中温固体氧化物燃料电池优势和挑战的简要评述

燃料电池是一种将燃料的化学能直接转化为电能的电化学发电装置. 在各种类型的燃料电池中,固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）在600~800 ^oC的中温区运行,因此与质子交换膜燃料电池等低温燃料电池相比,它的燃料选择范围更广,具有更广泛的应用前景. 然而,SOFC的商业应用面临着两大挑战：成本和稳定性. 这两种挑战与阳极、阴极、电解质、连接体和密封材料等组件的加工、制备、性能、化学和微结构稳定性密切相关. 电池堆的导管连接材料也需要经过仔细地筛选,以最大限度地降低有毒害的挥发性成分,从而确保电池结构的稳定和完整. 本文旨在简要评述SOFC的材料和组分的研究现状,并提出展望. 本文也对新一代SOFC技术面临的机遇和挑战进行了探讨.     

质子交换膜燃料电池输出性能的数值模拟

运用COMSOL软件模拟分析3种流道下的质子交换膜燃料电池输出性能. 在相同的操作条件下,比较了单蛇形流道、交指流道以及混合流道之间的性能差异,详细说明了3种流道下质子交换膜燃料电池输出性能差异的原因. 由模拟结果分析得出,混合流道输出性能最好,交指流道输出性能其次,单蛇形流道输出性能最差;混合流道的排水能力最好,氧气浓度分布的最均匀;混合流道阴极进出口氧气浓度差最小. 模拟结果对质子交换膜燃料电池结构的优化和设计具有重要的指导意义.     

基于质子交换膜燃料电池的热电联产系统的研究进展

基于质子交换膜燃料电池的热电联产系统利用电池发电时产生的余热供热,提高了能源利用率,实现了热电供能的可持续发展。本文介绍了基于质子交换膜燃料电池的热电联产系统工作原理,概述了各子系统的组成及功能,重点围绕建模方法、操作模式、运行策略、评价方法及系统优化等方向综述了当前研究的进展情况,指明了后续研究可从多尺度综合性建模、完善配置细节及增加集成选项、预测能源需求及运行智能化、多维度系统评价以及节能降耗等方面进行。     

固体氧化物燃料电池——材料与前瞻(英文)

本文依据固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)于运作条件下的基本性能,诸如化学稳定性、电迁移、催化和热机械性能等评述SOFC组成部分(电极材料和电解质)的基本性质.示明由氧偏离化学计量比引起的电极材料结构缺陷与其电子性质及催化活性之间的相互关系,提出单室燃料电池概念.     

固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）电池稳定性分析

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)要长期可靠运行,必须具有较高的稳定性。本文从SOFC内阻的主要来源出发,详细分析了影响电池长期稳定性、特别是引起性能衰减的主要因素,并研究其衰减机理。通过对电解质、阴极、阳极及连接材料等关键材料的选择及性能稳定性进行分析,系统论述了阴极与其它材料的相互反应、阳极性能变化以及连接材料表面氧化层等诸多引起SOFC性能衰减的不利因素。在氧化、还原气氛和密封效果等方面对电池长期稳定性的影响也进行了阐述。通过对电池性能衰减的原因及其衰减机理进行分析,对于SOFC长期运行稳定性、进而商业化应用具有一定的理论和实际意义。     

Sc_2O_3稳定ZrO_2电解质材料及其研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是高效洁净利用碳基燃料的有效途径,具有高效率、环境友好、全固态结构等特点,并且适用于多种燃料气体,因此成为能源和材料领域的热点之一。SOFC的国际发展趋势是中温化,具有投资小、材料成本较低、电极不易老化、界面反应可有效控制等优点。电解质是整个SOFC的核心部件,增强电解质的电导率,开发高性能的电解质材料是SOFC实现大规模发展的关键。目前SOFC所使用的电解质主要为锆基固体电解质,其中Sc_2O_3稳定ZrO_2(ScSZ)是锆基固体电解质中离子电导率最高的电解质材料,是中温SOFC(ITSOFC)首选电解质。首先介绍了固体氧化物燃料电池的结构、工作原理、对电解质的材料要求及其技术发展趋势,然后阐述了ScSZ电解质材料的晶体结构、离子导电机制。重点总结了ScSZ电解质材料研究现状、发展趋势及发展前景。     

直接碳氢化合物固体氧化物燃料电池

直接碳氢化合物固体氧化物燃料电池(D-HC SOFC)具有能量密度高和运行成本低等特点,可望在便携式电源等方面得到广泛应用,已成为国际上SOFC领域的研究热点。本文对D-HC SOFC进行了热力学分析,综述了目前国际上在D-HC SOFC研究方面的现状,指出现有的D-HC SOFC研究工作绝大多数都是围绕着如何避免积碳进行。围绕着避免积碳的3条途径即降低工作温度、采用合适的催化剂和促进电化学氧化,对D-HC SOFC研究进行了阐述和讨论。文中还提到一些阳极反应机理方面的研究,并对今后的D-HC SOFC工作提出了作者的观点,认为应该在D-HC SOFC电池组方面和涉及到气体分布的阳极反应机理方面做更多工作。     

