固相萃取-离子色谱/气相色谱-质谱法联合检测油田水中的有机酸和酚类化合物

建立了固相萃取-离子色谱(IC)/气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联合检测高矿化度油田水中低相对分子质量的有机酸和酚类化合物的方法。在中性pH条件下,样品经Waters Oasis HLB柱萃取后,萃取液经稀释、Ag2O沉淀和Ag-H柱处理除去大部分氯离子,再用IC测定有机酸;将萃取柱真空冷冻干燥,然后经甲基叔丁基醚/甲醇(9:1, v/v)脱附并用无水硫酸钠除水,再用GC-MS检测酚类化合物。在优化的实验条件下,4种低相对分子质量的有机酸以及5种酚类化合物的平均加标回收率达到80%以上,相对标准偏差(RSD, n=6)为2.38%～9.45%,定量限均低于88.9 μg/L。该方法测定结果准确可靠,适用于氯离子含量高达150 g/L左右水样中低相对分子质量的有机酸和酚类化合物的检测。     

离子色谱法测定高氯、高钠油田回注水中的阴、阳离子及有机酸

建立了高氯、高钠油田回注水中痕量无机阴、阳离子和有机酸的离子色谱分析方法。对高钠基质中痕量阳离子的测定,选用IonPac CS12A分析柱、H2SO4溶液梯度淋洗、电导检测器检测;对高氯基质中阴离子及有机酸的测定,选用对OH-具有高选择性的高容量的IonPac AS11-HC柱、KOH梯度淋洗、电导检测器检测。在优化的梯度淋洗条件下,高氯或高钠的存在不影响痕量阴离子或阳离子的测定。该方法具有良好的线性(r=0.9926~0.9990)和精密度(测定组分峰面积的相对标准偏差(n=7)在8.0%以下),回收率     

氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定水中微量砷和硒

研究了氢化物发生-原子荧光光度法测定水中微量砷和硒的方法。结果表明,检出限:砷为0.0518μg/L,硒为0.0524μg/L;11次测定的相对标准偏差为0.36％～0.62％;标准回收率:砷为96.8％～100.9％;硒为95.9％～103.7％。方法简便、快速、灵敏,适于生活饮用水、地表水和水源水中微量砷、硒的同时测定。     

离子色谱法在油气田水分析中的应用

介绍油气田水中无机阴离子、碱金属、碱土金属、过渡金属和有机酸的离子色谱分析方法。     

离子交换色谱法同时测定啤酒中有机酸和无机阴离子

建立了用亲水性阴离子交换分离柱,KOH为淋洗液等浓度泵作梯度淋洗,电导检测,同时分离和检测16种无机阴离子和低分子量有机酸的离子色谱法。方法对所测无机阴离子和有机酸检出限在9．3～32μg/L之间;线性范围均在2个数量级以上;回收率在90．2％～107．2％之间。方法用于啤酒样品的分析,结果满意,样品的RSD小于5．3％(n=7)。     

高分辨率连续光源原子吸收法和离子选择电极法测定水中氟化物的比较

目的：比较高分辨率连续光源原子吸收法（HR－CS－AAS）和离子选择电极法（ISE）测定水中氟化物。方法用离子选择电极和高分辨率连续光源原子吸收分别测定水样及进行加标回收实验,比较两者的检测限、精密度、准确度等指标。并采用配对t检验检查两种方法测定水中氟的结果是否有显著差异。结果离子选择电极检测限为0.10 mg/L; RSD为2.23％～4.32％;加标回收率为96.0％～104.0％。原子吸收法检测限为0.04 mg/L; RSD为1.7％～3.6％;加标回收率为96.5％～106.0％。离子选择电极和原子吸收法同时测定24份实际水样,测定结果进行配对t检验,结果表明,两法测定水中氟无显著差异。结论高分辨率连续光源原子吸收法可用于测定水中氟,适合大批量样品测定的特点。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定包装饮用水中15种元素

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定包装饮用水中15种元素含量.利用在线内标校正,消除质谱干扰,样品经过膜过滤、酸化后直接测定.包装饮用水中15种元素的质量浓度在10～100μg/L内与质谱响应值线性良好,相关系数均不小于0.9990,检出限为0.0001～0.0524μg/L,样品加标回收率为93.2％～104.2％,相对标准偏差为0.58％～3.60％(n=7).该方法简单、快速、灵敏,适用于包装饮用水中多种元素同时测定.     

