物的特性.纳米氧化物粒子因表面原子配位不饱和(配位数低),其表面存在较多的F中心。     

金催化剂上乙二醛氧气氧化合成乙醛酸的研究

利用沉积-沉淀法和溶液相还原法制备了系列金催化剂,以氧气氧化乙二醛合成乙醛酸为探针反应,进行了反应条件的优化,并通过对催化剂进行XRD、AAS、UV-Vis和XPS表征,分析了影响催化剂活性的因素.结果显示:与沉积-沉淀法相比,采用溶液相还原法制备的催化剂Au/ZrO2(L),金的实际负载量较高,表现出较高的催化活性,当溶液pH为7.7,反应温度为323 K时,乙醛酸收率达到6.2%.     

分子印迹聚合物负载纳米金催化剂的制备及其底物识别性能

以4-硝基苯甲醇与氯金酸的络合物为模板,利用聚合物空腔内胺基捕获NaBH4还原的纳米粒子,设计和制备了一种具有底物识别性能的分子印迹聚合物负载纳米Au催化剂(Au/MIP).运用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和扫描电镜等方法对催化剂进行了表征.同时以水为溶剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,考察了催化剂在取代苯甲醇氧化反应中的催化性能.结...     

金-硅胶催化剂的一步合成及其催化苯乙烯环氧化性能的研究

环氧苯乙烷具有重要的经济价值,现有的工业生产技术存在能耗高及环境污染大等诸多问题,使得环境友好的苯乙烯环氧化生产工艺的开发具有重要意义.采用一步合成法制备了系列金-硅胶纳米球催化剂,实现了纳米金的高度分散(粒径6.4 nm),对苯乙烯环氧化反应表现出较好的催化活性及产物选择性.通过X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱及X射线光电子能谱等表征技术,结合苯乙烯环氧化反应性能的考察,对金-硅胶催化剂的制备条件进行了优化.     

β-环糊精负载四甲基哌啶氮氧化物的合成及其在分子氧氧化醇反应中的催化性能

以乙烯基二胺为连接臂将四甲基哌啶氮氧化物(TEMPO)负载于β-环糊精(β-CD)上,得到负载型催化剂β-CD-TEMPO.采用~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR以及FT-IR等手段对β-CD-TEMPO进行了表征.将β-CD-TEMPO、CuBr_2以及K_2CO_3结合构成催化体系,用于分子氧为氧化剂的醇的选择性氧化反应,结果表明该体系对苄基以及烯丙基伯醇的氧化显示出良好的催化活性和选择性.在负载催化剂中,乙烯基二胺既作为连接臂又作为配体与铜离子配位,使氧化反应顺利进行.负载型催化剂β-CD-TEMPO与产物容易分离,能够循环使用.     

铁的化学形态对Au/Fe-O催化剂甲醛催化氧化性能的影响

采用溶胶沉积法、共沉淀法制备了负载型Au/Fe-O催化剂,运用X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱(ICP-AES),比表面和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对其进行了表征,考察了Au/Fe-O催化剂对甲醛的催化氧化活性.金负载量相同的条件下,溶胶沉积法制备的样品甲醛催化氧化活性好于共沉淀法制备的样品.实验结果表明:六面体的FeOOH载体担载了较多活性组分纳米金,是影响甲醛催化氧化活性的主要原因.     

Aerobic oxidation of alcohol in aqueous solution catalyzed by gold

The heterogeneous oxidation catalyzed by supported gold nanoparticles has been relatively well studied. In comparison, the oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by ligand-supported gold complexes was rarely reported. Herein a general method is demonstrated to oxidize secondary and primary benzyl and allylic alcohols to carbonyl compounds via Au(I) catalyzed reaction in air and water. Primary mechanistic studies indicated that the catalytic pathway is different from those catalyzed by solid-supported gold nanoparticles.     

