离子阱阵列的理论模拟研究

采用电脑模拟的方法对一种新型的离子阱质量分析器——离子阱阵列进行了电极结构的优化.该离子阱质量分析器为一种多通道质量分析器,可以同时对不同的离子进行储存和质量分析.本实验主要研究了该离子阱质量分析器的性能和电极结构之间的关系.通过对离子运动轨迹的计算分析,可以得到模拟的离子质谱峰.通过对模拟离子质谱峰的分析,可以区分出使得离子阱性能较优的电极结构.在对模拟质谱峰的分析中,峰形和离子弹出效率都作为性能指标被考虑.有部分模拟的数据与实验结果进行了对比.     

气相色谱矩形离子阱质谱联用仪的设计与性能

气相色谱离子阱质谱联用仪(GC-ITMS)广泛地应用于药物分析、环境分析、农药检测和食品分析、有机化学品分析、毒品分析以及医学和生物分析等领域。离子阱质谱作为色谱的检测器,决定了色质联用仪的分析性能,包括检出限、分辨率。离子阱质量分析器从传统的双曲型3D离子阱发展到2D线性离子阱,质量歧视效应得到了极大的改善,灵敏度得到了提高。矩形离子阱作为线性离子阱,结构简单,加工和装配容易,因此应用到GCMS系统中将具有非常大的优势。介绍了矩形离子阱质谱仪的设计方案、仪器整机的性能测试、质量分辨和质量歧视效应分析,与Agilent6890组成GCMS联用仪,对实际样品进行了分析。     

稳定图的测定与矩形离子阱质谱性能分析

从理论上讲, 离子阱质谱仪的性能是由阱内电场分布决定的,而电场分布又是由组成离子阱的电极几何结构和离子阱工作电压决定的. 对于矩形离子阱, 即使不考虑其几何结构的偏差, 其阱内的电场分布一般也很复杂. 在矩形离子阱内, 除四极电场外, 还包含多种成分的其他各种高阶场, 它们直接影响离子在阱内的运动轨迹和离子阱质谱的性能. 由于各种电场成分对离子阱内离子运动的影响非常复杂, 还很难从数学上给出精确的解析解, 使得目前从理论上还无法预测高阶场成分对质谱性能的影响. 本工作通过测定不同几何结构的矩形离子阱的稳定图, 从实验上比较了不同场半径, 即不同电场分布条件下的离子阱质谱性能的差别. 实验中, 通过改变离子阱的几何比例结构, 详细测定了不同结构的矩形离子阱的稳定图特征, 并与实验测得的质谱分析结果进行比较. 同时, 我们还详细介绍了矩形离子阱质谱的稳定图的测定方法, 并根据得到的不同情况下的稳定图结构分析了离子阱的质谱性能. 研究结果表明： 可以通过比较试验得到的稳定图结构来判断其离子阱质谱仪的性能如质量分辨能力等. 此外, 实验结果还发现： 对于y方向拉伸结构的矩形离子阱, 其实验绘制得到的是不完整的稳定图. 但根据稳定图边界的特点, 通过采用四极直流电压调制的方法, 可以对y方向拉伸结构的矩形离子阱的性能进行改善, 极大地提高了阱的质量分辨能力.     

碰撞气体的种类和压力对离子阱质谱性能的影响

基于数字离子阱技术,研究了离子阱质谱分析实验过程使用的碰撞气体种类及压力对离子阱质谱性能,如质量分辨能力、信号强度、串级质谱分析,以及低质量截止效应等的影响.实验过程中,在离子的激发和碰撞诱导解离阶段,分别采用质量数不等的氦气(质量数=4 amu)、氮气(质量数=28 amu)、氩气(质量数=40 amu)等作为碰撞气体,以及不同的气体压力,研究了它们对质谱性能的影响.结果表明,当采用质量数较大的氩气作为碰撞气体时,可以有效改善低质量数截止效应和提高离子碰撞过程中的能量转移效率,同时提高离子捕获和解离效率,但是质量分辨率会明显降低.在获得较高质量分辨率方面,氦气作为碰撞气体时效果最好.在气压相同的情况下,质量数大的碰撞气体有利于提高串级质谱分析效率,即获得更多碎片离子峰和更多有关母体离子结构的信息.     

用数字离子阱进行快速质量分析

利用数字离子阱技术进行样品的快速质量分析.在样品离子被引入离子阱的过程中,同时扫描数字射频工作电压的频率和离子共振偶极电压的频率,使得离子在进入离子阱质量分析器后,立即被相应的共振偶极电压所共振激发而逐出离子阱,并被离子探测器测量到.本方法相较于传统离子阱分析过程省去了离子引入、离子冷却和离子清空3个阶段,减少了约3/4的实验分析时间.通过对扫描速度、离子门电压参数的优化,数字束缚射频频率从1000～ 400 kHz线性扫描,扫描速度为2385 Th/s,离子门电压为9V,对利血平(m/z 609),精氨酸(m/z 174)等样品的进行测试,离子信号强度达到最优.结果表明,利用本方法可以获得与离子阱质量分析传统方法相同的质谱结果.     

