功能化碳纳米管的电磁性能研究及进展

碳纳米管是最近发展起来的一种结构独特,性能优异的新材料,已成为当今物理、化学、材料等领域共同关注的课题.而碳纳米管的功能化更是为我们开辟了一个广阔的研究领域.本文总结了近十多年来功能化碳纳米管的研究进展,并侧重对功能化碳管的合成方法及电磁特性以及应用进行了评述.     

静电纺纳米纤维基超级电容器无粘合剂电极材料的研究进展

对高性能超级电容器不断增长的需求促进了无粘合剂电极材料的快速发展。静电纺纳米纤维由于具有良好的柔性、大比表面积、高孔隙率、容易制备等优点引起了研究者们的强烈关注。本文综述了静电纺纳米纤维基无粘合剂电极材料在超级电容器领域的研究进展,阐述了不同材料的设计制备过程和提升电化学性能的诸多方法,并指明了静电纺纳米纤维基超级电容器无粘合剂电极材料的发展机遇与挑战,为性能优异的无粘合剂超级电容器电极材料的进一步开发与应用拓宽了思路。     

Controllable Photoelectric Properties of Carbon Dots and Their Application in Organic Solar Cells

Organic solar cells are a current research hotspot in the energy field because of their advantages of lightness,translucency,roll to roll printing and building integration.With the rapid development of small molecule acceptor materials with high-performance,the efficiency of organic solar cells has been greatly improved.Further improving the device efficiency and stability and reducing the cost of active layer materials will contribute to the industrial development of organic solar cells.As a novel type of carbon nanomaterials,carbon dots gradually show great application potential in the field of organic solar cells due to their advantages of low preparation cost,non-toxicity and excellent photoelectric performance.Firstly,the synthesis and classification of carbon dots are briefly introduced.Secondly,the photoelectric properties of carbon dots and their adjusting,including adjustable surface energy level structure,good film-forming performance and up/down conversion characteristics are summarized.Thirdly,based on these intrinsic properties,the feasibility and advantages of carbon dots used in organic solar cells are discussed.Fourthly,the application progress of carbon dots in the active layer,hole transport layer,electron transport layer,interface modification layer and down-conversion materials of organic solar cells is also reviewed.Finally,the application progress of carbon dots in organic solar cells is prospected.Several further research directions,including in-depth exploration of the controllable preparation of carbon dots and their application in the fields of interface layer and up/down conversion for improving efficiency and stability of device are pointed out.     

Carbon and Carbon Hybrid Materials as Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted much attention for application in large‐scale grid energy storage owing to the abundance and low cost of sodium sources. However, low energy density and poor cycling life hinder practical application of SIBs. Recently, substantial efforts have been made to develop electrode materials to push forward large‐scale practical applications. Carbon materials can be directly used as anode materials, and they show excellent sodium storage performance. Additionally, designing and constructing carbon hybrid materials is an effective strategy to obtain high‐performance anodes for SIBs. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on carbon and carbon hybrid materials as anodes for SIBs. Nanostructural design to enhance the sodium storage performance of anode materials is discussed, and we offer some insight into the potential directions of and future high‐performance anode materials for SIBs.     

碳纳米管及碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料研究进展

碳纳米管与碳纤维具有优异的力学、电学等性能,广泛用做复合材料增强体,但目前碳纳米管/碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的研究具有一定的局限性,只考虑了两相材料间的作用,即仅对单一相进行处理而忽略了另一相的改性。本文从碳纳米管/碳纤维协同增强环氧树脂基体复合材料的思路入手,结合自己的研究成果,综述了国内外相关研究进展。从研究结果可以看出,将三相材料之间完全有效地联系起来,发挥三者间的协同效应,复合材料的性能可以发生质的飞跃。     

The Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives to Energy Conversion,Storage, and Environmental and Biosensing Devices

Graphene (GR) and its derivatives are promising materials on the horizon of nanotechnology and material science and have attracted a tremendous amount of research interest in recent years. The unique atom‐thick 2D structure with sp² hybridization and large specific surface area, high thermal conductivity, superior electron mobility, and chemical stability have made GR and its derivatives extremely attractive components for composite materials for solar energy conversion, energy storage, environmental purification, and biosensor applications. This review gives a brief introduction of GR's unique structure, band structure engineering, physical and chemical properties, and recent energy‐related progress of GR‐based materials in the fields of energy conversion (e.g., photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical water splitting, CO₂ reduction, dye‐sensitized and organic solar cells, and photosensitizers in photovoltaic devices) and energy storage (batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors). The vast coverage of advancements in environmental applications of GR‐based materials for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, gas sensing, and removal of heavy‐metal ions is presented. Additionally, the use of graphene composites in the biosensing field is discussed. We conclude the review with remarks on the challenges, prospects, and further development of GR‐based materials in the exciting fields of energy, environment, and bioscience.     