直接碳氢化合物固体氧化物燃料电池

直接碳氢化合物固体氧化物燃料电池(D-HC SOFC)具有能量密度高和运行成本低等特点,可望在便携式电源等方面得到广泛应用,已成为国际上SOFC领域的研究热点.本文对D-HC SOFC进行了热力学分析,综述了目前国际上在D-HC SOFC研究方面的现状,指出现有的D-HC SOFC研究工作绝大多数都是围绕着如何避免积碳进行.围绕着避免积碳的3条途径即降低工作温度、采用合适的催化剂和促进电化学氧化,对D-HC SOFC研究进行了阐述和讨论.文中还提到一些阳极反应机理方面的研究,并对今后的D-HC SOFC工作提出了作者的观点,认为应该在D-HC SOFC电池组方面和涉及到气体分布的阳极反应机理方面做更多工作.     

双钙钛矿型固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料

固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)是一种能量转化装置,具有转换效率高、环境友好、燃料适应性强等优点,其中,阳极作为燃料气的电化学反应场所,对SOFC性能起关键作用。相比于传统Ni-YSZ阳极,钙钛矿阳极材料结构稳定性好,具有较强的抗碳沉积、硫中毒能力。双钙钛矿结构由于具有晶格位置的多样化,因而材料结构和性能具有更强的可调控性,受到人们的广泛关注,成为新型阳极材料的重要研究方向。但相较于传统Ni-YSZ阳极材料,双钙钛矿阳极仍存在催化活性差,电导率低等问题。本文综述了近十几年双钙钛矿阳极材料的研究进展,首先对A位和B位双钙钛矿结构特征和形成原因进行了简单介绍,然后对两种双钙钛矿结构的典型阳极材料性能特点、改性方法和改性机理进行了分类总结,包括Sr₂MgMoO₆、Sr₂CoMoO₆、Sr₂NiMoO₆、Sr₂FeMoO₆、PrBaMn₂O_5+δ等材料。最后对双钙钛矿阳极材料未来的研究方向提出了建议。     

高活性抗CO2中毒中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极

正过度开发和使用化石能源造成了目前世界能源短缺,并且导致了严重的环境污染。为了实现人类的可持续发展,开发和利用经济、洁净的新能源是21世纪世界能源科技的主题。固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是一种高效、清洁、环境友好、燃料选择范围宽广的能源转换技术1。其中阴极材料是SOFC的一个重要组成部分,涉及氧还原反应(ORR)过程,其性能的好坏直接影响电池的性能。目前开发的一些经典中温(500-800°C)SOFC     

Characteristic simulation with various anode support thicknesses of membrane electrode assembly in SOFC

This study focuses on the research of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and proposes reasonably practical designs, analyses, and numerical analyses with coupling software in physics, COMSOL Multiphysics, as the analysis tool to discuss the effects on the SOFC performance. This research applies the design of electrode support (anode support) to substitute the original electrolyte support, Yttria-stabilized zirconia, so that the electrolyte membrane could form a membrane to reduce ohmic resistance and increase power density. This study further discusses the effects of various flow fields (counterflow and co-flow) on internal mass transfer and SOFC performance. The findings show that the cell performance of SOFC with co-flow is better than counterpart with counterflow under anode support thickness 1,000 μm. Regarding the analyses of porosity effect with the porosity 0.7 and tortuosity 4.5, the power density reaches the maximum that could enhance the cell performance.     

A comprehensive three-dimensional modeling of an internal reforming planar solid oxide fuel cell with different interconnect designs

Development of low-emission or zero-emission power generation systems is one of the most important subjects humanity is dealing with. Among different under development technologies and energy systems, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an efficient and low-emission energy conversion device that is passing its research and development career. The current study aims to investigate a hydrocarbon fueled anode-supported planar-type SOFC due to simpler geometry, higher power density, and low overpotentials. In this study, electric performance of a SOFC with different interconnect designs under different operating conditions, such as operating voltage, channel inlet temperature, pre-reforming rate of methane, and inlet fuel and air velocity, has been investigated by use of a three-dimensional model considering complicated systems of equations: species mass conservation, first law of thermodynamics, conservation of momentum, and non-linear electrochemical models including multi-specious diffusion. It has been concluded that at a given voltage, inlet temperature, inlet air and fuel velocity, and pre-reforming rate, wider gas channels help to more uniform distribution and better penetration of reactant gases. Therefore, considering low-concentration polarization as an object, narrow ribs are preferred over wide ribs. By increasing the rate of the electrochemical reaction, the current and power density and subsequently the temperature difference increase but the fuel consumption in all cases has almost a decreasing trend. Also, it has been found that increasing inlet air velocity has little effect on current and power density but because of more cooling effect, it reduces the temperature difference and fuel consumption coefficient. On the other hand, increasing the inlet temperature has no meaningful effect on the temperature difference along the channels.