Gold nanoparticles supported on ionic liquid‐modified cellulose as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes/ketones and reduction of nitroarenes

A novel catalyst of gold nanoparticles supported on cellulose fibres with the ionic liquid framework (Au NPs@CL‐IL) has been shown to be a highly active and recyclable catalyst for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols and reduction of nitroarenes in aqueous media. The reusability of this catalyst is high, and it can be reused ten times without a significant decrease in its catalytic activity. Furthermore, transmission electron micrographs of the recovered catalyst show the presence of well‐distributed Au NPs on the CL‐IL fibres without any aggregation.     

Water‐ and Organo‐Dispersible Gold Nanoparticles Supported by Using Ammonium Salts of Hyperbranched Polystyrene: Preparation and Catalysis

Gold nanoparticles (1 nm in size) stabilized by ammonium salts of hyperbranched polystyrene are prepared. Selection of the R groups provides access to both water‐ and organo‐dispersible gold nanoparticles. The resulting gold nanoparticles are subjected to studies on catalysis in solution, which include reduction of 4‐nitrophenol with sodium borohydride, aerobic oxidation of alcohols, and homocoupling of phenylboronic acid. In the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol, the catalytic activity is clearly dependent on the size of the gold nanoparticles. For the aerobic oxidation of alcohols, two types of biphasic oxidation are achieved: one is the catalyst dispersing in the aqueous phase, whereas the other is in the organic phase. The catalysts are reusable more than four times without loss of the catalytic activity. Selective synthesis of biphenyl is achieved by the homocoupling of phenylboronic acid catalyzed by organo‐dispersible gold nanoparticles.     

Synthesis and characterization of a Ni nanoparticle stabilized on Ionic liquid‐functionalized magnetic Silica nanoparticles for tandem oxidative reaction of primary alcohols

In this research, preparation of the magnetic nanoparticle, coating by a silica shell using (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and synthesis of a novel sulfonic acid‐substituted imidazolium‐based ionic liquid onto the surface of these particles via a multi‐component reaction, is described. The functionalized nanoparticles was loaded by Ni nanoparticles and characterized by means of techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, TGA and ICP‐OES. The nanostructures have spherical shapes that ranged in size from 80 to 100 nm. The catalytic activity of these nanoparticles was tested in aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols that showed good performance in the wide range of primary alcohols in water at mild reaction conditions. As a second step of this work, the tandem oxidative synthesis of alkylacrylonitriles and bisindolylmethanes were investigated using primary alcohols under oxidation conditions. This catalyst system can be recovered using external magnet and reused for five consecutive cycles without significantly less of its activity.     

Gold nanoparticles incarcerated in nanoporous syndiotactic polystyrene matrices as new and efficient catalysts for alcohol oxidations

The controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), incarcerated in a semicrystalline nanoporous polymer matrix that consisted of a syndiotactic polystyrene-co-cis-1,4-polybutadiene multi-block copolymer is described. This catalyst was successfully tested in the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, in which we used dioxygen as the oxidant under mild conditions. Accordingly, (±)-1-phenylethanol was oxidised to acetophenone in high yields (96%) in 1 h, at 35 °C, whereas benzyl alcohol was quantitatively oxidised to benzaldehyde with a selectivity of 96% in 6 h. The specific rate constants calculated from the corresponding kinetic plots were among the highest found for polymer-incarcerated AuNPs. Similar values in terms of reactivity and selectivity were found in the oxidation of primary alcohols, such as cinnamyl alcohol and 2-thiophenemethanol, and secondary alcohols, such as indanol and α-tetralol. The remarkable catalytic properties of this system were attributed to the formation, under these reaction conditions, of the nanoporous ε crystalline form of syndiotactic polystyrene, which ensures facile and selective accessibility for the substrates to the gold catalyst incarcerated in the polymer matrix. Moreover, the polymeric crystalline domains produced reversible physical cross-links that resulted in reduced gold leaching and also allowed the recovery and reuse of the catalyst. A comparison of catalytic performance between AuNPs and annealed AuNPs suggested that multiple twinned defective nanoparticles of about 9 nm in diameter constituted the active catalyst in these oxidation reactions.     

