原位化学沉积法制备碳/聚苯胺复合材料作为超级电容器材料的研究

Polyaniline （PA） film was chemically deposited onto the surface of activated carbon （AC） uniformly. Chemical deposition was carried out in 0.1 mol/L aniline plus 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution adopting V2O5·nH2O coated on the surface of activated carbon as oxidant. The surface morphologies and structures of the composite materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR spectra. The electrochemical properties of the composite material electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge/discharge tests in 1 molFL H2SO4 solutions. The specific capacitance of composite materials was exhibited as high as 237.5 F/g at a current density of 1.0 A/g compared with a value of 120 F/g for pure carbon electrode. Good power characteristic and good stability of composite electrodes were also demonstrated.     

Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Co3O4/Graphene

Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide composites were synthesized via a simple electrochemical method from graphene oxide and Co（NO3）2·6H2O as raw materials.Co3O4 nanoparticles with sizes of around 30-50 nm were distributed on the surface of graphene nanosheets confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Electrochemical properties of Co3O4/graphene composite were tested by cyclic voltammetry,galvanostatic charge-discharge,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.The Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide composite was used as the pseudocapacitor electrode in the 2 mol/L NaOH aqueous electrolyte solution.The Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide composite electrode exhibited a specific capacitance of 357 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g in a three-electrode system.72％ of capacitance was retained when the current density increased to 3 A/g.The Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide composite prepared electrodes show a high rate capability and excellent long-term stability.After 1000 cycles of charge and discharge,the capacitance is still maintained 87％ at a current density of 1 A/g,indicating that the composite is a oromising alternative electrode material used for supercapacitors.     

Synergetic influence of ex-situ camphoric carbon nano-grafting on lithium titanates for lithium ion capacitors

The present study provides detailed experimental results on the synthesis and characterization of carbonized lithium titanate spinel(LTO) composites as electrode materials for lithium ion capacitor.The LTO particles were grafted with a porous carbon layer obtained from the pyrolysis of camphor.The graphitic nature of the carbon was confirmed through Raman spectroscopy.The relative contributions from the capacitive and diffusion controlled processes underlying these electrodes were mathematically modeled.Electron transport mechanism underlying these electrodes was determined by measuring the work functions(φ) of LTO and carbon grafted LTO using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy.These carbon grafted LTO composites exhibited an energy density of 330 m Wh L-1and a peak power density of 2.8 k W L-1,when employed as electrodes in coin cells with excellent cycling stability at the end of 4000 cycles.     

Constructing an unbalanced structure toward high working voltage for improving energy density of non-aqueous carbon-based electrochemical capacitors

The energy density of non-aqueous carbon-based electrochemical capacitors(cEC)is mainly determined by the specific capacitance and operational voltage range.In this study,we propose to construct an unbalanced structure to make full use of stable voltage range for improving energy density.The stable voltage range is firstly carefully explored using cyclic voltammetry.Then an unbalanced carbon-based electrochemical capacitor(ucEC)is constructed with an optimized positive electrode to negative electrode weight ratio and voltage range.Its electrochemical performance is comprehensively investigated,including energy density,power density as well as cycle life.The ucEC is capable to deliver an improved energy density up to 64.9 Wh/kg(1.4 times as high as a general cEC)without sacrificing the power density and cycle life.The electrode properties after cycling are also analyzed,illustrating the change of electrode potential caused by unbalanced structure.The proposed structure demonstrates a great potential for improving the energy density at little cost of electrode design and cell configuration.     

Effect of catalyst confinement and pore size on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over cobalt supported on carbon nanotubes

This paper studies the impact of structure of cobalt catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes(CNT) on the activity and product selectivity of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS) reaction.Three types of CNT with average pore sizes of 5,11,and 17 nm were used as the supports.The catalysts were prepared by selectively impregnating cobalt nanoparticles either inside or outside CNT.The TPR results indicated that the catalyst with Co particles inside CNT was easier to be reduced than those outside CNT,and the reducibility of cobalt oxide particles inside the CNT decreased with the cobalt oxide particle size increasing.The activity of the catalyst with Co inside CNT was higher than that of catalysts with Co particles outside CNT.Smaller CNT pore size also appears to enhance the catalyst reduction and FTS activity due to the little interaction between cobalt oxide with carbon and the enhanced electron shift on the non-planar carbon tube surface.     

