钨酸钠/过氧化氢体系对葡甲苷伯羟基的选择催化氧化

采用钨酸钠/过氧化氢体系对甲基葡萄糖苷的伯羟基进行选择催化氧化制备葡萄糖醛酸及其内酯,考察了不同催化氧化工艺条件对反应收率的影响,产物用HPLC检测,同时对反应机理进行了初步探讨。 结果表明, 该体系对葡甲苷伯羟基的氧化具有较好的催化活性和反应选择性,葡萄糖醛酸及其内酯总收率可达到74.07%。 与传统的淀粉硝酸氧化法工艺相比,该方法具有资源节约、环境友好的特点。     

微波辅助活性MnO_2选择氧化葡甲苷合成葡萄糖醛酸

葡甲苷经微波辅助MnO2一级选择氧化和H2O2二级氧化合成了葡萄糖醛酸,其结构经HPLC和LC-MS确证。探索了不同反应条件对收率的影响。结果表明:活性MnO2在微波辐射条件下具有较好的氧化活性和选择性,反应时间短。最佳合成条件为:活性MnO2为氧化剂,水为溶剂,于80℃微波(400 W)反应2 h,葡甲苷和活性二氧化锰质量比为1∶4,收率79%。     

Pd/La0.5Pb0.5Mn0.9Sn0.1O3对甲苷伯羟基的选择催化氧化

用柠檬酸络合法制备了掺杂钙钛矿型复合金属氧化物载体, 采用沉淀法负载活性组分钯得到催化剂Pd/La0.5Pb0.5Mn0.9Sn0.1O3, 用XRD, SEM和XPS对载体和催化剂结构进行了表征分析, 考察了催化剂和氧化工艺条件对甲基葡萄糖苷的伯羟基选择氧化合成葡萄糖醛酸及其内酯的催化活性的影响. 结果表明, 载体La0.5Pb0.5Mn0.9Sn0.1O3由于掺杂效应而具有较强的助氧化还原能力, 有利于实现活性组分Pd在催化过程中的氧化还原循环. 在Pd负载量为1%、温度70 ℃、pH值为9的条件下, 葡萄糖醛酸及内酯的总收率达到60%, 反应选择性良好.     

TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO体系催化氧化法合成α-D-葡萄糖醛酸

以α-D-葡萄糖为起始物,用TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO体系催化氧化法合成α-D-葡萄糖醛酸。合成过程为:首先对α-D-葡萄糖上的C1位进行甲基化保护,然后用TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO体系对伯醇羟基进行催化氧化转化为羧基,最后脱甲基。对第三步稀盐酸水解法脱甲基的条件作了优化,分别水解15h、30h、45h、58h、65h,高效液相色谱(HPLC)结果显示,在水解58h时甲基葡萄糖醛酸钠基本水解完毕,葡萄糖醛酸水解得率最高,水解得率为64.9%。经过高效液相色谱提纯后的葡萄糖醛酸熔点为164.3～165.2℃(m.p.165℃),得率(基于α-D-葡萄糖)为45.2%。     

4,6-二甲基-2-甲磺酰基嘧啶的绿色合成

以4,6-二甲基-2-巯基嘧啶(DLMP)为起始原料,经过甲基化和氧化反应2步合成4,6-二甲基-2-甲磺酰基嘧啶,总收率86.7%,所用原料绿色环保。甲基化一步中使用碳酸二甲酯(DMC)为甲基化试剂,离子液[Bmim]Cl为溶剂和催化剂,反应最佳配比为:n(DLMP):n(DMC):n([Bmim]Cl)=1:1.5:2,110℃下反应3h,收率93.5%。[Bmim]Cl重复使用4次,收率略微下降。     

近平滑假丝酵母细胞催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原反应

 采用近平滑假丝酵母细胞用于催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原反应, 可高选择性地生成 (R)-1-三甲基硅乙醇. 结果表明, 固定化于海藻酸钙的细胞催化该反应的产物收率比游离细胞的高. 不同辅底物对该反应的影响显著, 以葡萄糖为辅底物时, 反应的初速率较快, 产物收率较高. 该反应的最适条件为: 辅底物 (葡萄糖) 浓度 110 mmol/L, 振荡速度 180 r/min, 缓冲液 pH 值 6.0, 反应温度 30 oC, 底物浓度 20 mmol/L. 在此反应条件下反应的初速率、产物收率和产物的 ee 值分别为 11.4 μmol/h, 96.5% 和 99.9%.     

