丙烯酰胺-苯乙烯双亲嵌段共聚物水溶液的表面活性及增溶性

在微乳液介质中制备了系列的丙烯酰胺 (AM)与苯乙烯 (St)的双亲嵌段共聚物 (PAM b PSt) ,用紫外分光光度法测定了共聚物的组成 ,用乌氏粘度计测定了共聚物的特性粘数 [η],并用其相对表征共聚物的分子量大小 .重点研究了双亲嵌段共聚物 (PAM b PSt)疏水链段在水溶液中的缔合行为、共聚物的表面活性及其对有机物的增溶性能 ,考察了共聚物分子组成 (疏水链段含量 )与分子量对其表面活性与增溶性能的影响规律 .研究结果表明 ,由于疏水链段的憎水性 ,PAM b PSt的分子链在水溶液表面会形成表面吸附 ,从而降低水溶液的表面张力 ;而在水溶液中 ,在疏水相互作用下 ,PAM b PSt分子链中的苯乙烯疏水链段会形成分子间或分子内的胶束 ,烃类有机物可增溶其中 ;疏水链段含量越大 ,分子量越小 ,PAM b PSt的表面活性与增溶性能越强     

丙烯酰胺-苯乙烯双亲嵌段共聚物的微结构及水溶液行为

通过改变丙烯酰胺(AM)与苯乙烯(St)的投料比、苯乙烯与表面活性剂的加入量之比及引发剂加入量,在微乳液中制备了分子链微结构系列变化的丙烯酰胺-苯乙烯双亲嵌段共聚物(PAM-b-PSt),用荧光探针法与表面活性测定法详细地研究了共聚物中PSt嵌段长度、含量及分子量等微结构因素对共聚物在水溶液中的疏水缔合性与表面活性的影响.结果表明,当共聚物水溶液的浓度高于临界缔合浓度时,PAM-b-PSt的疏水缔合作用以分子间的缔合为主.若共聚物中PSt嵌段含量及分子链长一定时,随着PSt疏水嵌段长度增长,PAM-b-PSt的疏水缔合性增强,而对共聚物的表面活性影响很小.若共聚物中PSt疏水嵌段长度及分子链长一定时,PAM-b-PSt的疏水缔合性随着PSt嵌段含量的变化而变化,当PSt嵌段含量一定时,使大分子链之间产生最强的疏水缔合作用;而其表面活性则随着PSt嵌段含量的增大而增强.若共聚物中PSt疏水嵌段长度及含量一定时,分子量对其表面活性有较大的影响,分子量越高,表面活性越差;同时,在较稀的溶液浓度范围内,分子量对PAM-b-PSt的疏水缔合性的影响则很小.     

基于温敏性双亲嵌段共聚物的纳米胶束作为药物载体的研究

温度敏感性双亲嵌段共聚物由于其潜在的应用价值而引起广泛的关注。在药物控制释放领域,基于温敏性嵌段共聚物的纳米胶束作为药物载体显示了诸多特异的性能。在嵌段共聚物中引入具有温度敏感性的链段,使聚合物胶束具备天然被动靶向功能的同时,赋予了其主动靶向给药功能。本文从温度敏感性双亲嵌段共聚物的分子设计、合成、自组装性质和胶束的载药释药行为等方面进行了相关总结。重点介绍了含聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺链段双亲嵌段共聚物的相关研究进展。     

“双亲性”嵌段共聚物胶束形貌调控的研究*

本文综述了“双亲性”嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中胶束行为和胶束形貌的主要影响因素,包括溶液温度、选择性溶剂种类、嵌段长度、链段结晶、链段与溶剂间氢键作用以及共聚物浓度对胶束最终形貌产生影响的因素;系统介绍了对嵌段共聚物胶束形貌进行调控的实验方法;在此同时介绍了对环境刺激如温度和pH变化等具有响应性能的“双亲性”嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中胶束行为研究的最新进展;最后提出了该研究领域目前存在的问题和今后的可能发展方向。     

双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA在甲苯中的自聚集行为

以α-溴乙苯为引发剂,溴化亚铜为催化剂,2,2'-联吡啶为配体,用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法合成了结构一定的嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸丁酯(PSt-b-PBA).经水解制备了双亲性嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸(PSt-b-PAA);采用单溶剂溶解法配制了PSt-b-PAA在甲苯中的反胶束溶液;以极性荧光化合物N-1-萘乙二胺盐酸盐(NEAH)为极性微区探针,用荧光光谱法并配合透射电镜观察探索了双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA在甲苯溶液中的自聚集行为,考察了双亲性嵌段共聚物浓度、链结构及温度等因素对反胶束化行为的影响规律.结果表明,亲水链PAA短而亲油链PSt长的双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA,用单溶剂溶解法可使其在甲苯中发生自聚集,形成以亲水段为核,疏水段为壳的星状反胶束结构;反胶束为10-20nm的球形聚集态结构;PSt-b-PAA的自聚集行为及临界胶束浓度与分子链的微结构和温度等因素相关,且随着共聚物浓度的增大,小胶束会逐渐结合形成大的纺垂状聚集体.     

