甲烷与二氧化碳重整制取合成气反应的研究 (I)Sr_(1-x)La_xNiAl_(11)O_(19)催化活性表征

对具有磁铅石结构的Ｓｒ１－ｘＬａｘＮｉＡｌ１１Ｏ１９对甲烷与二氧化碳重整反应的催化活性、积炭量和稳定性进行了研究．不同还原温度下催化剂的ＸＲＤ和催化活性的实验结果表明，金属镍是ＣＨ４＋ＣＯ２重整反应的活性组分，金属镍含量越大，反应活性越高．反应后催化剂积炭量的分析结果说明，在相同镍含量和分散度的情况下，Ｌａ３＋离子对Ｓｒ２＋离子调变，可以降低催化剂的表面酸性，提高催化剂的抗积炭能力．ＬａＮｉＡｌ１１Ｏ１９是一种具有较好催化活性、稳定性和抗积炭性能的催化剂．     

Study on the Reaction Mechanism for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over supported Nickel Catalyst

The adsorption and dissociation of methane and carbon dioxide for reforming on nickel catalyst were extensively investigated by TPSR and TPD experiments. It showed that the decomposition of methane results in the formation of at least three kinds of surface carbon species on supported nickel catalyst, while CO2 adsorbed on the catalyst weakly and only existed in one kind of adsorption state. Then the mechanism of interaction between the species dissociated from CH4 and CO2 during reforming was proposed.     

甲烷干气重整反应中镍基催化剂上表面积碳研究(英文)

镍基催化剂上积碳是甲烷干气重整反应急需解决的关键问题。实验采用ＴＰＳＲ、ＴＰＤ、ＸＰＳ和脉冲反应等方法系统研究了镍基催化剂表面积碳的形态和特点。热力学研究表明,在５７３ Ｋ到１２７３ Ｋ的温度范围内,催化剂的表面积碳是不可避免的。ＴＰＳＲ、ＸＰＳ和ＴＰＤ研究表明,甲烷在催化剂表面裂解将形成至少三种碳物种：Ｃα、Ｃβ和Ｃγ。这三种碳物种具有不同的表面迁移能力、热稳定性和反应活性。其中,Ｃα物种在甲烷干气重整反应中是一种非常活泼和重要的中间体;Ｃγ物种则可能是表面积碳的前驱物：部分脱氢的Ｃβ物种能够与Ｈ２或ＣＯ２反应生成ＣＨ４或ＣＯ。     

氮化SBA-16负载镍基催化剂的制备及其对甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的催化性能

通过软模板法合成了SBA-16分子筛,采用高温氨气氮化的方法使有序介孔硅材料中的氧原子部分被氮原子取代,得到氮化的SBA-16载体(SBA-16-N)。采用满孔浸渍法制备了镍基催化剂,并将制得的Ni/SBA-16和Ni/SBA-16-N催化剂用于甲烷二氧化碳重整反应。通过透射电镜、氮气物理吸附、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和二氧化碳程序升温脱附等手段研究了载体和催化剂的结构,并利用热重分析对反应之后回收催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,高温氮化后的分子筛中掺入了氮元素,增加了载体的碱性,改善了载体对反应气体的吸附活化能力,增强了载体与金属之间的相互作用,从而提高了催化剂的活性和抗积炭性能。     

Tungsten Promoted Ni／Al2O3 Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas

A series of tungsten promoted alumina supported nickel catalysts has been prepared for the carbon diox-ide reforming of methane to synthesis gas. The catalysts have been characterized by means of XRD, TEM,and Laser Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the addition of tungsten to the nickel catalyst can stabilize the catalyst and increase the resistance to carbon deposition. Adding a suitable amount of tungsten can also increase the catalyst activity to be close to that of supported noble metal catalysts. The carburisation of the tungsten modified nickel catalyst decreases the catalyst activity at lower reaction temperatures (＜1123K),but has no effect on the catalyst performance at higher reaction temperatures. The alumina supported nickel catalyst modified by 0. 67% (mass fraction) WO3 has the equivalent equilibrium constant of the dry reforming reaction to that of alumina supported 5% (mass fraction) Ru at 873 K, and also has a lower activation energy for dry reforming than the latter.     