小麦根系中有机酸的离子色谱法分析研究

研究了离子交换和离子排斥法用于小麦根系中有机酸分析的色谱条件,首次建立了植物报系中有机酸的高子色谱分析方法。分别用Ｎａ＿２ＣＯ＿３／ＮａＨＣＯ＿３,Ｎａ＿２ＣＯ＿３／ＮａＯＨ和ＨＣｌ作离子交换和离子排斥分高的流动相,选用化学抑制型电导检测器。对样品中柠檬酸、苹果酸、丁二酸、反丁烯二酸、乙酸、草酸的检测限为Ｏ１～０．５μｇ／ｍＬ,相对标准偏差为１．７８％～２．９７％,样品加标回收率为１００±１０％。     

薄膜梯度扩散-分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)-二苯碳酰二肼(DPC)分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的分析方法.先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术(PQAS DGT)原位分离富集水中Cr(Ⅵ),再以DPC分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Cr(Ⅵ)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度.DGT-DPC法测得配制水中Cr(Ⅵ)的回收率为95.1％～101.3％,相对标准偏差为1.60％～3.58％;测得工业废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度为18.54 ～ 137.61μg/L,加标回收率为94.3％～101.8％.当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Cr(Ⅵ)富集近10倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的定量检测.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定水中砷和锑

建立在硝酸介质中用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定水中砷和锑的方法。优化了仪器工作条件、酸度、硼氢化钾及还原剂浓度。砷、锑的线性范围为0～10．0μg／L;检出限分别为0．02,0．01μg／L;测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为1．77％～3．72％,2．95％～4．87％（n=6）;加标回收率分别为98％106％,96％105％。该法操作简便,灵敏度高,快速,便于推广,适用于水中砷和锑的同时测定。     

大蒜汁在油田腐蚀介质中的缓蚀作用

本文利用失重法研究了大蒜汁在“碳钢－盐酸”、“碳钢－油田注水”以及分别进行充CO2或H2S“碳钢－油田注水”体系中的缓蚀效果,通过扫描电镜形貌观察和电化学测试初步探讨了缓蚀作用机理。结果发现,大蒜汁在酸性溶液中具有良好的缓蚀效果,在80℃下的15%盐酸溶液中缓蚀效率最高可达95.4%,缓蚀率随着酸浓度的增加而逐渐降低。大蒜汁在三种油田注水中也有一定的缓蚀作用,缓蚀效率在42%到64%之间。采用大蒜缓蚀的金属表面覆盖有一层致密的薄膜,动电位极化测试显示为吸附成膜。     

生物油酸性组分分离精制研究

生物油因水分含量高和呈酸性未能作为高品位能源直接规模化应用。利用分子蒸馏技术将生物油水分与酸性组分作为整体对象进行分离,既得到生物油酸性组分富集馏分,又获得了水分含量低、酸性较弱与热值较高的精制生物油Ⅰ（蒸馏重质馏分）与精制生物油Ⅱ（常温冷凝馏分）。同时,具体考察了精制前后生物油的pH值、热值和水分等参数的变化规律。研究表明,生物油的水分与酸性组分得到有效分离,精制生物油Ⅰ和Ⅱ的低级羧酸含量从原始生物油的18.85%分别降低至0.96%和2.2%     

油田水中烷基酚的胶束电动色谱分离

采用硼酸盐-十二烷基硫酸钠胶束电动色谱对油田水中存在的烷基酚进行了分离分析。考察了影响分离的各种不同因素：缓冲液浓度、体系的pH值、胶束溶液浓度、分离电流、管住温度及有机添加剂β-环糊精等。在恒流100μA下,38min内可分离20种烷基酚。采用Cl－TBP萃淋树脂对油田水样进行了浓缩富集预处理。     

Highly hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes: Field variables to control emulsion type

Highly hydrophobically modified (with n-dodecylamide chain) linear poly(acrylic acid)s (HHMPAAH) and poly(sodium acrylate)s (HHMPAANa) with various degrees of grafting (τ) were synthesized and used as emulsifiers of the n-dodecane/water system. The type of emulsion, oil in water (O/W) or water in oil (W/O), was investigated as a function of the polymer chemical structure (τ, salt or acid form of the copolymer) and aqueous phase electrolyte concentration (NaNO₃). Increasing τ and/or salt concentration was found to favor the formation of inverse emulsions. Direct liquid–liquid dispersions are more likely to form with poly(sodium acrylate)s than with poly(acrylic acid)s. Hence, field variables such as τ, pH and ionic strength are relevant parameters to control emulsion type. Moreover, a balanced polyelectrolyte neither soluble in oil nor in water was synthesized for the first time. With this original emulsifier, the dispersion type was found to change from O/W to W/O with polymer salting out. The work provides convenient model system for fundamental studies of polymer conformation at liquid–liquid interfaces. Received: 31 March 1998 Accepted: 30 April 1998     

Further Investigation into the Stability of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions Formed in Burgan Oilfield: Effect of Toluene,Resins to Asphaltenes Ratio,and Surfactant