表面活性单体NaAMC_(14)S/丙烯酰胺共聚物的分子链微结构与疏水缔合性

在实施丙烯酰胺型阴离子表面活性单体2-丙烯酰胺基十四烷磺酸钠(NaAMC14S)与丙烯酰胺(AM)水溶液均相共聚合过程中,分别通过改变AM与NaAMC14S的投料比、改变外加电解质NaCl的加入量以及引发剂的用量,制备了分子链微结构系列变化的具有微嵌段结构的共聚物NaAMC14S/AM;采用荧光探针法与表观粘度法研究了共聚物分子链微结构与其疏水缔合性能之间关系,探索了共聚物分子链中疏水微嵌段含量、疏水微嵌段长度及共聚物分子量诸微结构因数对共聚物疏水缔合性的影响.结果表明,共聚物NaAMC14S/AM的疏水缔合性随着疏水微嵌段含量的增加而增强,随着疏水微嵌段长度的增长而增强,当疏水微嵌段含量和嵌段长度一定时,共聚物的疏水缔合性随分子量的增大而增强.     

聚L-丙氨酸-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物的胶束化行为研究

以氨基聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG-NH₂)为大分子引发剂, 采用开环聚合方法合成了聚L-丙氨酸-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物(PAME), 并对其结构进行了表征; 用圆二色谱(CD)研究了嵌段共聚物在水溶液中的二级结构, 用芘荧光探针技术研究了共聚物胶束的形成及其临界胶束浓度(CMC), 利用动态光散射(DLS)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了胶束的粒径分布和形态. 结果表明, 在水溶液中共聚物链以α-螺旋构象形式存在, 在一定条件下嵌段共聚物能够形成球形的稳定胶束, PAME-1形成胶束的CMC为1.99×10^-5 mol/L, CMC值受共聚物中聚L-丙氨酸(PLA)链段含量的影响.     

丙烯酰胺型阴离子表面活性单体与丙烯酰胺共聚物水溶液的流变特性

以丙烯酰胺型阴离子表面活性单体2-丙烯酰胺基十四烷基磺酸钠(NaAMC14S)为共单体,与丙烯酰胺(AM)的水溶液均相共聚合,使NaAMC14S的浓度分别处于临界胶束浓度上下,分别制备了具有无规结构与微嵌段结构的两类共聚物;用红外光谱法对共聚物的结构进行了表征,使用乌氏粘度法测定了特性粘数,相对表示出了共聚物的分子量;采用荧光探针法与表观粘度法重点研究了两类共聚物的疏水缔合性与水溶液的流变特性.研究结果表明,具有微嵌段结构的共聚物具有很强的疏水缔合性,当其水溶液的浓度达0.2wt%后,表观粘度迅速提高;其水溶液的切力变稀行为具有明显的可逆性,表现出强的抗剪切性能.本研究中特别发现,具有微嵌段结构的共聚物其盐水溶液的表观粘度远高于纯水溶液的表观粘度,当共聚物浓度为0.3wt%、CaCl2浓度为2wt%时,溶液的表观粘度竟然提高了3个数量级,表现出独特的正性盐敏性(即遇盐变稠).     

在胶束溶液中铈盐引发制备双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PVP及其表征

采用过氧化氢-硫酸亚铁的氧化还原引发体系,首先使苯乙烯(St)在乳液聚合体系中进行均聚合,制得了端羟基聚苯乙烯(PSt-OH),然后将PSt-OH增溶于十二烷基硫酸钠的胶束溶液中,在硫酸铈铵的引发作用下,使水溶液中的N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)在PSt-OH端羟基部位发生嵌段共聚合,制得了双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PVP。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、差示扫描量热(DSC)等手段对嵌段共聚物的组成与结构进行了表征。结果表明:在Ce(Ⅳ)盐的氧化作用下,增溶于胶束中的端羟基聚苯乙烯端会在端基产生自由基,顺利地实现NVP的嵌段共聚合反应。随着共聚合时间的延长,共聚物PSt-b-PVP大分子链中亲水嵌段PVP的比例不断增大。     

