直线式基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱仪的研制与性能表征

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOF MS)是一种能够对蛋白质、多肽、核酸等生物大分子进行定性分析的质谱仪器,近年来在微生物快速鉴定领域引起了广泛关注。本研究结合应用需求研制了一台直线式MALDI-TOF MS仪器。仪器主要由真空系统、快速进样系统、光学系统、离子源、飞行时间质量分析器、数据采集系统及电控系统组成。离子源采用双场加速、延迟引出及动态脉冲聚焦技术,整个离子的无场飞行距离为1 m。光学系统采用长寿命的固体激光器,可实现频率1~2000 Hz、聚焦光斑20~100 μm连续可调,能量0~80 μJ连续可调。激光引入光路与离子飞行轴线的角度控制在5°内,有效提高了仪器的灵敏度和分辨率。对仪器进行性能测试表明,可检测的质量数超过199 kDa,在1000~3000 Da范围内可达到同位素分辨,在5000~17000 Da范围内分辨率可达900(FWHM),实现了宽质量范围内的良好分辨率。灵敏度测试表明,仪器对短杆菌肽的最低检测浓度为10 amol/μL,绝对灵敏度可达2.56 amol。不同靶点的唾液样品独立检测结果表明,仪器具有较高的结果重现性。此外,对两种遗传特性相似的大肠埃希氏菌和志贺菌进行检测的结果表明,此仪器能够对这两种特征相似的细菌成功检测和鉴定,具有临床微生物鉴定的潜力。     

用于与全二维气相色谱联用的高通量飞行时间质谱仪的研制

研制了可与全二维气相色谱联用的高通量飞行时间质谱仪,并进行了性能水平测试。设计采用新型高灵敏度电子轰击源及具有垂直引入、双推斥脉冲、二级反射式结构的飞行时间质量分析器,结合高于20 kHz的推斥频率,可获得质量范围1~1000 amu,质量分辨>1000(m/z 219,ADC采集卡),检出限低于1 pg,线性动态范围超过4个数量级,同时最快可达400谱/s的高采集速度,完全满足全二维气相色谱与飞行时间质谱联用的检测要求。与一款完全国产化的全二维气相色谱仪联用,实现对石油、香精、环境等多个领域复杂样品的分析,获得令人满意的检测结果,显示了此质谱仪器与全二维气相色谱联用的适用性及其在复杂样品体系全组分分析中的应用潜力。     

台式大气压离子源飞行时间质谱仪的研制及性能表征

自制了一款台式大气压离子源飞行时间质谱仪。该仪器采用垂直引入式结构,主要由离子源、大气压接口、离子传输装置及质量分析器组成,其中分析器长度为550 mm。以电喷雾离子源对仪器性能进行表征:仪器在m/z 38.96、132.91、609.28、1 009.58处获得的分辨率分别为4 200、4 900、6 000、7 500;可明显测到甲醇的[CH3OH+H]+峰(m/z 33)和PEG1500的[HO(CH2CH2O)39H+Na]+峰(m/z 1 758);绘制了利血平离子在质荷比609处的峰面积与样品浓度间的标准曲线,其动态线性范围为1~200 pg/μL;信噪比为3时,方法的检出限为1 pg/μL。大气压接口的分子离子反应装置通过碰撞诱导解离效应获得了样品的碎片离子,可用于样品的分子结构分析。该仪器能与多种常压电离技术联用,有望用于药品、环境、食品等领域。     

小型高分辨电子轰击离子源反射式飞行时间质谱仪的研制

常用的气体分析质谱仪使用四极杆质谱作为分析器,分辨率一般低于300,无法解决同质量数离子带来的干扰问题.本实验自行研制了一种小型高分辨气体分析质谱仪,它采用电子轰击离子源反射式飞行时间质量分析器.仪器腔体总长45 cm,在m/z 28的位置,质量分辨率达到3000(Full width at half maximum,FWHM),实现了CO和N2的半峰谷分离;在m/z 69的位置,仪器分辨率达到5000(FWHM).在直接大气压进样条件下,可以检测到空气中136Xe(含量7.8 μ g/m3)和80Kr(含量2.8 μg/m3).使用ADC采集时,仪器的动态范围为1 06.该仪器将作为高端气体质谱仪,应用于过程监测在线分析、环境有机挥发物研究、热分析质谱及催化反应监测等领域.     