A novel polyaniline/mesoporous carbon nano-composite electrode for asymmetric supercapacitor

<正>A novel nano-composite of polyaniline/mesoporous carbon(PANI/CMK-3) was prepared with mesoporous carbon(CMK-3) serving as the support.Electrochemical asymmetric capacitors have been successfully designed by using PANI/CMK-3 composite and CMK-3 as positive and negative electrode,respectively.The results showed that the discharge capacity of the asymmetric capacitor could reach 87.4 F/g under the current density of 5 mA/cm~2 and cell voltage of 1.4 V.The energy density of the asymmetric capacitor was up to 23.8 Wh/kg with a power density of 206 W/kg.Furthermore,PANI/CMK-3-CMK-3 asymmetric capacitor using this PANI/CMK-3 nano-composite could be activated quickly and possess high charge-discharge efficiency.     

Emerging CoMn-LDH@MnO2 electrode materials assembled using nanosheets for flexible and foldable energy storage devices

CoMn layered double hydroxides(CoMn-LDH)are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors because of their excellent cyclic stability.However,they possess relatively low capacitances.In this work,hybrid CoMn-LDH@MnO2 products grown on Ni foams were obtained through a facile hydrothermal method.The as-synthesized samples employed as electrodes deliver a specific capacitance of 2325.01 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1.An assembled asymmetric supercapacitor using these products as positive electrodes shows a maximum energy density of 59.73 W h kg^-1 at 1000.09 W kg^-1.The prominent electrochemical performance of the as-prepared electrodes could be attributes to hierarchical structures.These findings suggest that hybrid structures might be potential alternatives for future flexible energy storage devices.     

Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

Large-scale synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNT） prepared by electric arc discharge method and a mixture of NiO and Y2O3 as catalyst have been used as electrode materials for supercapacitors. N2 adsorption/desorption measurement shows that the SWNT is a microporous and mesoporous material with specific surface area 435 m^2·g^-1. The specific capacitance of the nitric acid treated SWNT in aqueous electrolyte reaches as high as 105 F/g, which is a combination of electric double layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance. The SWNT-based capacitors also have good charge/discharge reversibility and cycling perdurability.     

Performance of PbO2/activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor with carbon foam substrate

PbO₂/activated carbon（AC） hybrid supercapacitor in H₂SO₄ with a carbon foam current collector is studied.The PbO₂/AC hybrid is designed with electrodeposited PbO₂ thin film as positive electrode to match with AC negative electrode.The discharge curve shows capacitive characteristics between 1.88 V and 0.65 V.The hybrid system exhibits excellent energy and power performance,with specific energy of 43.6 Wh/kg at a power density of 654.2 W/kg.The use of carbon foam current collector ensures stability of the PbO₂ electrode in H₂SO₄ environment.After 2600 deep cycles at 15 C high rate of charge/discharge,the capacity remains nearly unchanged from its initial value.     

Cupric Hexacyanoferrate Nanoparticle Modified Carbon Ceramic Composite Electrodes

Graphite powder-supported cupric hexacyanoferrate(CuHCF) nanoparticles were dispersed into methyltrimethoxysilane-based gels to produce a conducting carbon ceramic composite,which was used as electrode materials to fabricate surface-renewable CuHCF-modified electrodes.Electrochemical behavior of the CuHCF-modified carbon ceramic composite electrodes was characterized using cyclic and square-wave voltammetry. Cyclinc voltammograms at various scan rates indicated that peak currents were suface-confined at low scan rates.In the presence of glutathione,a clear electrocatalytic response was observed at the CuHCF-modified composite electrodes.In addition,the electrodes exhibited a distinct advantage of reproducible surface-renewal by simple mechanical polishing on emery paper,as well as ease of preparation,and good chemical and mechanical stability in a flowing stream.     

纳米氧化镍、氧化锌的合成新方法

以草酸和醋酸盐为原料,用室温固相化学反应首先合成出前驱配合物二水合草酸镍和二水合草酸锌,进而二水合草酸镍和二水合草酸锌分别在380℃和460℃热分解2 h,得到产物纳米氧化镍和氧化锌。用X-射线粉末衍射、透射电镜对产物的组成、大小、形貌进行表征。结果表明,产物纳米氧化镍为球形立方晶系结构,平均粒径均为40 nm左右,产物氧化锌为粒度分布均匀的球形六角晶系结构,平均粒径约为20 nm。     

