火灾事故调查中的化学知识与分析方法

针对消防教育化学教学中学生学习积极性不高,教学针对性较差的问题,通过消防部队调研、专业课程和专业文献研究及多年积累的教学经验总结,系统梳理总结了火灾调查中的起火部位认定、火灾物证的化学分离方法、火灾物证的化学分析等环节涉及到的化学知识和化学分析方法,以期激发消防专业学生学习和运用化学的兴趣,同时为其他专业化学教学提供实践教学案例。     

消防相关专业化学教学策略研究

针对消防相关专业化学教学中存在的问题,探讨了消防相关专业化学的教学策略,如紧密联系消防实际选择教学内容;采用案例教学模式;通过典型化合物性质及其制备方法,引入化学工艺知识、化学灾害事故评估方法和危险化学品灾害事故控制方法;通过典型火灾事故原因调查展开分析化学知识教学;教学中渗透"绿色化学"和"绿色消防"的理念;将新成果应用于课堂教学等。     

现实增强技术在化学教学中的研究现状与启示

通过文献研究的方法,探讨了现实增强技术在化学教学应用中的研究现状、教学应用价值和未来的研究方向。研究表明,现实增强技术在化学教学中具有较广阔的应用前景,合理使用将会带来化学教学方式和教学模式新的变革。化学现实增强教学研究需要实现由技术应用到化学教学整合的转变,关注学习过程研究,寻求硬件、技术和教师专业能力限制的突破,并以理性的眼光来审视其在化学实验教学、教育现实中的应用路径。     

无机阻燃剂协同阻燃聚合物研究进展

无机阻燃剂协同阻燃体系可降低阻燃剂用量,增强阻燃效果,提高聚合物的耐热性能、加工性能和机械性能,已成为阻燃技术一个重要发展方向。本文综述了无机阻燃剂间的协同阻燃体系在不同聚合物阻燃中的研究进展,对单一阻燃剂和协同阻燃体系的阻燃作用机理、阻燃性能进行了分析总结,着重阐述了铝-镁系和可膨胀石墨等协同阻燃体系,指出各体系的阻燃机理、复配比例、添加量以及协同阻燃效应,并展望了无机阻燃剂协同阻燃体系的发展趋势。     

《高分子材料成型加工原理》课程教学改革的探讨

高分子成型加工原理是材料化学专业最重要的专业课程之一。根据课程和材料化学专业对人才需求的特点,在教学过程中调整课程结构,合理组织教学内容,改善教学方法,通过多媒体教学、实验教学、实践教学,以促进学生对专业知识的吸收。为了提高学生独立分析、解决实际问题的能力,加强理论教学和实践教学的结合以及理论教学和科研的结合。从而培养学生对本学科的学习兴趣,并促使其将所学的理论知识应用于生产实践,满足社会对专业人才的需求。     

氧瓶燃烧-电位滴定法测定溴系阻燃剂中的溴

随着全球安全环保意识的日益加强,人们对防火安全及制品阻燃的要求越来越高.目前国内塑料改性用阻燃剂近80%为含溴阻燃剂,包括脂肪族、脂环族、芳香族及芳香-脂肪族的含溴化合物,其中以十溴二苯醚、十溴联苯、十溴二苯乙烷等为代表的阻燃剂得到广泛应用.     

硅溶胶改性水性超薄型钢结构防火涂料的研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,OP-10为乳化剂,在聚乙烯醇保护下,用甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯进行共聚,合成乳液型丙烯酸酯树脂,并用红外光谱表征.用磷酸、五氧化二磷、季戊四醇反应生成的酯型中间体与三聚氰胺混合,制得膨胀型阻燃剂,用红外光谱表征并对其进行热重分析.用自制膨胀型阻燃剂与乳液型丙烯酸树脂及少量硅溶胶按一定比例混合调匀,制备超薄型钢结构防火涂料,根据国家标准对涂料性能进行检测,其基本性能达到防火涂料要求.     

理科化学专业和应用化学专业化学教学基本内容

关于“化学专业和应用化学专业化学教学基本内容”的几点说明“化学专业和应用化学专业化学教学基本内容”是化学教学指导委员会为化学本科专业（４年）基础课制订的文件。按化学本科专业教学总时数以２５００学时（不含毕业论文和军训）计算,本文件涉及的化学基础课约占...     