一种新型光电离/微型正交加速飞行时间质谱仪的设计和性能测试

介绍了自行研制的光电离/微型正交加速飞行时间质谱仪的设计原理和性能。电离源采用光子能量为10.6 eV真空紫外灯,它可将待测分子电离只产生单电荷母体离子,不产生碎片离子。采用该光电离方法得到的质谱谱图比较简单,气体样品可以不经分离直接进行分析。离子正交引入结构的飞行时间质量分析器有效地提高了质谱分辨率。用32 cm无场飞行管,测量碘甲烷得到的质谱分辨率可达430。在谱图获得频率10 kHz的操作条件下,样品总分析时间20 s,得到苯和碘甲烷的检出限分别为10×10-6,5×10-6。软电离和微型化使得该质谱仪在可挥发性有机物的实时在线监测方面有广泛的应用。     

真空紫外灯电离源飞行时间质谱仪的研制及应用

为了实时、在线分析卷烟烟气,研制了一台采用真空紫外灯作电离源的光电离飞行时间质谱仪,主要由真空系统、进样接口、光电离室、离子传输区、反射式飞行时间质量分析器和数据采集系统等组成;采用甲苯标准气体对仪器的质量精度、分辨率、检出限和标准工作曲线等性能参数进行了测试;同时考察了该质谱仪在卷烟主流烟气气相化学成分分析中的应用。结果表明:质谱仪的质量精度优于1.0×10~(-4),分辨率优于2000,对甲苯的定性检出限为0.41 mg/m~3,标准工作曲线相关系数可达0.9990;质谱仪采用毛细管进样方式,能够直接与商用吸烟机联用,可实现在2 s内获得新鲜单口烟气气相化学成分的信息,非常适合对卷烟烟气进行实时、在线分析。     

光电子能谱(二)

二、实验方法 1.仪器能量定标刚离开样品的光电子的动能范围比较大(如在MgKa激发下,0～1250 eV),进入能量分析器的光电子的动能范围,由于透镜减速,已大大缩小(如0～65 eV)。由此,光电子由于动能变化引起的质量变化很小,以至于可把经过分析器的光电子的质量看作常数,从而使光电子能量与分析器电压有比较好的线性关系。分析器电压由基准电源控制的扫描高压发生器供给,基准电源又受到定标电路的调节。调节定标电位器,使分析器电压和能量读数之间的比例系数为1,这就是每台电子能谱仪在投入使用之前,必须做的能量定标工作。     

线性离子阱飞行时间质谱仪的研制及性能表征

基于飞行时间质谱技术、线性离子阱技术、大气压电离源等核心技术,自制了一款台式高分辨线性离子阱飞行时间联用质谱仪器(LIT-TOF MS)。以电喷雾离子源对仪器性能进行表征:LIT-TOF MS的质量分辨率超过12 000(利血平m/z 609),质量范围达到33～1 922 amu,灵敏度为1μg/L;能够实现MS3的三级质谱分析效果。对氨基酸进行了定性及定量的初步应用分析,结果表明:LIT-TOF MS可为代谢组学研究中实时、在线、高通量测定生物复杂样品中氨基酸的含量及其变化提供一定依据。该仪器能与多种常压电离技术联用,有望用于药品、环境、食品等领域。     

在线质谱仪在车内VOCs现场快速监测中的应用

挥发性有机物(VOCs)影响车内空气质量和驾乘者的身心健康。自主研发的在线挥发性有机物质谱仪(SPI-MS 2000),实现了有机物分子的单光子电离,产生无碎片的分子离子,可实现秒级响应,仪器的质量分辨率优于800 FWHM,质量精度优于0.02 amu,对甲苯的测定限优于3μg/m^3,且在3~8000μg/m^3范围内有良好的线性关系。将该仪器应用于某客车车内空气的在线检测:在5 s内检测到20多种微克~毫克每立方米量级的有机物。该仪器在车内VOCs现场快速监测方面有广泛的应用前景。     

双电离源(辉光放电/激光溅射电离)四极杆质谱仪的研制

本研究将辉光电离源与激光溅射电离源巧妙地结合在同一台仪器中,使固体样品在离子源腔体中既能辉光电离,也能激光电离;并且使用同一质量分析器,两种离子源的结果可以相互比对,进而得到更为准确的分析结果.此仪器主要由真空系统、离子源、离子传输系统、四极杆质量分析器及检测与数据采集系统等组成.实验中分别用两种离子源测试了标准样品SRM 1262b,并获得了半定量结果.结果表明,仪器具有定性能力强,分析速度快,检测灵敏度高等优点,对固体样品元素分析的检出限可达μg/g量级.实验表明,激光溅射电离质谱的性能优于辉光放电质谱.     

A miniaturized matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometer with mass-correlated acceleration focusing

Mass correlated acceleration (MCA) has now been integrated into a 4 in (10.2 cm) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer to achieve high resolving power across a broader mass range, without sacrificing detection of higher mass ions. The goal was to combine MCA with a custom-built miniaturized instrument such as those that might be used for field-portable applications. Unlike other pulsed extraction methods, MCA is not mass dependent and mass spectra can be achieved with a single tuning of instrument parameters. Additionally, the multi-channel recording advantage is better realized because ions of all masses can be brought into focus simultaneously. The MCA dual-stage ion source compensates dynamically for the mass dependence by incorporating an extraction pulse region followed by an acceleration region that contains a time-dependent waveform correlated with mass. The technique was validated with applications in peptide mixtures and protein digestions. Diagnostic studies for the instrument include m/z range and limits of detection.     