丙烷选择氧化用BiCeVMoO复合氧化物催化剂中Ce组分的作用

 用X射线衍射（XRD）、激光拉曼光谱（LRS）、程序升温还原（TPR）、催化剂晶格氧反应性和微反测试等手段考察了BiCeVMoO复合氧化物催化剂的组成、结构、氧化－还原性质与催化丙烷选择氧化性能．结果表明，n（Ce）／n（Ce＋Bi）≤0．15时，Ce组分可能占据BiVMoO 结构中Bi离子所处的晶格位置．催化剂对丙烷选择氧化的催化性能与Ce组分的含量密切相关，随着Ce含量的增加，丙烯醛选择性显著升高，在n（Ce）／n（Ce＋Bi）＝0．15时达极大值．随着Ce含量的进一步增加，丙烯醛选择性下降，完全氧化产物COx选择性上升．可以认为，适量Ce组分的引入提高了催化剂晶格氧物种的反应活性，从而改善了催化剂对丙烷选择氧化的催化性能．     

La-Cu-Fe-O/γY-Al_2O_3催化剂的抗烧结研究

Cu-Fe-O/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂对CO、HC完全氧化和NO_x还原均有较高活性。为了在温度高达～1000℃仍保持良好的活性,研究该类催化剂的高温热稳定性是个重要课题。通常在高温下,催化剂的物理和化学状态均会发生变化。有两个模型用来解释负载金属催化剂的烧结     

Cu对Cu－Mn－Ce－O和Cu－Mn－Ce－Pd－O催化剂三效性能的影响

利用火焰脉冲－微反装置考察了Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｏ和Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｐｄ－Ｏ两类催化剂的三效活性。结果表明Ｃｕ的加入有利于Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｏ的ＮＯｘ和ＣＯ的转化，而不利于Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－ｐｄ－Ｏ的ＮＯｘ和ＨＣ的转化。ＸＲＤ分析结果表明在Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｏ中加入Ｐｄ，原来的ＣｕＭｎ＿２Ｏ＿３消失，生成新相ＭｎＡｌ＿２Ｏ＿４；ＴＰＲ分析结果表明Ｃｕ使Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｏ样品表面氧量增加，表面易于还原，而使Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－ｐｄ－Ｏ样品表面难于还原。实验结果还表明Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－ｐｄ－Ｏ催化剂的三效性能远远优于Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｏ催化剂。     

二氧化钛、二氧化锆的合成及其催化酯化反应

M.Hino和K.Arata于1979-1980年曾报道将四氯化钛、二氯氧锆分别用氨水水解,用0.5mol硫酸处理,然后在空气中煅烧所得的二氧化钛、二氧化锆,可以催化烷烃的异构化反应。我们参考文献合成了TiO_2和ZrO_2,并发现当热处理温度为425℃(TiO_2),575℃(ZrO_2)时,它们对醋酸和脂肪醇的酯化反应,具有催化作用。     

Co对NiO-BaCO3催化剂催化N2O分解的促进影响

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列CoxBa1.5Ni9催化剂,用于N2O催化分解反应.研究发现,尽管Co加入纯NiO对反应不利,但在有BaCO3存在的情况下, Co则能够显著提高NiO的活性.这是由于Co增强了Ni–O键而对反应不利,但在BaCO3存在下则大大增加了Ni基催化剂的比表面积及活性位数目.     

氧化铈在非贵金属氧化物催化剂中的作用(Ⅴ)─热环境对Cu－Mn－Ce－O催化剂性能的影响

研究了热环境对Cu-Mn-Ce-O催化剂表面积、结构、氧性能及对甲苯催化氧化活性的影响。发现CeO₂作为助催化剂,对延缓氧化铝载体的表面收缩几乎没有作用,但能阻止催化剂中CuMn₂O₄尖晶石的生成,防止无定型活性相在高温环境中的烧结,提高催化剂水热稳定性能,尤其在温度高于800℃时,效果尤佳,合适的Ce/Cu原子比为0.38～0.44.     

Co对NiO-BaCO3催化剂催化N2O分解的促进影响

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列CoxBa1.5Ni9催化剂,用于N2O催化分解反应.研究发现,尽管Co加入纯NiO对反应不利,但在有BaCO3存在的情况下, Co则能够显著提高NiO的活性.这是由于Co增强了Ni–O键而对反应不利,但在BaCO3存在下则大大增加了Ni基催化剂的比表面积及活性位数目.     

铁钙氧化物高温脱硫过程中H_2和H_2O(g)效应

研究了高温煤气中的H2 和H2 O(g)对铁钙氧化物高温脱硫行为的影响。结果表明 ,对还原态和非还原态脱硫剂 ,气氛中的H2 的影响有所不同。对前者 ,硫化气体中的H2 不利于脱硫 ;对后者 ,由于H2 首先会部分还原脱硫剂 ,提高其活性 ,因而有利于脱硫。H2 O(g)的存在对硫化和还原过程均起阻碍作用。