2-甲基-6-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)对苯二醌的合成

以邻甲基苯酚为原料,与1-氯-2-甲基-2-丁烯反应生成2-甲基-6-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯酚,然后催化氧化得到目标产物2-甲基-6-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)对苯二醌。该合成路线简单,易于操作,最终收率51%。     

10,10-二吡啶甲基-9,10-二氢蒽的合成研究

蒽酮1和氯甲基吡啶盐酸盐2在甲苯中回流反应生成10,10-二吡啶甲基-9(10H)蒽酮(3),收率63％～68％;3用硼氢化钠还原生成10,10-二吡啶甲基-9,l0-二氢蒽-9-醇(4),收率87％～90％;蒽醇4在酸催化下发生歧化反应,得到还原产物10,10-二吡啶甲基-9,10-二氢蒽(5)和氧化产物蒽酮3.该歧化反应受催化剂、溶剂和反应温度等影响.当蒽醇4用三氟化硼为催化剂、甲苯为溶剂、回流反应,5的收率达到74％.所合成的新化合物都经1H NMR,13C NMR,MS和元素分析表征确认.     

钴(Ⅱ)催化2-乙基-3-甲基吡嗪绿色氧化方法

以过氧化叔丁醇为氧化剂,以钴(Ⅱ)与含N配体为催化体系催化氧化2-乙基-3-甲基吡嗪(EMP),提出一种具有放大应用前景的2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪绿色制备方法.考察了过渡金属催化剂的种类、配体种类、溶剂、温度等反应条件对催化氧化过程的影响,在最优反应条件下EMP转化率可达58.8%, 2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪(AMP)选择性92.2%.研究了该反应体系催化氧化EMP的反应机理,建立了该反应的拟均相反应动力学模型.在以上实验基础上,对该反应体系进行了放大实验研究,结果表明该新方法具有较好的工业放大前景,但反应温度的控制是放大过程的关键因素.     

亲水性离子液体[EMIM]BF4对固定化β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶催化活性的影响

以壳聚糖为固定化载体,采用吸附交联法制备固定化β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶;以1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([EMIM]BF4)/缓冲溶液均相体系为介质,研究了亲水性离子液体[EMIM]BF4对固定化酶生物催化甘草酸(GL)合成单葡萄糖醛酸基甘草次酸(GAMG)的影响.实验结果表明,当均相体系中[EMIM]BF4的体积分数为16%,pH为5.4,反应温度为50℃及摇床转速为200 r/min时,酶活力达到最高,并且明显优于纯缓冲溶液体系中的最高酶活.重复利用性实验结果表明,与纯缓冲液介质体系相比,固定化酶在含亲水性离子液体[EMIM]BF4的均相介质中表现出较好的操作稳定性.表观动力学参数和活化能数据表明,亲水性离子液体[EMIM]BF4在催化体系中能够增强酶和底物GL的亲和力,有效稳定酶-底物的过渡态,并降低反应活化能,而使固定化β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶表现出较高的催化活性.     

锚定基团对HKUST-1/TEMPO共催化体系催化性能的影响

用异烟酸(Iso-NTA)为桥接分子, 将有机小分子自由基4-氨基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(4-NH₂-TEMPO)与异烟酸缩合, 合成出含吡啶官能团的TEMPO自由基(Iso-NTA-TEMPO). 与TEMPO相比, Iso-NTA-TEMPO具有较高的氧化电位, 在无Cu(Ⅱ)辅助时, Iso-NTA-TEMPO对苯甲醇的氧化效率高于TEMPO. 在与HKUST-1组成的复合催化体系中, Iso-NTA-TEMPO可通过吡啶基团与HKUST-1孔道中的Cu(Ⅱ)相互作用, 从而在催化过程中(部分)锚定在HKUST-1孔道内部. 与TEMPO/HKUST-1体系相比, Iso-NTA-TEMPO/HKUST-1体系表现出对芳香醇更加高效的催化活性. 采用模板辅助溶剂诱导结晶法合成的HKUST-1晶体表面具有较多缺陷, 更有利于Iso-NTA-TEMPO自由基分子扩散进入HKUST-1孔道内部, 也有助于提高Iso-NTA-TEMPO/HKUST-1体系的催化效率. Iso-NTA-TEMPO/HKUST-1体系可将各种取代基(苄醇、 杂环醇以及二级脂肪醇)高效、 高选择性地氧化成相应的醛或酮.     