Metal–Support Cooperative Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Molecular Transformations

Metal–support cooperative catalysts have been developed for sustainable and environmentally benign molecular transformations. The active metal centers and supports in these catalysts could cooperatively activate substrates, resulting in high catalytic performance for liquid‐phase reactions under mild conditions. These catalysts involved hydrotalcite‐supported gold and silver nanoparticles with high catalytic activity for organic reactions such as aerobic oxidation, oxidative carbonylation, and chemoselective reduction of epoxides to alkenes and nitrostyrenes to aminostyrenes using alcohols and CO/H₂O as reducing reagents. This high catalytic performance was due to cooperative catalysis between the metal nanoparticles and basic sites of the hydrotalcite support. To increase the metal–support cooperative effect, core–shell nanostructured catalysts consisting of gold or silver nanoparticles in the core and ceria supports in the shell were designed. These core–shell nanocomposite catalysts were effective for the chemoselective hydrogenation of nitrostyrenes to aminostyrenes, unsaturated aldehydes to allyl alcohols, and alkynes to alkenes using H₂ as a clean reductant. In addition, these solid catalysts could be recovered easily from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, and were reusable with high catalytic activity.     

Synthesis of pyridinecarboxaldimine grafted to magnetic nanoparticles (Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>@SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>) and its application in the aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols catalyzed by CuBr<Subscript>2</Subscript>/TEMPO

A pyridinecarboxaldimine grafted to silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles was prepared. The structure and magnetic properties of the functionalized magnetic silica nanoparticles were identified by TEM, FT-IR, XRD, elemental analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The supported pyridinecarboxaldimine as chelating ligand in combination with CuBr₂ and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperadoxyl (TEMPO) exhibited efficient catalytic performance in the aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. The functionalized magnetic silica nanoparticles could be easily recovered using an external magnetic field and reused for at least 6 times with low reduction in its performance in the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.     

Direct Amidation from Alcohols and Amines through a Tandem Oxidation Process Catalyzed by Heterogeneous‐Polymer‐Incarcerated Gold Nanoparticles under Aerobic Conditions

We describe herein a highly elegant and suitable synthesis of amide products from alcohols and amines through a tandem oxidation process that uses molecular oxygen as a terminal oxidant. Carbon‐black‐stabilized polymer‐incarcerated gold (PICB‐Au) or gold/cobalt (PICB‐Au/Co) nanoparticles were employed as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst depending on alcohol reactivity and generated only water as the major co‐product of the reaction. A wide scope of substrate applicability was shown with 42 examples. The catalysts could be recovered and reused without loss of activity by using a simple operation.     

Cu(II) Schiff base complex supported on Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an efficient nanocatalyst for the selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols

Herein, we have prepared a new Cu(II) Schiff base complex supported onto the surface of modified Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as highly stable, heterogeneous and magnetically recyclable nanocatalyst for the selective aerobic oxidation of different alcohols. The structure, morphology, chemical composition and magnetic property of the nanocatalyst and its precursors were characterized using FT‐IR, TGA, AAS, ICP‐AES, XRD, SEM, EDS, VSM and N₂ adsorption–desorption analyses. Characterization results exhibited the uniform spherical morphology for nanocatalyst and its precursors. A promising eco‐friendly method with short reaction time and high conversion and selectivity for oxidation of various primary and secondary alcohols under O₂ atmosphere condition was achieved. The synthesized nanocatalyst could be recovered easily by applying an external magnetic field and reused for least eight subsequent reaction cycles with only negligible deterioration in catalytic performance.     

One-pot synthesis of amides by aerobic oxidative coupling of alcohols or aldehydes with amines using supported gold and base as catalysts

Synthesis of amides by aerobic oxidative coupling of alcohols or aldehydes with amines via intermediate formation of methyl esters is highly efficient and selective when using a catalytic system comprised of supported gold nanoparticles and added base in methanol.