双一流背景下有机化学精准教学的探究实践*

有机化学课程是本校化学师范和高分子材料与工程2个国家级一流本科专业以及应用化学、制药工程等专业基础必修课程。由于化学师范和非师范专业的培养目标不同,有机化学的精准教学方面也有所差异。主要从理论教学、实验教学和多媒体教学等3个方面对化学师范专业和非师范专业有机化学差异化精准教学进行了探究实践,化学师范专业有机化学的精准教学侧重于培养学生的教学能力,非师范专业有机化学的精准教学侧重于培养学生的应用能力。     

聚乙烯醇无卤阻燃研究进展

鉴于环保的压力,无卤阻燃剂逐渐替代含卤阻燃剂,用在聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)阻燃处理中。本文综述了近年来无卤阻燃PVA的最新研究进展,总结分析了无机型阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂及反应型阻燃剂对PVA的阻燃研究现状,介绍了不同类型阻燃剂的阻燃机理、优缺点以及典型阻燃剂对PVA阻燃性质和力学性质的影响;在此基础上讨论了PVA阻燃的独特性,充分利用PVA的结构特征,研制出适合PVA加工方式的阻燃剂复配配方是PVA阻燃研究的主要发展方向。     

Effect of charring agents on solvent‐free fireproof coatings

The choice of charring agent is one of the major issues for solvent‐free fireproof coatings. The effects of processing method and charring agent on the thermal insulation and fire resistance of the coatings were investigated in simulated fire scenarios. Dipentaerythritol (DPER), triazine agent (CFA), and pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA) were compared as charring agent, and the thermal, combustion, fire resistance, and charring behaviors in different fire scenario were characterized for the fireproof coatings. Compared with high‐speed dispersing equipment, kneading processing equipment is favorable for improving the thermal stability and fire resistance of the coatings, because the stronger shearing force has promoted mixing and dispersion of the ingredients in solvent‐free fireproof coatings. As for charring agents, it is found that the fireproof coatings containing CFA or PEPA show better thermal and flame‐retardant performances. More residue was observed under nitrogen atmosphere in thermogravimetric analysis, less heat and smoke were released in cone calorimetry test. However, during the high temperature fire resistance test, their char layers were prone to delaminate while DPER‐containing coatings produced intact and stronger char layer with better heat insulation. For practical applications, the coating formulations need to be optimized to achieve both fire resistance and flame retardancy.     

The Future of Flame Retardant Polymers – Unmet Needs and Likely New Approaches

ABSTRACT

Thermoplastic and thermoset polymers in use today have fire risk and fire hazard associated with them that is not always well known to the public or material scientists. Recent events in the United Kingdom and California show that, if not considered carefully, use of flammable materials can result in catastrophic losses of both life and property. Further, current understanding has shown that simply adding flame retardant chemicals to polymers to address fire hazard and risk is not sufficient, as there is an increased demand from consumers, government, and industry for improved durability, recyclability, fire safety, and reduced environmental impact. These new requirements are beginning to change flame retardant chemistry for polymers, which has been mostly unchanged for the past 50 years. Existing flame retardant chemical technology will be briefly reviewed to show what is available today, followed by a discussion of potential future flame retardant approaches. Future possibilities such as polymeric, reactive, inorganic, and transition metal chemistries will be surveyed and discussed, with emphasis on what is not fully understood or validated for commercial use or future research and development investment. Current unmet fire safety needs of polymers, based upon current information and technological trends, will also be discussed.     

Combustion and thermal properties of paper honeycomb

The honeycomb structure has superior compressive strength so that it is being utilized in various fields. In addition, the paper honeycomb has excellent economic feasibility because of its low production cost and has an environment-friendly advantage because its recycling is possible. Securing of flame retardant performance is essential to use it as interior materials of buildings and fireproof doors using the advantage like this. The present research has evaluated combustion and thermal properties according to flame retardant treatment in terms of two kinds of specimens when flame retardant film is attached to paper honeycomb, and when paper honeycomb is impregnated to flame retardant agents. As a result of evaluating flame retardant performance utilizing a cone calorimeter, the case impregnated into flame retardant agents showed the most superior flame retardant performance. Through this result, it was confirmed that the paper honeycomb can be utilized as interior materials of buildings though improvement of flame retardant performance.     

使用裂解气相色谱对几种阻燃聚丙烯材料热稳定性及阻燃机理的探讨

用裂解气相色谱（PyGC)考察了经三种类型阻燃剂（含磷、含溴、含溴和磷）改性的聚丙烯的热稳定性。利用PyGC-MS法分析不同样品的高温裂角产物,以此来推测阻燃材料受热分解时气相以及凝聚相所发生的反应,推断阻燃机理,分析影响阻燃效果的因素,为阻燃剂的开发提供有益参考。结果证实,它们都影响聚丙烯的热降解。溴系阻燃剂和磷系阻燃剂是分别从气相阻断、凝固相加速成炭实现阻止燃烧的,而磷-溴型阻燃剂同时具备单纯含磷或者含溴阻燃能力。     

Composition of a wood combustion inhibitor based on a magnesium complex containing phosphorus and nitrogen

A flame retardant for wood impregnation based on a magnesium complex containing phosphorus and nitrogen was developed. It considerably reduces the wood loss in fire tests. Application of the flame retardant in an amount of 300 g m^–2 allows preparation of materials with the fire performance corresponding to group I of materials. The mechanism of the fireproofing action of the flame retardant on wood and the thermal degradation of the impregnated wood were studied.     