含环氧基团的聚合物微球固载2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基催化剂的制备及其催化分子氧氧化苯甲醇

以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为单体, 以乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA)为交联剂, 采用悬浮聚合法制得交联聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(CPGMA)微球, 然后以4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(4-OH-TEMPO)为试剂, 使CPGMA微球表面的环氧基团发生开环反应, 从而制得了TEMPO固载化微球TEMPO/CPGMA, 考察了制备条件对固载化反应的影响, 并采用多种方法对微球TEMPO/CPGMA进行了表征. 将微球TEMPO/CPGMA与CuCl组成共催化体系, 用于分子氧氧化苯甲醇, 考察了反应条件对催化体系性能的影响. 结果表明, 以含环氧基团的聚合物微球CPGMA为载体, 通过开环反应, 可成功地实现TEMPO的固载化, 开环反应属S_N2亲核取代反应, 适宜采用溶剂N,N''-二甲基甲酰胺和反应温度85℃. 非均相催化剂TEMPO/CPGMA与助催化剂CuCl构成共催化体系, 在室温、常压O₂条件下可高效地将苯甲醇氧化为苯甲醛, 产物选择性和产率分别为100%和90%. 主催化剂TEMPO与助催化剂CuCl适宜的摩尔比为1:1.2; 主催化剂适宜用量为0.90 g. 此外, TEMPO/CPGMA固体催化剂具有良好的循环使用性能.     

Selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by iron chloride hexahydrate/TEMPO in the presence of silica gel

An environmentally friendly and efficient process whereby FeCl₃?6H₂O/2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine N‐oxyl (TEMPO)‐catalyzed oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones is accomplished in the presence of silica gel using molecular oxygen or air as the terminal oxidant. The electron‐deficient benzyl alcohol was smoothly oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes with up to 99% isolated yield. It was found that silica gel not only could enhance the catalytic reaction rate but also increase the selectivity for the product. The high performance of FeCl₃?6H₂O/TEMPO catalyst system in the presence of silica gel might be attributed to the surface silanol groups. UV–visible spectra analysis showed that the Fe (III)–TEMPO complex could serve as the active intermediate species in the present catalytic system. A plausible mechanism of the catalytic system is proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanism and kinetics studies of carboxyl group formation on the surface of cellulose fiber in a TEMPO-mediated system

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) can selectively oxidize primary hydroxyl groups of cellulose to carboxyl groups. However, the depolymerization also occurs during the process. The kinetics and mechanism of carboxyl group formation on the surface of cellulose fiber oxidized by TEMPO/NaClO₂/NaClO were discussed. The oxidization and depolymerization of cellulose occurred simultaneously, according to analysis of FTIR and ¹³C CP/MAS NMR. The glucuronic acid and some small molecular fragments, formed by hydrolysis or β-elimination during the oxidation, are also discussed. The crystallization index increased and crystal size decreased, as shown by X-ray analysis. The degradation steps in the TEMPO/NaClO₂/NaClO system was discussed, according to carbon conversion analyzed by ¹³C CP/MAS NMR. The oxidation of cellulose can be described well by the kinetics model established based on the degradation of cellulose. It was found that temperature is one of the key parameters for controlling the oxdation and degradation level. The possible mechanism for oxidation of cellulose was composed.     