无机-无机复合电致变色材料的研究进展

在外加电压的作用下,电致变色材料的光学性能（颜色、透光率等）能够可控制、可逆地变化,在节能减排领域有重要应用前景。随着相关研究的不断创新、深入和拓展,单一组分的电致变色材料因受到其自身结构和性能的限制,不能表现出人们所期望的电致变色性能,并且在结构和性能上不具有可设计和调控性,因而越来越无法满足实际应用的需求。与非复合电致变色材料相比较,复合型材料在这方面具有明显的优势,其优势体现在通过合理的材料设计,借助复合材料各组分的协调作用,充分激发各组分的优点,克服各自的缺点,可以获得结构和性能优异的电致变色材料。因此,近年来越来越多的研究聚焦于复合型电致变色材料。目前已开展研究的复合型电致变色材料的种类很多,根据复合组分是无机材料还是有机材料来对复合型电致变色材料分类的话主要可分为无机-无机复合、无机-有机复合和有机-有机复合3大类。相比有机电致变色材料,无机电致变色材料在材料成分控制、机械性能、光调制、使用稳定性、寿命等方面优势显著,因此,单一组分的和复合型的无机电致变色材料始终是本领域研究的重要方向。因此,本文致力于近年来无机-无机复合电致变色材料、器件和电解质的研究现状和未来的发展动态,对其研究进展、所存在的问题和发展趋势进行了归纳总结,为复合型电致变色材料的进一步研发和应用提供依据。     

碳纳米管用作超级电容器电极材料

碳纳米管由于具有化学稳定性好、比表面积大、导电性好和密度小等优点，是很有前景的超级电容器电极材料。本文介绍了碳纳米管用作超级电容器电极材料的研究现状，总结了单纯碳纳米管电极材料和碳纳米管复合物电极材料的特点与性能，并探讨了今后碳纳米管电极材料的发展方向。     

Solar-Driven Artificial Carbon Cycle

Constituting the artificial carbon cycle,for example,through recycling CO₂ and converting CH₄ to value-added fuels and chemicals with solar energy,offers a sustainable future for humankind to tackle the global environmental issues and energy crisis.However,significant bottlenecks remain in such photocatalytic conversion,mainly related to the reaction activity and product selectivity.Herein,we share our efforts and systematic research progress on addressing the double bottlenecks for achieving solar-driven artificial carbon cycle,with specifically focusing on the photocatalytic CO₂ and CH₄ conversion.We further elucidate the common fundamentals behind various designed photocatalytic materials systems.Toward future development,we highlight the opportunities and challenges in the research field.     