新型纳米介孔二氧化锆担载的镍基催化剂甲烷干气重整性能评价

采用固体反应．模板剂晶化法合成出纳米介孔二氧化锆，并以其为载体通过浸渍法制备了Ni基催化剂，考察了载体性质对催化剂活性和稳定性的影响．结果表明，以四方晶相纳米二氧化锆为载体的催化剂性能更佳，并对其影响因素进行了分析．     

Effects of CO2 content on the activity and stability of nickel catalyst supported on mesoporous nanocrystalline zirconia

The effects of carbon dioxide content on the catalytic performance and coke formation of nickel catalyst supported on mesoporous nanocrystalline zirconia with high surface area and pure tetragonal crystalline phase were investigated in methane reforming with carbon dioxide. The samples were characterized by XRD, BET, TPR, TPO, TPH, TEM, and SEM techniques. The catalyst prepared showed high surface area and a mesoporous structure with a narrow pore size distribution. The obtained results revealed that the increase in CO2 content increased the methane conversion and stability of the catalyst and significantly reduced the coke deposition. The TPH analysis showed that several species of carbon with different reactivities toward hydrogenation were deposited on the spent catalysts employed under different CO2 contents.     

Studies on the Adsorption and Dissociation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide on Nickel

The adsorption and dissociation of methane and carbon dioxide for reforming on nickel catalysts were extensively investigated by TPSR, TPD, XPS and pulse reaction methods. These studies showed that the decomposition of methane results in the formation of at least three kinds of surface carbon species on supported nickel catalysts. Carbidic Cα, carbonaceous Cβ and carbidic clusters Cγ surface carbon species formed by the decomposition of methane demonstrated different surface mobility, thermal stability and reactivity. Carbidic Cα is a very active and important intermediate in carbon dioxide reforming with methane, and the carbidic clusters Cγ species might be the precursor of surface carbon deposition. The partially dehydrogenated Cβ species can react with H2 or CO2 to form CH4 or CO. On the other hand, it was proven that CO2 can be weakly adsorbed on supported nickel catalysts, and only one kind of CO2 adsorption state is formed. The interaction mechanism between the species dissociated from CH4 and CO2 during reforming was then hypothesized.     

Nickel catalysts supported on MgO with different specific surface area for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

In this paper, three kinds of MgO with different specific surface area were prepared, and their effects on the catalytic performance of nickel catalysts for the carbon dioxide reforming of methane were investigated. The results showed that MgO support with the higher specific surface area led to the higher dispersion of the active metal, which resulted in the higher initial activity. On the other hand, the specific surface area of MgO materials might not be the dominant factor for the basicity of support to chemisorb and activate CO₂, which was another important factor for the performance of catalysts. Herein, Ni/MgO(CA) catalyst with proper specific surface area and strong ability to activate CO₂ exhibited stable catalytic property and the carbon species deposited on the Ni/MgO(CA) catalyst after 10 h of reaction at 650 °C were mainly activated carbon species.     

甲烷干重整催化剂Ni/Al2O3表面积炭表征与分析

用蒸发法制备了Ni/Al2O3催化剂及浸渍法制备了Ni/α-Al2O3和Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂, 并与商品天然气水蒸气重整催化剂Z118Y一起进行了甲烷干重整实验, 考察了各催化剂上表面积炭行为. 通过H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)比表面积分析、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、热重-差式扫描量热(TG-DSC)、程序升温氢化(TPH)等表征手段对催化剂表面沉积炭的特性进行了表征. 结果表明, 各催化剂上至少存在三种形式的碳物种: 无定形碳、丝状碳及石墨碳. 由于载体性质不同, 各催化剂上沉积炭的种类及其含量有所差别. Z118Y、Ni/Al2O3及Ni/α-Al2O3催化剂上主要沉积丝状炭, 而Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂上则主要是石墨碳. Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂中金属Ni颗粒较小(小于15 nm)、粒径分布范围较窄、分散性较好, 能减少催化剂表面炭的沉积, 有效地抑制丝状碳的生长.     