Laccase-catalyzed mediated oxidation of benzyl alcohol: the role of TEMPO and formation of products including benzonitrile studied by nanoelectrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Substituted benzyl alcohol was oxidized enzymatically with a laccase-mediator system and the products were investigated as a function of time by nanoelectrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (nanoESI-FTICRMS). With Trametes versicolor laccase (TVL), the mediator, 2,2',6,6'-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl radical (TEMPO), undergoes oxidation and forms oxoammonium ion. Oxidized TEMPO oxidizes the alcohol and is simultaneously reduced to the N-OH form. The laccase then restores TEMPO back to the normal radical form and the oxidation cycle starts again. The role of TEMPO and the structures of its oxidized and reduced forms in the enzymatic oxidation process were clarified in collision-induced dissociation experiments and gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reactions. The amounts of enzyme and mediator were significant for product formation: with greater amounts overoxidation products, the corresponding benzoic acid and benzonitrile were formed. Smaller amounts of laccase and mediator generated benzaldehyde in high yield. The reaction pathway for benzonitrile formation is discussed and it is suggested to start from benzaldehyde and the ammonia in the ammonium acetate buffer.     

TEMPO/固载化席夫碱铜配合物共催化剂在分子氧氧化苯甲醇过程中的催化性能

通过大分子反应,将苯甲醛(BA)和邻氨基苯酚(AP)形成的双齿席夫碱配基键合在交联聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(CPGMA)微球表面,形成固载有席夫碱配基的载体微球BAAP-CPGMA,再通过与铜盐的配位螯合反应,制备了固载有席夫碱铜配合物的微球[Cu(BAAP)2]-CPGMA.将该固载化铜配合物与均相的2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(TEMPO)构成共催化体系TEMPO/[Cu(BAAP)2]-CPGMA,应用于分子氧氧化苯甲醇的催化氧化过程.我们考察了该共催化体系的催化性能,并探索研究了催化氧化机理.实验结果表明,共催化体系TEMPO/[Cu(BAAP)2]-CPGMA可在温和条件下(室温、常压的氧气)高效地将苯甲醇氧化为苯甲醛(选择性100%,苯甲醛产率93%),并具有良好的循环使用性能.     

Organocatalytic intermolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of norbornadienes by a stable organic radical compound

An organocatalytic [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of norbornadienes (NBDs) using catalytic amount of TEMPO was reported. Single crystal X-ray diffraction of the product revealed its detailed multicyclic structure containing a 4-membered ring, formed in intermolecular reaction. Addition of AIBN to the current catalytic system improved the product yield. Quantitative reaction of the NBD and TEMPO gave a 2:2 adduct of NBD and TEMPO, which was confirmed by HR-MS. This catalytic [2+2] addition of NBDs has great advantage in selective intermolecular coupling in comparison with [2+2] photocycloaddition.     

TEMPO/HCl/NaNO2 catalyst: a transition-metal-free approach to efficient aerobic oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones under mild conditions

Hydrochloric acid, a very inexpensive and readily available inorganic acid, has been found to cooperate exquisitely with NaNO(2)/TEMPO in catalyzing the molecular-oxygen-driven oxidation of a broad range of alcohol substrates to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones. This transition-metal-free catalytic oxidative conversion is novel and represents an interesting alternative route to the corresponding carbonyl compounds to the metal-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of alcohols. The reaction is highly selective with respect to the desired product when carried out at room temperature in air at atmospheric pressure. Notably, the use of very inexpensive NaNO(2) and HCl in combination with TEMPO for this highly selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols in air at ambient temperature makes the reaction operationally and economically very attractive. The results of mechanistic studies, performed with the aid of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), are presented and discussed. TEMPO, TEMPOH, and TEMPO(+) were observed in the redox cycle by means of ESI-MS. On the basis of these observations, a mechanism is proposed that may provide an insight into the newly developed aerobic alcohol oxidation.     

离子液体-水介质中离子液体负载TEMPO催化选择氧化合成脂肪醇羟基芳香醛和酮

由于脂肪醇羟基和苄醇羟基具有相同的氧化反应活性,所以当分子内同时含有脂肪醇羟基和苄醇羟基时,很难选择氧化苄醇羟基合成含脂肪醇羟基的芳香醛或酮。本文报道了在离子液体-水介质中,NCS/NaBr/IL-TEMPO（离子液体负载TEMPO）催化氧化合成含有脂肪醇羟基的芳香醛、酮的方法,反应条件温和,选择性好,收率高,且离子液体和催化剂可以循环使用。