A glow discharge ion source with fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric detection

A glow discharge (CD) ion source has been coupled to a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer using a four-element electrostatic lens to accelerate and focus ions generated external to the instrument’s high magnetic field into its analyzer cell. Like other CD mass spectrometers, GD-FT-ICR can provide a quantitative measure of bulk analyte concentration with good precision and accuracy. Although detection limits currently attainable are several orders of magnitude higher than the commercially available magnetic sector-based instrument, CD-FT-ICR holds promise for ultrahigh resolving power elemental mass analysis. Several schemes are proposed to lower the detection limits of the technique while still providing high enough resolution to resolve isobaric interferences.     

Internal glow discharge-fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

A glow discharge (GD) ion source has been developed to work within the high magnetic field of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. Characterization of this source revealed that the optimum operating voltage, pressure, and current are significantly lower than those for normal glow discharges. The sputter rate was lowered to 1/30th of that found with a normal glow discharge source operated external to the high magnetic field region. Operation of the GD source closer to the FTICR analyzer cell than with previous experimental designs resulted in improved ion transport efficiency. Preliminary results from this internal GD source have established detection limits in the low parts per million range for selected elemental species.     

Miniaturized EI/Q/oa TOF mass spectrometer

A miniaturized orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer with an electron impact ionization ion source and a rf quadrupole ion guide has been developed. A mass resolving power of m/deltam = 5500 has been obtained in a 0.4 m instrument. The addition of helium at pressures of about 4.0 mtorr into the ion source showed collisional focusing taking place in the rf quadrupole. An automated gas chromatograph designed for air monitoring applications has been coupled to the time-of-flight mass analyzer and tested for the detection of simulants of chemical-warfare agents.     

Dynamic range of mass accuracy in LTQ orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer

Using a novel orbitrap mass spectrometer, the authors investigate the dynamic range over which accurate masses can be determined (extent of mass accuracy) for short duration experiments typical for LC/MS. A linear ion trap is used to selectively fill an intermediate ion storage device (C-trap) with ions of interest, following which the ensemble of ions is injected into an orbitrap mass analyzer and analyzed using image current detection and fast Fourier transformation. Using this technique, it is possible to generate ion populations with intraspectrum intensity ranges up to 10(4). All measurements (including ion accumulation and image current detection) were performed in less than 1 s at a resolving power of 30,000. It was shown that 5-ppm mass accuracy of the orbitrap mass analyzer is reached with >95% probability at a dynamic range of more than 5000, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than typical values for time-of-flight instruments. Due to the high resolving power of the orbitrap, accurate mass of an ion could be determined when the signal was reliably distinguished from noise (S/Np-p)>2...3).     

A constant-momentum/energy-selector time-of-flight mass spectrometer

A matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been built with an ion source that can be operated in either constant-energy or constant-momentum acceleration modes. A decreasing electric field distribution in the ion-accelerating region makes it possible to direct ions onto a space-focal plane in either modes of operation. Ions produced in the constant-momentum mode have velocities and, thus, flight times that are linearly dependent on mass and kinetic energies that are inversely dependent on mass. The linear mass dispersion doubles mass resolving power of ions accelerated with space-focusing conditions in constant-momentum mode. The mass-dependent kinetic energy is exploited to disperse ions according to mass in a simple kinetic energy filter constructed from two closely spaced, oblique ion reflectors. Focusing velocity of ions of the same mass can substantially improve ion selection for subsequent post source decay or tandem time-of-flight analyses.     

Tandem Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with High Precursor Ion Selectivity Employing Spiral Ion Trajectory and Improved Offset Parabolic Reflectron

In this study, we have developed a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/TOF) technique involving the use of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ion source that exhibits high precursor ion selectivity. An ion optical system with a 17 m spiral ion trajectory was used in the first time-of-flight mass spectrometer. High precursor ion selectivity was achieved by realizing a 15 m flight path, which is considerably longer than that of the conventional MALDI-TOF/TOF before the precursor ion selection by an ion gate; monoisotopic ions could be selected properly up to m/z 2500. Furthermore, the first time-of-flight mass spectrometer was composed of electrostatic sectors and could eliminate post-source decay (PSD) ions. Precursor ions with 20 keV kinetic energy were selected and injected into a collision cell, leading to the generation of fragment ions by high-energy collision-induced dissociation (HE-CID). The optimized second time-of-flight mass spectrometer included a post-acceleration region and an offset parabolic reflectron to record product ion spectra in the entire mass range. Our system could generate a simple HE-CID product ion spectrum because each fragment pathway could be observed as a single peak by the selection of monoisotopic ions of all precursor ions and HE-CID fragment pathways could be predominantly observed by the PSD ion elimination.     

Detection of large cluster ions by time-of-flight mass spectrometry with a conversion dynode

A linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) has been constructed to measure mass distribution of negatively-charged clusters formed in the hot filament diamond chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process and in the metal evaporation. A conversion dynode made of CsI was employed to enhance detection efficiency of the large clusters greater than 10 000 amu. An atomic peak from the tungsten evaporation was used for the mass calibration of the carbon clusters. The carbon clusters produced in the CVD diamond process was loosely bound so that they were easily fragmented during passage through accelerating electric fields. The mass distribution measured with the TOF-MS system showed much less abundance of large clusters than those measured previously with the energy analyzer and Wien filter.