Syngas production by combined carbon dioxide reforming and partial oxidation of methane over Ni/α-Al2O3 catalysts

Ni/α-Al2O3 catalysts were found to be active in the temperature range 600~900 ℃ for both CO2 reforming and partial oxidation of methane. The effects of Ni loading, reaction temperature and feed gas ratio for the combination of CO2 reforming and partial oxidation of CH4 over Ni/α-Al2O3 were investigated. Catalysts of xwt%Ni/α-Al2O3 (x = 2.5, 5, 8 and 12) were prepared by wet impregnating the calcined support with a solution of nickel nitrate. XRD patterns and activity tests have verified that the 5wt%Ni/α-Al2O3 was the most active catalyst, as compared with the other prepared catalyst samples. An increase of the Ni loading to more than 5 wt% led to a reduction in the Ni dispersion. In addition, by combining the endothermic carbon dioxide reforming reaction with the exothermic partial oxidation reaction, the loss of catalyst activity with time on stream was reduced with the amount of oxygen added to the feed.     

MCM-41 Supported Nickel Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane

There has been an increasing interest in the conversion of methane and carbon dioxide into synthesis gas^[1]. High performance Ni-based catalysts have attracted much attention^[2-4]. In this study, MCM-41 supported nickel were used as catalysts for carbon dioxide reforming of methane. It is found that the obtained catalyst exhibited high activity for getting syngas with its ratio of unity.In contrast to the performance of other nickel-based catalysts; Ni/MCM-41 has higher conversion and yield at lower temperature. The effects of nickel loading, particle size, GHSV, and calcination temperature on catalytic activities were also investigated.     

The effect of alkaline earth metal oxide on nickel catalyst for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

A study on the effect of alkaline earth metal oxide on the activity and stability of nickel catalyst for carbon dioxide reforming of methane was performed. When CaO, SrO, and BaO were used as supports, there was no difference in catalytic activity between the catalysts made by coprecipitation and impregnation. However, when MgO was used as a support, the catalyst prepared by coprecipitation showed superior activity than that made by impregnation. The higher activity of the catalyst made by coprecipitation was due to the formation of solid solution consisting of nickel and magnesium. The formation of the solid solution enhanced the dispersion of nickel and the resistance to coke formation.     

Ni／MgO／Al2O3催化剂中Ni前体对甲烷—二氧化碳重整反应活性的影响

考察了以硝酸镍、氯化镍、硫酸镍、醋酸镍及硝酸六氨合镍5种Ni盐制备的Ni/MgO/Al2O3催化剂在CO2与CH4重整制合成气反应中的催化活性,发现Ni前体对活性有明显的影响,以硝酸镍、醋酸镍、硝酸六氨合镍为前体制备的Ni催化剂,反应性较高;以硫酸镍为前体制备的Ni催化剂,可能由于硫中毒等原因而显示出很低的活性;以氯化镍为前体制备的 Ni催化剂,其活性与制备方法有关,未经烧而直接还原的催化剂显示出较好的活性,X－射线粉末衍射（XRD）、BET比表面积及反应后的积量测定结果表明,以硝酸镍、醋酸镍、硝酸六氨合镍为前体制备的Ni催化剂,表面分散性好,比表面积大,积炭量少。     

羟基磷灰石负载Ni催化剂中Ni含量对催化甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气性能的影响

以低温沉淀方法制备的羟基磷灰石(HAp)为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Ni含量的Ni/HAp催化剂,并采用BET、H2-TPR、XRD、SEM、FT-IR、TEM和TG-DTA技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,NiO含量为13%的催化剂表现出最好的催化甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气活性,在850℃、空速3.6×104mL/(h·gcat)的反应条件下,甲烷和二氧化碳的转化率在10 h内分别稳定在72%和83%。这主要归因于催化剂中金属和载体之间的强相互作用。虽然反应后的催化剂表面有少量的积炭,但这些积炭多以丝状炭存在,并不会影响催化剂的活性和稳定性。     