数字离子阱质谱仪低质量截止值的改进方法

本研究在实验室自制的线形数字离子阱质量分析器上,通过改变数码电源的频率扫描方式,在CID过程中,通过扫描数字束缚方波电源的频率和数字激发方波的频率实现母体解离。例如对于利血平母体离子,当将离子数字束缚方波频率从500 kHz扫描到560 kHz,可以测量到低质荷比的碎片离子,成功实现了串级质谱分析的低质量碎片离子的分析。通过与利血平三重四极质谱串级质谱分析实验结果的比较,发现可以在数字离子阱质谱仪上获得与三重四极质谱相同的串级质谱测量结果。结果表明,本方法可以用于低质量离子的测量,克服了传统离子阱质谱进行串级质谱分析的一个主要难点,显著提高数字离子阱质谱的性能。     

离子阱质量分析器中直流电压驱动的串级质谱分析方法

本发明属于质谱分析测试技术领域,具体为离子阱质量分析器中直流电压驱动的串级质谱分析方法。本发明方法具体包括离子选择隔离、碰撞诱导解离和质量分析三个阶段。在碰撞诱导解离阶段,通过在离子阱质量分析器电极上施加非对称波形射频工作电压,使得在离子阱中心产生偏置直流电压。此偏置直流电压使得被隔离的具有一定质荷比的母体离子偏离离子阱束缚中心获得能量而被激发。被激发到高能量状态的离子,可以与与离子阱中的中性分子发生碰撞并解离,实现串级质谱分析。本发明不需要额外的直流电源,仅通过软件的控制即可实现偏置直流电压,实现时序控制,可以显著简化实验装置和方法。     

栅网电极离子阱质量分析器的结构与性能

报道了一种结构非常简单的新型线型离子阱质量分析器,它由4块"栅网电极"电极与2块端盖电极合围而成的一个近似于长方体的离子存储和分析空间。"栅网电极"的结构为:首先在矩形电极上加工一个"口"字型的通孔,然后再用导电的栅网覆盖住"口"字表面构成。这4块含有栅网的电极合围成一个四面对称的长方体空间,它们与二个端盖电极组成一个完整的离子阱。用栅网电极构成离子阱质量分析器具有以下优势:(1)结构非常简单。它可以极大地减小离子阱质量分析器对组成离子阱电极的机械加工精度要求,如电极对称性,离子引出孔的线性度与大小,以及对离子阱组装精度的要求,使离子阱质谱的生产工艺和使用维护更加简化;(2)由于传统离子引出电极上的离子引出槽被省去,使得离子阱电极的对称性提高,这有可能改善离子阱内部的电场分布,提高离子阱质量分析器的质谱性能;(3)由于离子引出电极的大部分为栅网,它可以成倍提高离子引出效率,提高质谱仪的分析灵敏度。初步的实验结果表明,用本工作给出的用栅网电极组成的离子阱质量分析器,当栅网宽度为4 mm时,在较低的离子共振激发电压下,即可将离子从阱中弹出,并可以获得高于400的质量分辨率和300 Thomson以上的质量扫描范围。     

高分辨质谱技术在中药分析中的研究进展

中药分析涉及中药物质基础研究、药物代谢、中药质量控制等多个领域,是中药现代化研究的基础。随着现代化分析技术的发展,中药分析研究取得了极大的进展。针对中药成分复杂、代谢过程多样、目标物浓度低等难点,高分辨质谱技术凭借精确质量数、高分辨率及高灵敏度的优点在中药分析中具有显著优势。该文对高分辨质谱技术在中药分析中的应用进行了综述,重点介绍了四极杆飞行时间质谱、静电场轨道阱质谱、傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱和离子淌度串联质谱等质谱技术的发展,以及高分辨质谱在中药化学成分鉴定、中药化合物代谢研究、中药植物代谢组学研究以及中药有害化学成分检测中的研究进展。同时,对高分辨质谱在中药分析中的应用进行了展望,以期促进中药现代化发展。     