基于“分子胶”的新型两亲性嵌段共聚物β-CD-PLA的合成及其胶束化

以二重氢键为引导,二硫键连接疏水性聚乳酸(PLA)和亲水性β-环糊精(β-CD)合成了嵌段共聚物β-CD-PLA。采用1 H-NMR和GPC对嵌段共聚物β-CD-PLA的结构进行了表征,以芘作为荧光分子探针对嵌段共聚物β-CD-PLA自组装胶束的性质进行了表征,采用动态光散射纳米粒度仪(DLS)对自组装胶束的粒径进行了测试。结果表明:在二重氢键的引导作用力和碘的氧化作用下,中间体脱去保护基形成双二硫键,形成目标嵌段共聚物β-CD-PLA,该嵌段共聚物能够在水中自组装形成纳米胶束,临界胶束浓度(CMC)为0.089mg/mL,在稀溶液中具有良好的稳定性,自组装形成空白胶束的粒径为31nm,阿霉素盐酸盐(DOX)载药胶束的粒径为42nm。     

CMC系列高分子表面活性剂与原油超低界面张力形成机理的研究

采用动态激光光散射及环境扫描电镜研究了羧甲基纤维素系列高分子表面活性剂与大庆原油形成超低界面张力的机理.结果表明,CMC系列高分子表面活性剂具有与低分子量表面活性剂相比拟的表/界面活性,其水溶液的表面张力可达2835mN/m,界面张力达到10^-110mN/m.碱的加入可显著降低高分子表面活性剂与原油的界面张力,在适当条件下界面张力达到超低值(10^-3mN/m),可望作为三次采油的驱油剂.等效烷烃模型研究表明,用碱与原油酸性组分的作用来解释碱能使界面张力下降至超低值的传统观点是不完善的,加入碱能使高分子表面活性剂胶束解缔,胶束数量增多,胶束粒径减小,单分子自由链增加,有利于高分子表面活性剂向界面迁移和排布,这是高分子表面活性剂和碱复配体系与原油界面张力下降至超低值的主要原因.     

羧甲基纤维素系列高分子表面活性剂形成微乳液的研究

采用紫外光谱、相图、动态激光光散射、同位素示踪、光学显微镜、电导率等研究了羧甲基纤维素系列高分子表面活性剂与甲苯-水-异丙醇体系微乳液的形成过程,发现微乳液粒子大小均一,形态一致,其尺寸比低分子表面活性剂所形成的微乳液粒子大得多.醇分子插入到油水界面,改变了两相界面结构,促使微乳液的生成.电导率测定表明所形成的微乳液区均为水包油结构,即使在富含甲苯区域,亦不会有油包水的反相胶束形成.     

Investigation Static/Dynamic Surface and Interfacial Tension of Some Synthesized Polymeric Surfactants to Enhance the Egyptian Jet Fuel A1 Atomization

In the present work some exthoxylated polyalkylphenol surfactants have different alkyl chains (nonyl and dodecyl) were synthesized. The static surface tension for these surfactants in water and jet fuel A1 was measured and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for each surfactant was determined. The data show the general trend of decreasing the CMC against the molecular weight of the synthesized polymeric surfactants. The HLB of these surfactants was also calculated. The dynamic surface tension for the synthesized surfactants was measured at CMC. The dynamic interfacial tension for these surfactants with jet fuel A1 at CMC was also measured using the spinning drop technique. The results showed that the effect of the synthesized surfactants on deceasing the time of droplet maturation was significant remarked. The decrease of this time leads to enhance of jet fuel atomization.     

Interfacial activity of a novel family of polymeric surfactants

A novel series of polymeric surfactants based on carboxy methyl cellulose and alkyl poly(etheroxy) acrylate were synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation. These polymeric surfactants have exhibit excellent surface activity due to their unique structure. The influences of salt, alcohol and alkali on the interfacial activity of these polymeric surfactants were studied by interfacial tensiometery, dynamic laser scattering (DLS), UV spectroscope and environmental scanning electrical microscope (ESEM). The surface tension and interfacial tension (IFT) properties change little with NaCl added. The formed micelles shrink, their size becomes smaller. Alcohols cause the IFT to decrease a little because a small amount of free chains present in solution. Under the influence of added alkali, the IFT of the polymeric surfactants, in aqueous solution, decreases so much that sometimes it is less than 10⁻² mN/m. Using data from the equivalent alkane scan, one cannot draw the conclusion that the action of alkali with the acidic components in crude oil leads to the ultra-low IFT. The analyses by UV, DLS and ESEM show that the micelles formed by polymeric surfactants could be disaggregated or destroyed sharply by the action of alkali. So the size of micelles decreases greatly and the number of free chains increases. That more polymeric surfactants molecules move to the interface of oil/water and rearrange at the interface of oil/water is believed to be the main reason of the ultra-low IFT (10⁻³ mN/m) that is obtained.     