KINETIC STUDIES ON METHANE REFORMING WITH CARBON DIOXIDE

IntroductionNlcthallcrcforlllillg\\tillf'OZproducest'O-richs}'lltllcslsgas\\hichisuscftllilltileProcessofFicllcr-Tropscllalldo\orcactioll.sllcllastiles}'lltllcscsofaceticacid-dilllctll\'Ictllcralldo.o-aloof,olslI'21111addition.acolllparisolloftheccollolll…     

镍负载量对Ni/MgO(111)催化甲烷二氧化碳重整反应性能影响

研究了MgO(111)负载镍基催化剂催化甲烷二氧化碳重整反应性能,针对镍负载量对反应活性和稳定性的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,随着镍负载量从2%增加到10%,催化剂的活性和稳定性均有所提高,但是当镍负载量进一步增加到20%时,催化剂的活性和稳定性略有下降。利用透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射和H₂吸附脱附等手段对催化剂结构进行了表征,利用热重分析、拉曼光谱和透射电镜等手段对反应后回收的催化剂进行了表征。研究发现,随着镍负载量的增大,活性金属镍的颗粒粒径呈现增长趋势,并且在反应过程中显示出不同的失活方式。2%Ni/MgO(111)催化剂的失活原因主要以Ni粒子的氧化为主,而负载量大于2%的Ni/MgO(111)催化剂的失活原因则是以积炭为主。     

六铝酸盐催化剂上甲烷与二氧化碳重整反应的研究

合成了具有磁铅石结构的Sr_1-xLaxNiAl₁₁O₁₉系列催化剂,并用XRD、UV-DRS、H₂-O₂滴定及Py-IR等方法对其体相及表面性质进行了表征,考察了甲烷与二氧化碳重整反应活性及积炭性.结果表明,La³⁺离子能够同晶取代Sr²⁺离子进入催化剂晶格内部,使催化剂的结晶度提高,还原性降低,同时降低了催化剂表面的酸性,有助于提高催化剂的抗积炭能力.     

A Study on the Kinetics of the Catalytic Reforming Reaction of CH4 with CO2： Determination of the Reaction Order

The kinetics of the catalytic reforming reaction of methane with carbon dioxide to produce synthesis gas on a Ni/(α-A1203 and a HSD-2 type commercial catalyst has been studied. The results indicate that the reaction orders are one and zero for methane and carbon dioxide, respectively, when the carbon dioxide partial pressure was about 12.5-30.0 kPa and the temperature was at 1123-1173 K. However, when the carbon dioxide partial pressure was changed to 30.0-45.0 kPa under the same temperature range of 1123-1173 K, the reaction orders of methane and carbon dioxide are one. Furthermore, average rate constants at different temperatures were determined.     

石墨烯负载镍催化CO_2加氢甲烷化

采用改进的Hummers法制备了氧化石墨烯(GO),经水合肼还原得到石墨烯(RGO),通过浸渍法制备了石墨烯负载的镍基催化剂(Ni/RGO);对其催化二氧化碳甲烷化反应的性能进行了研究,并与以碳纳米管(CNTs)和活性炭(AC)为载体负载的Ni基催化剂进行了比较.由于催化剂的载体分别为RGO,CNTs和AC,所以Ni将会表现出不同的形态.利用红外光谱(FTIR)、比表面积(BET)测试、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征手段对其结构及物理性质进行了表征.结果表明,Ni/RGO具有相对较大的比表面积(316 m~2/g),Ni在Ni/RGO上的颗粒尺寸(5.3 nm)小于其在Ni/CNTs(8.9 nm)和Ni/AC(11.6 nm)上的颗粒尺寸;该催化剂在二氧化碳甲烷化反应中具有更高的催化活性和选择性,而且具有良好的使用寿命.