阶梯电极离子阱质量分析器的结构与性能

本研究从理论上优化了一种新型结构的线型离子阱质量分析器-阶梯电极离子阱质量分析器,它是由2对阶梯电极与1对端盖电极组成。与传统平板电极矩形离子阱长阶梯电极离子阱相比,具有调节电场分布的优点,同时在几何结构设计上更接近于双曲面电极结构,但比双曲面电极更容易加工。通过改变阶梯电极结构的高度、宽度、场半径比例等几何参数,实现了对离子阱内部电场分布的优化,从而实现离子阱性能的优化。理论模拟研究结果表明,根据几何结构和电场分布优化获得的阶梯电极离子阱质量分析器(X0×Y0=9 mm×5 mm),可以在225 Da/ s 扫速下获得10150的质量分辨率。阶梯电极离子阱结构简单,分辨能力明显高于矩形离子阱。初步的实验结果表明,阶梯电极离子阱具有较好的串级质谱分析性能。     

Hyphenation of liquid chromatography to ion trap mass spectrometry to identify minor components in polypeptide antibiotics

The application of liquid chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry for the characterization of linear and cyclic polypeptide antibiotics was investigated. The aim was on-line identification of impurities in those antibiotic complexes without recourse to time-consuming isolation and purification procedures. Hyphenated techniques, such as liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, are ideally suited for this purpose. Characterization was performed with an ion trap mass spectrometer offering MSⁿ capability; this enables more structural information to be obtained. Liquid chromatography in combination with ion trap mass spectrometry was successfully applied for the characterization of impurities in gramicidin, polymyxin B, polymyxin E, and bacitracin and the study of the degradation products of polymyxins B and E.     

Quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry: a view at the turn of the century

A personal account of the quadrupole ion trap researches carried out in my laboratory and in collaboration with other laboratories. This account commences with the announcement, in 1983, of the first commercially available ion trap detector, manufactured by Finnigan MAT, and continues to the present day. Much of the ion trap mass spectrometry research that took place during the period following this announcement until 1994 has been discussed in detail in three volumes entitled Practical Aspects of Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry that were published in 1995. Except for those researches that impinged directly on our work during this period, no discussion of the contents of these three volumes is repeated here. The ion trap literature from 1994 to the present has been reviewed selectively so as to convey to the reader the dynamic nature of ion trap mass spectrometry and the wide variety of its application.     

DC Potentials Applied to an End-cap Electrode of a 3-D Ion Trap for Enhanced MS Functionality

The effects of the application of various DC magnitudes and polarities to an end-cap of a 3-D quadrupole ion trap throughout a mass spectrometry experiment were investigated. Application of a monopolar DC field was achieved by applying a DC potential to the exit end-cap electrode, while maintaining the entrance end-cap electrode at ground potential. Control over the monopolar DC magnitude and polarity during time periods associated with ion accumulation, mass analysis, ion isolation, ion/ion reaction, and ion activation can have various desirable effects. Included amongst these are increased ion capture efficiency, increased ion ejection efficiency during mass analysis, effective isolation of ions using lower AC resonance ejection amplitudes, improved temporal control of the overlap of oppositely charged ion populations, and the performance of "broad-band" collision induced dissociation (CID). These results suggest general means to improve the performance of the 3-D ion trap in a variety of mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry experiments.     

In-line sample trap columns with diatomite for large-volume injection in CZE–IM–MS

The analysis of low-abundant compounds with capillary zone electrophoresis–drift-tube ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry (CZE–DTIMS–MS) is compromised due to the low injectable sample volumes in CZE and low duty cycle in DTIMS. Fritless packed in-line trap columns, using solid-phase extraction sorbent particles, have been used to increase injection volumes in CZE, but these columns are difficult to prepare and exhibit rapidly increasing back pressures. To provide smooth and complete filling of trap columns as well as to ensure higher and sustained flow rates though the columns, blends of cation and anion exchange particles with diatomite were used. The application of diatomite blends ensured the use of trap columns for at least 100 injections, with maximum injection volumes over 10 µl, which corresponds to an enrichment factor of more than 1000 over conventional injections in CZE–MS, enabling the detection of low nM concentrations of N-glycans with CZE–IMS–MS.     

A novel mass spectrometry cluster for high-throughput quantitative proteomics

We have developed and implemented a novel mass spectrometry (MS) platform combining the advantages of high mass accuracy and resolving power of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) with the economy and speed of multiple ion traps for tandem mass spectrometry. The instruments are integrated using novel algorithms and software and work in concert as one system. Using chromatographic time compression, a single expensive FTICR mass spectrometer can match the throughput of multiple relatively inexpensive ion trap instruments. Liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry data from the two types of spectrometers are aligned and combined to hybrid datasets, from which peptides are identified using accurate mass from the FTICR data and tandem mass spectra from the ion trap data. In addition, the high resolving power and dynamic range of a 12 tesla FTICR also allows precise label-free quantitation. Using two ion traps in parallel with one LC allows simultaneous MS/MS experiments and optimal application of collision induced dissociation and electrontransfer dissociation throughout the chromatographic separation for increased proteome coverage, characterization of post-translational modifications and/or simultaneous measurement in positive and negative ionization mode. An FTICR-ion trap cluster can achieve similar performance and sample throughput as multiple hybrid ion trap-FTICR instruments, but at a lower cost. We here describe the first such FTICR-ion trap cluster, its performance and the idea of chromatographic compression.     