     

CO2 emission free co-generation of energy and ethylene in hydrocarbon SOFC reactors with a dehydrogenation anode

A dehydrogenation anode is reported for hydrocarbon proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). A Cu-Cr(2)O(3) nanocomposite is obtained from CuCrO(2) nanoparticles as an inexpensive, efficient, carbon deposition and sintering tolerant anode catalyst. A SOFC reactor is fabricated using a Cu-Cr(2)O(3) composite as a dehydrogenation anode and a doped barium cerate as a proton conducting electrolyte. The protonic membrane SOFC reactor can selectively convert ethane to valuable ethylene, and electricity is simultaneously generated in the electrochemical oxidative dehydrogenation process. While there are no CO(2) emissions, traces of CO are present in the anode exhaust when the SOFC reactor is operated at over 700 °C. A mechanism is proposed for ethane electro-catalytic dehydrogenation over the Cu-Cr(2)O(3) catalyst. The SOFC reactor also has good stability for co-generation of electricity and ethylene at 700 °C.     

基于电-化-热耦合理论对称双阴极固体氧化物燃料电池堆的电流与温度场数值模拟

本文基于电-化-热多场耦合理论,通过有限元方法建立了一个基于对称双阴极结构SOFC电堆单元的三维数值模型,研究了其电堆内部的电流密度分布和温度分布. 研究结果表明,气体流动方式以及集流方式影响了电解质上电流密度和温度分布：在气体进、出气口处有较大的电流密度分布;在气体共流模式下,电解质层温度分布却较均匀;在双阴极结构电池阴极侧的单一集流模式下,集流侧的电解质的平均电流密度高于另一侧.     

高温固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC) 采用的是全固体的电池结构, 不存在液体电解质带来的腐蚀和流失等问题, 而且具有燃料适应性广等突出优点, 近几年发展非常迅速, 已经展示出作为集中或分散发电新技术的前景。本文较详细地介绍了固体氧化物燃料电池的特点、工作原理和关键电池材料的研制, 并全面阐述了国内外发展现状和发展趋势。     

Ash-free coal as fuel for direct carbon fuel cell

This work describes the performance of the direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) fuelled by ash-free coal. Employing coal in the DCFC might be problematic, mainly because of the ash deposition after the cell reactions. In the study, the carbonaceous ash-free component of coal is obtained, which is then evaluated as the DCFC fuel and compared with raw coal, active carbon, carbon black, and graphite. The electrolyte-supported SOFC structure is adapted to build the DCFC. The DCFC based on the ash-free coal fuel exhibits good performance with regard to the maximum power density, day-by-day measurements, and durability at continuous run. When the carbon fuels are internally gasified to H₂ and CO, the power density is generally much improved, compared to N₂ pyrolysis environment. The power generation is most likely related to the concentration of pyrolyzed gases as well as the electrochemical reactivity of the solid carbon.     

A microfluidic fuel cell with flow-through porous electrodes

A microfluidic fuel cell architecture incorporating flow-through porous electrodes is demonstrated. The design is based on cross-flow of aqueous vanadium redox species through the electrodes into an orthogonally arranged co-laminar exit channel, where the waste solutions provide ionic charge transfer in a membraneless configuration. This flow-through architecture enables improved utilization of the three-dimensional active area inside the porous electrodes and provides enhanced rates of convective/diffusive transport without increasing the parasitic loss required to drive the flow. Prototype fuel cells are fabricated by rapid prototyping with total material cost estimated at 2 USD/unit. Improved performance as compared to previous microfluidic fuel cells is demonstrated, including power densities at room temperature up to 131 mW cm-2. In addition, high overall energy conversion efficiency is obtained through a combination of relatively high levels of fuel utilization and cell voltage. When operated at 1 microL min-1 flow rate, the fuel cell produced 20 mW cm-2 at 0.8 V combined with an active fuel utilization of 94%. Finally, we demonstrate in situ fuel and oxidant regeneration by running the flow-through architecture fuel cell in reverse.     

Cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells: a review

The composition and microstructure of cathode materials has a large impact on the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Rational design of materials composition through controlled oxygen nonstoichiometry and defect aspects can enhance the ionic and electronic conductivities as well as the catalytic properties for oxygen reduction in the cathode. Cell performance can be further improved through microstructure optimization to extend the triple-phase boundaries. A major degradation mechanism in SOFCs is poisoning of the cathode by chromium species when chromium-containing alloys are used as the interconnect material. This article reviews recent developments in SOFC cathodes with a principal emphasis on the choice of materials. In addition, the reaction mechanism of oxygen reduction is also addressed. The development of Cr-tolerant cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, and a possible mechanism of Cr deposition at cathodes are briefly reviewed as well. Finally, this review will be concluded with some perspectives on the future of research directions in this area.     

Nanostructured anodes for solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) have much promise as efficient devices for the direct conversion of the energy stored in chemical fuels into electricity. The development of highly robust SOFC that can operate on a range of fuels, however, requires improvements in the electrodes, especially the anode, where nanoscale engineering of the structure is required in order to maximize the number of sites where the electrochemical reactions take place. In this article we review the approaches that are currently being used to improve anode performance and microstructure with a focus on new materials and synthesis techniques.