碳膜包覆的氧化铁纳米颗粒:一种高效的芳硝基化合物加氢催化剂

铁是地球上最丰富的元素之一,它在生命反应中起到至关重要的作用.目前,铁基催化剂广泛应用于合成氨、费托合成、NOx的选择性催化还原等.最近,铁因其含量丰富、价格低廉、无毒等优势而在多相催化方面引起了重点关注.最新研究发现,铁基催化剂在甲烷直接偶联制乙烯、氧还原以及芳硝基化合物的选择性加氢等领域具有突出表现,其中芳硝基化合物选择性加氢是一类具有重要应用前景的反应,这是因为苯胺(AN)是一种重要的精细化学品和有机中间体,广泛用于医药、染料、农药等行业,苯胺的年产量超过了400万吨,目前使用的催化剂主要有Raney Ni、负载镍、Ru/SnO2及少量铂碳、钯碳催化剂.但是,在Ni基催化剂上,硝基苯加氢主要经过间接缩合途径,同时会伴有氧化偶氮苯(AOB)、偶氮苯(AB)和氢化偶氮苯(HAB)等副产物生成,这些高沸点的副产物会带来一系列问题,如产物分离困难、产品纯度较低以及催化剂失活等.在这种情况下,为了加速苯胺生成,工业上一般采用过量的Raney Ni催化剂.贵金属(如Pt,Pd和Ru等)对催化芳硝基化合物加氢具有极高的活性,且苯胺的生成主要经过直接加氢途径.然而,由于成本过高,贵金属催化剂的大规模应用还存在一定的困难.本文采用简易的方法制备了一种铁基催化剂,在这个催化剂中氧化铁纳米颗粒被碳膜包覆并嵌入至平板碳中(Fe2O3@G-C).该催化剂由活性炭、苯胺及醋酸亚铁热解所得.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)及X射线衍射(XRD)分析,我们证实在原始碳颗粒上形成了新的碳膜.同时高倍透射电镜图也清楚地揭示了氧化铁纳米颗粒被碳膜包覆的结构.实验发现,Fe2O3@G-C-900催化剂(900oC热解所得)在芳硝基化合物选择性加氢反应中具有很高的活性.在2 MPa H2,70oC条件下反应2 h,硝基苯(NB)转化率达到95.4%,苯胺选择性达到99.1%,远远高于其他载体(活性炭、SiO2、Al2O3和MgO)负载的铁基催化剂.表征结果发现,Fe2O3@G-C-900催化剂的高活性可能与其具有较大的比表面积(573.7 m2/g)、孔体积(0.22 cm3/g,孔径小于2 nm)、高度分散的氧化铁纳米颗粒以及氧化铁纳米颗粒和其表面碳膜的协同作用密切相关.此外,催化剂中引入的氮原子不仅可以在包覆的碳膜上形成缺陷,也能进一步增强包覆在氧化铁纳米颗粒表面的碳膜的催化活性.通过对Fe2O3@G-C-900催化剂在硝基苯加氢反应中的循环使用活性的考察,发现该催化剂在循环使用5次后,仍具有良好的活性.更重要的是,在Fe2O3@G-C-900催化剂上硝基苯的加氢主要是直接途径,反应中没有高沸点AOB,AB和HAB等副产物生成.鉴于Fe2O3@G-C-900催化剂对NB加氢具有优异的活性,我们还进行了一系列含有不同取代基团的芳硝基化合物的加氢实验,发现对位取代的底物相对于间位及邻位的底物更容易发生加氢还原反应,这应归因于该催化剂的孔径较小(0.52 nm).这些研究方法可以扩展至其他金属催化剂的制备,以促进高效益和可持续的工业生产的发展.     

2020 Roadmap on Carbon Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion

Carbon is a simple, stable and popular element with many allotropes. The carbon family members include carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphene, graphite, graphdiyne and hard carbon, etc. They can be divided into different dimensions, and their structures can be open and porous. Moreover, it is very interesting to dope them with other elements (metal or non‐metal) or hybridize them with other materials to form composites. The elemental and structural characteristics offer us to explore their applications in energy, environment, bioscience, medicine, electronics and others. Among them, energy storage and conversion are extremely attractive, as advances in this area may improve our life quality and environment. Some energy devices will be included herein, such as lithium‐ion batteries, lithium sulfur batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, potassium‐ion batteries, dual ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and others. Additionally, carbon‐based electrocatalysts are also studied in hydrogen evolution reaction and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. However, there are still many challenges in the design and preparation of electrode and electrocatalytic materials. The research related to carbon materials for energy storage and conversion is extremely active, and this has motivated us to contribute with a roadmap on ‘Carbon Materials in Energy Storage and Conversion’.     

New and Old Concepts in Thermoelectric Materials

Herein we cover the key concepts in the field of thermoelectric materials research, present the current understanding, and show the latest developments. Current research is aimed at increasing the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) by maximizing the power factor and/or minimizing the thermal conductivity. Attempts at maximizing the power factor include the development of new materials, optimization of existing materials by doping, and the exploration of nanoscale materials. The minimization of the thermal conductivity can come through solid‐solution alloying, use of materials with intrinsically low thermal conductivity, and nanostructuring. Herein we describe the most promising bulk materials with emphasis on results from the last decade. Single‐phase bulk materials are discussed in terms of chemistry, crystal structure, physical properties, and optimization of thermoelectric performance. The new opportunities for enhanced performance bulk nanostructured composite materials are examined and a look into the not so distant future is attempted.     

衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的应用研究进展

固相微萃取是一种集采样、萃取、富集和进样于一体的样品前处理技术,其萃取效果与涂层材料密切相关。多孔碳材料具有比表面积大、多孔结构可控、活性位点多和化学稳定性好等优点,广泛应用于电池、超级电容器、催化、吸附和分离等领域,也是一种热门的用作固相微萃取探针的涂层材料。衍生多孔碳材料因种类丰富、可设计性强被广泛研究,研究主要集中在对衍生多孔碳材料的结构优化方面。但是衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的应用还存在如下问题:(1)共价有机框架衍生多孔碳材料的制备已取得较大进展,但将其应用于固相微萃取领域的研究仍较少;(2)有待进一步明确制备出的衍生多孔碳材料用作固相微萃取涂层表现出优异提取能力的机理;(3)有待进一步深入研究将衍生多孔碳材料用作固相微萃取涂层以实现对不同物理化学性质污染物的广谱高灵敏度分析。文章综述了近3年衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的应用研究,并展望了未来衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的研究前景。引用文献共56篇,主要来源于Elsevier。     

Mechanical properties of carbon nanomaterials.