Disruption of viscoelastic beta-lactoglobulin surface layers at the air-water interface by nonionic polymeric surfactants

Nonequilibrium interfacial layers formed by competitive adsorption of beta-lactoglobulin and the nonionic triblock copolymer PEO99-PPO65-PEO99 (F127) to the air-water interface were investigated in order to explain the influence of polymeric surfactants on protein film surface rheology and foam stability. Surface dilatational and shear rheological methods, surface tension measurements, dynamic thin-film measurements, diffusion measurements (from fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching), and determinations of foam stability were used as methods. The high surface viscoelasticity, both the shear and dilatational, of the protein films was significantly reduced by coadsorption of polymeric surfactant. The drainage rate of single thin films, in the presence of beta-lactoglobulin, increased with the amount of added F127, but equilibrium F127 films were found to be thicker than beta-lactoglobulin films, even at low concentration of the polymeric surfactant. It is concluded that the effect of the nonionic triblock copolymer on the interfacial rheology of beta-lactoglobulin layers is similar to that of low molecular weight surfactants. They differ however in that F127 increases the thickness of thin liquid films. In addition, the significant destabilizing effect of low molecular weight surfactants on protein foams is not found in the investigated system. This is explained as due to long-range steric forces starting to stabilize the foam films at low concentrations of F127.     

高分子表面活性剂在固/液界面上的吸附形态

采用紫外光谱、XPS研究了羧甲基纤维素型高分子表面活性剂在硅胶 /水界面上的吸附形态 ,结果表明随着高分子表面活性剂溶液浓度增大 ,分子在硅胶表面的吸附由单层逐渐变为多层 ,生成半胶束结构 .     

CMC型高分子表面活性剂在固/液界面上的吸附

在润湿、乳化、洗涤、分散等应用领域中,表面活性剂分子在界面上的吸附状态对性能有重要影响.另一方面,在化学驱油过程中,表面活性剂分子在氧化物矿物上的吸附是引起表面活性剂损失的主要原因,表面活性剂的损耗量大,将降低采收率及经济效益[1].高分子表面活性剂作为一种多功能的新型表面活性剂在许多领域有广阔的应用前景,但对其性能研究尚处于起步阶段,特别是结构复杂的高分子双亲性共聚物,在吸附、乳化等方面研究尚少报导.羧甲基纤维素系列高分子表面活性剂是采用独特的超声波辐照技术合成的嵌段型共聚物,具有优良的表/界面活性[2],可望用…     

Surface properties of styrene–ethylene oxide block copolymers

Hydrophobic–hydrophilic block copolymers were prepared by “living” anionic polymerization. They consist of polystyrene and poly(ethylene oxide) blocks, and are soluble in water. Their interfacial properties were investigated, employing aqueous solutions. The block copolymers lowered the surface tension of water in analogy with the low molecular weight surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and heptaethylene oxide n-dodecyl ether. Their aqueous solutions exhibited solubilization properties differing from those of polyethylene glycol. Therefore, it is thought that the polystyrene blocks produce solubilization phenomena. In samples of the same styrene content, the precipitation temperature of a high molecular weight copolymer in water was lower than that of a low molecular weight copolymer at the same concentration in the same solvent. The surface tension and precipitation temperature of aqueous solutions seem to be influenced by molecular weight and composition.     

STUDY OF DEMULSIFICATION OF WATER-IN-CRUDE OIL EMULSION

Demulsification of water-in-crude oil emulsion was studied at two different salinities, 0.5% and 10% sodium chloride, using five different nonionic surfactants. Equilibrium crude oil-water interfacial tension was measured with drop volume method. Low molecular weight surfactants were found to be completely ineffective as demulsifiers. Three surfactants which were effective demulsifiers, exhibited good interfacial activity, surface adsorption and surface pressure. The performance of the demulsifiers changed with change in salinity of aqueous phase. Surfactants effective as demulsifiers reduced surface tension of water by more than 25 dynes-cm^-1. For a given crude oil-water system, the surfactant which developed surface pressure in excess of 15 dynes-cm^-1 was found to be good demulsifier for that system. Based upon these studies, a physical model of demulsification has been proposed     

羧甲基纤维素-十二烷基醇聚氧乙烯醚丙烯酸酯共聚物表面活性剂在水溶液中的胶束形态

采用动态激光光散射及环境扫描电镜研究了羧甲基纤维素型高分子表面活性剂在水溶液中的胶束形态 .结果表明 ,共聚物在水溶液中的形态完全不同于羧甲基纤维素分子 ,亲水疏水链段的引入 ,使共聚物分子聚集形成了以疏水链段为核心的棍状胶束结构 .高分子表面活性剂水溶液体系的归一化一级相关函数不符合单指数衰减 ,表明胶束形态的多分散性 .在 0 .0 0 5%～ 1 %浓度范围内 ,胶束粒子大小均分布在两个区域 ,随共聚物浓度增大 ,低粒径区保持在 3 0～ 1 0 0nm范围 ,为单分子区 ;而高粒径区随浓度增大移向更高值 ,表明多分子胶束不断长大 .