Measuring masses of single bacterial whole cells with a quadrupole ion trap

A novel method has been developed to precisely measure the masses of single bacterial whole cells using a quadrupole ion trap as an electrodynamic balance. The bacterial cells were introduced into the ion trap by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, confined in space by audio frequency ac fields, and detected by elastic light scattering. Mass measurement accuracy approaching 0.1% was achieved for Escherichia coli K-12 with a mass distribution of +/-3% from 60 repetitive measurements of the particles and their clusters. This is the first high-precision mass measurement reported for any intact microorganisms with masses greater than 1 x 1010 Da. The method opens new avenues for high-precision mass measurement of single microbial particles and offers an alternative approach for rapid identification of microorganisms by mass spectrometry.     

Trapping of intact,singly-charged,bovine serum albumin ions injected from the atmosphere with a 10-cm diameter,frequency-adjusted linear quadrupole ion trap

High-resolution real-time particle mass measurements have not been achievable because the enormous amount of kinetic energy imparted to the particles upon expansion into vacuum competes with and overwhelms the forces applied to the charged particles within the mass spectrometer. It is possible to reduce the kinetic energy of a collimated particulate ion beam through collisions with a buffer gas while radially constraining their motion using a quadrupole guide or trap over a limited mass range. Controlling the pressure drop of the final expansion into a quadrupole trap permits a much broader mass range at the cost of sacrificing collimation. To achieve high-resolution mass analysis of massive particulate ions, an efficient trap with a large tolerance for radial divergence of the injected ions was developed that permits trapping a large range of ions for on-demand injection into an awaiting mass analyzer. The design specifications required that frequency of the trapping potential be adjustable to cover a large mass range and the trap radius be increased to increase the tolerance to divergent ion injection. The large-radius linear quadrupole ion trap was demonstrated by trapping singly-charged bovine serum albumin ions for on-demand injection into a mass analyzer. Additionally, this work demonstrates the ability to measure an electrophoretic mobility cross section (or ion mobility) of singly-charged intact proteins in the low-pressure regime. This work represents a large step toward the goal of high-resolution analysis of intact proteins, RNA, DNA, and viruses.     

Particle beam-mass spectrometric analysis of difluorophenyl triazole compounds using normal phase-HPLC

Normal phase liquid chromatography combined with particle beam mass spectrometry has been applied to the analysis of fluconazole, an anti-fungal agent, [2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,3-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-propan-2-ol] and a related intermediate, UK-51060 [2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-ethan-2-one]. Electron ionisation and chemical ionisation have been investigated in combination with quadrupole ion trap and magnetic sector mass spectrometers and the spectra obtained compared with those for direct probe analysis. A novel method for the introduction of the chemical ionisation reagent gas via the interface is described for particle beam-magnetic sector mass spectrometry. Multi-stage scan routines have been implemented on the ion trap for the selective storage of analyte species and removal of solvent ions. Detection limits for both spectrometers have been determined and are discussed in terms of interface geometry and analyte transport characteristics. Normal phase HPLC on silica provided a good separation of the intermediate from the later eluting fluconazole peak.     

Laser desorption/ionization coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for real-time monitoring of paraquat on the surface of environmental particles

Aerosol mass spectrometry with laser desorption/ionization was investigated as a possible tool for real-time monitoring of the presence of the pesticide paraquat on the surface of airborne soil particles. Laser desorption/ionization of paraquat dication produced only singly charged ions. The most abundant species were [M](+.), [M - H](+), and [M - CH3](+). Operation of the ion trap mass spectrometer in the MS(3) mode allowed the reduction of the signal dependence on laser fluence fluctuations and permitted the detection of the analyte with good sensitivity and high selectivity. The estimated limit of detection in terms of surface coverage was 0.016 monolayers, approximately 1 attomole of paraquat on the surface of a single micron-sized soil particle.     

谱图检索结合二级质谱定性分析烟草中挥发性成分

采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取烟叶中的挥发性成分,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分离测定,通过谱库检索和匹配度定性结合色谱保留指数方法鉴定烟叶中挥发性成分,并引入离子阱二级质谱对谱库检索匹配度差距小、含量低,背景干扰大的物质准确定性.采用谱图检索结合二级质谱定性共鉴定144个化合物,其中104个化合物在烟草挥发性成分的文献中已有报道,报道中有9个化合物是通过二级质谱定性,其余40个化合物还未见报道.结果表明,离子阱二级质谱定性的引入提高了对未知化合物定性的准确性和可靠性,适合于烟叶这类复杂植物体系的化学组分研究.