Factors controlling the formation and stabilization of water-in-crude oil (w/o) emulsions in oil fields are of great concern to the petroleum industry for the economic development of underground oil reservoirs. Controlling and minimizing the formation of w/o emulsions and demulsification of water from emulsions are also important for environmental development. Because of its importance, the mechanisms, formation, and stability of w/o emulsions have received considerable attention. This article deals with some of the factors responsible for the formation and stabilization of w/o emulsions formed in Burgan oil field in Kuwait. Some of the factors investigated in this study are the naturally occurred surface active components of crude oils such as asphaltenes and resins. Stability of emulsion samples with resins to asphaltenes ratio (R/A) contents of 3, 5, 9, 12, and 20 has been studied. It was found that Emulsion tightness is correlated with resins to asphaltene content of the sample. As the R/content increases the emulsion becomes unstable. The effect of additives such as toluene and dodecyle benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) on the stability of various emulsion samples collected from oil field are also reported. A 2 wt% of DBSA was found to resolve all the water from emulsion samples collected from Burgan oilfield.     

Synthesis and electrorheological characterization of emulsion-polymerized dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid doped polyaniline-based suspensions

The electrorheological (ER) properties of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) doped polyaniline suspensions in silicone oil were investigated. In contrast to chemically polymerized polyaniline in an acidic aqueous medium by oxidation polymerization, we adopted an emulsion polymerization technique in which aniline is polymerized in an emulsion of water and a nonpolar (or weakly polar) organic solvent. The effects of electric field strength and particle concentration on the ER properties of DBSA-doped polyaniline suspensions in silicone oil were then examined. Rheological measurements were also carried out using a rotational rheometer with a high-voltage generator in both controlled shear rate and shear stress modes, and the results showed that the ER properties were enhanced by increasing the particle concentration and electric field. Received: 23 August 1999 Accepted: 6 April 2000     

低场核磁共振法对油基钻井液乳状液乳滴稳定性的研究

采用低场核磁共振技术,针对油基钻井液油包水型乳状液乳滴的稳定性进行研究。引入弛豫试剂Mn Cl2·4H2O对W/Q型乳状液的T2分布曲线进行定性分析,位于10~1 000 ms之间的弛豫峰对应于中度可自由移动水和白油弛豫峰的叠合峰,定义为乳状液弛豫峰;1 000~10 000 ms之间的峰为高度可自由移动水的弛豫峰。基于此,以弛豫峰峰形为定性指标,弛豫峰面积比率和弛豫峰间距为定量指标,针对弛豫试剂、油水比和老化温度等因素对乳状液横向弛豫时间T2分布曲线的影响进行了分析,进而深入研究了其对油基钻井液乳状液乳滴稳定性的影响。还将低场核磁共振分析技术运用于油基钻井液乳状液体系相对含油率的测量。结果表明,低场核磁共振是一种高效、快捷、准确反映油基钻井液乳状液稳定性的分析测试技术,同时,还可用于油基钻井液乳状液或原油相对含油率的测量。     

A STUDY OF FAT OXIDATION IN A MICROEMULSION SYSTEM

The effect of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol on fat oxidation has been studied in a microemulsion consisting of soybean oil, sunflower oil monoglycerides and water. It was observed that the presence of ascorbic acid in the water aggregates gave a pronounced reduction in the oxidation rate, and even after storage at 40°C for 100 days only a minor oxidation of the oil was observed, whereas the control, without ascorbic acid, was highly oxidized.     

Self-assembly and subsequent accumulation of lipid nanotubes at oil/water interfaces.

We utilized oil/water interfaces as a new field to produce lipid nanotubes (LNTs), which are formed by the self-assembly of lipid molecules, and possess hollow nanometer-wide cylindrical structures. Compared to the self-assembling field in bulk water, oil/water interfaces produced shorter lipids nanotubes less than 10 microm long more efficiently. In addition, we found that the oil/water interface accumulates lipid nanotubes spontaneously. This methodology is favorable to fabricate LNTs as new nano-fluidic devices, or sensors that require accumulation and alignment in two dimensions.     

低黏附耐酸碱水相超疏油铜表面的制备

制备了一种新型的耐酸碱性的水相超疏油铜表面. 在水相中,油滴在其表面上的接触角高达162°,同时极易滚动,表明所得到的表面不但具有水相超疏油特性,同时还表现出较低的黏附性及较强的耐酸碱能力. 在不同pH值（2~12）的水溶液中,这种低黏附超疏油特性依然存在. 研究表明,该表面的水下超疏油及低黏附特性主要源于表面亲水性的化学组成及独特的微纳米等级结构之间的协同作用. 而较强的耐酸碱性则得益于铜材料自身较好的化学稳定性.