空心玻璃微珠改性饰面型防火涂料性能研究

利用隧道燃烧法测定了空心微珠改性防火涂料的防火性能,考察了空心微珠类型和添加量对涂料防火性能的影响,结合试件背火面温度变化探讨了空心微珠的防火机理.结果表明空心微珠可显著提高防火涂料的防火性能,添加适当的量可以使涂料的防火性能达到二级标准.     

Flame retardant composite materials

Flame retardant additives offer a potential short-term solution for reducing the combustibility of composites, and hence the reduction of the associated hazards. A brief review of fire modelling was performed to identify suitable mathematical expressions with which the results of the experimental flame retardant investigation were analysed. These were then used in a limited trial to compare the experimental and calculated ignition parameters. The comparison of simple mathematical equations with fire test results indicated that their ability to reasonably reproduce the experimental ignition parameters of the flame retardant treated composites is dependent on the mechanism of flame retardant activity, particularly the stage of combustion at which it is designed to be active. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Synergistic fire retardancy of colemanite, a natural hydrated calcium borate, in high-impact polystyrene containing brominated epoxy and antimony oxide

This study explores for the first time the synergistic fire retardant action of natural hydrated calcium borate, namely the mineral colemanite, which partially replaces antimony oxide in brominated flame retardant high-impact polystyrene compounds. Various antimony oxide to hydrated calcium borate ratios were employed keeping the brominated flame retardant additive at a constant loading level. With partial colemanite substitution for antimony oxide, lower heat release rate, total heat evolved and fire growth index was obtained under forced flaming fire conditions. Synergism was also seen in limiting oxygen index along with maintained V-0 classification in UL-94 tests. Regarding fire behaviour and flammability ratings, a large antimony oxide to calcium borate ratio provided ultimate fire retardant performance whereas magnitudes of synergism in average heat release rate and total heat evolved tend to be higher towards a smaller ratio. Effective heats of combustion and structural/morphological characterization of fire residues ascribed the underlying mechanism demonstrated by hydrated calcium borate to the formation of a consolidated residue that co-operates with the dominant gas phase fire retardancy originating from bromine-antimony synergism. It is thus proposed that coupling is achieved between gas phase and condensed phase modes of action increasing the overall fire retardant effectiveness. Along with enhanced fire retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties were satisfactorily maintained with the use of hydrated calcium borate at a variety of loading levels in compounds.     

Fire Retardancy of Aluminum Hydroxide Reinforced Flame Retardant Modified Epoxy Resin Composite

A novel phosphorous containing flame retardant epoxy resin is synthesized by modifying the epoxy resin initially with phosphoric acid and further with aluminum hydroxide (ATH) to enhance the fire retardancy of the modified epoxy resin. The several phosphorous modified epoxy resin to ATH mass ratios were used to study the effect of ATH addition on epoxy. Thermal and mechanical properties. The structure of the modified flame retardant epoxy resin was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) while thermal degradation behavior and flame retardant properties were examined using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and UL-94 testing. Furthermore, ultimate tensile strength and young modulus were analyzed to study the effect of ATH addition on mechanical properties. The findings indicated that fire retardancy of ATH reinforced modified ep oxy resin is higher than virgin and phosphorous modified epoxy resin and depicted eminent flame retardant properties with suitable mechanical properties.

     

Synthesis of a novel hybrid synergistic flame retardant and its application in PP/IFR

A novel inorganic-organic hybrid synergistic flame retardant was prepared by sol-gel reaction and characterized by NMR and FT-IR. It showed that the fire resistance of polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant (PP/IFR) composites could be improved with the combination of hybrid synergistic flame retardant. The char morphology and structure of PP composites were characterized by SEM and Raman spectra. The influence of the hybrid flame retardant on the thermal degradation process of PP composites was analyzed by FT-IR and the rheological behavior of the PP composites was also evaluated. The thermal stability of PP composites was characterized by TGA, weight loss difference and integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT). It indicated that the hybrid synergistic flame retardant had good synergistic effect with IFR.