Carbon nanomaterials show a variety of interesting chemical and physical properties. In this Minireview we focus on the mechanical properties of carbon nanomaterials with emphasis on carbon nanotubes and their composite materials. We introduce some recently developed components made of carbon nanotube composite materials and outline their importance for applications in everyday life.     

Electrochemical storage of hydrogen in nanocarbon materials: electrochemical characterization of carbon black matrices

In this work, various types of carbon black are electrochemically characterized to study their possible use in the electrochemical evaluation of fullerene materials as hydrogen storage candidates. The cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry studies were performed in alkaline media, 6 M KOH, with carbon paste electrodes. Differences in the electrodes' electrochemical response and their correlation with the various surface chemistries, morphology and doping species of carbon blacks suggest a stronger dependency on the presence of doping agents (foreign metals) and on the surface structure than on the carbon black surface area. The study allows the selection of appropriate carbon black materials to be used as matrixes in future fullerene composite studies. Electronic Publication     

烯碳纤维基能源器件的研究进展

纤维状能源器件的研究极大地推动了可穿戴电子设备的快速发展。烯碳纤维主要包括碳纳米管纤维和石墨烯纤维,其微观组成单元具有独特的碳碳共轭分子形态,宏观结构具有高度可调控性,表现出高的比强度、优良的导电性和导热性、以及良好的机械柔韧性等,被广泛应用于先进能源器件的研究和开发,有效促进了柔性可穿戴电子器件的发展。本文综述了烯碳纤维基能源器件包括能量转换和储能器件等的研究和应用进展,具体介绍了烯碳纤维基太阳能电池、湿气发电机、热电发电机、超级电容器以及电化学电池等的最新成果,重点讨论了烯碳纤维基能源器件的制备方法和可穿戴应用,分析了烯碳纤维基储能及能量转换器件面临的问题和挑战,期望能够为未来高性能纤维基可穿戴能源器件的发展提供有价值的研究思路。     

Electrochemical Properties of Tin Oxide Flake/Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Composite Powders as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Hierarchically structured tin oxide/reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/carbon composite powders are prepared through a one‐pot spray pyrolysis process. SnO nanoflakes of several hundred nanometers in diameter and a few nanometers in thickness are uniformly distributed over the micrometer‐sized spherical powder particles. The initial discharge and charge capacities of the tin oxide/RGO/carbon composite powders at a current density of 1000 mA g^?1 are 1543 and 1060 mA h g^?1, respectively. The discharge capacity of the tin oxide/RGO/carbon composite powders after 175 cycles is 844 mA h g^?1, and the capacity retention measured from the second cycle is 80 %. The transformation during cycling of SnO nanoflakes, uniformly dispersed in the tin oxide/RGO/carbon composite powder, into ultrafine nanocrystals results in hollow nanovoids that act as buffers for the large volume changes that occur during cycling, thereby improving the cycling and rate performances of the tin oxide/RGO/carbon composite powders.     

二维炭基多孔材料的合成及应用

Two-dimensional (2D) materials possess nanoscale thickness with large aspect ratios on the other two dimensions. The ultrahigh surface-to-volume ratio of 2D materials is the most important property different from their bulk counterparts, and is beneficial for mass and heat transport, and ion diffusion. Among the various 2D materials, carbon-based materials have attracted tremendous attentions since the first explosive research on graphene. Therefore, they provide opportunities for applications in adsorption, catalysis, and electrical energy storage. The porous structure of such carbon materials is a key influence on the properties of these 2D materials. This review focuses on recent developments in synthesis strategies for 2D carbon-based materials, especially the preparation of carbon nanosheets and carbon-inorganic hybrids/composites nanosheets. The main factors influencing the porous structure of the material are discussed for each method. Applications of the materials are introduced, mainly in the fields of adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, and electrical energy storage. Finally, the leading-edge issues of novel 2D carbon-based materials for the future are discussed.     

石墨、金刚石家族新成员——碳纳米管

介绍了碳纳米管的发展历史、结构、制备方法,并重点介绍了碳纳米管在纤维材料、复合材料、电子器件、催化、储氢等领域的应用.     

Zn-空气电池中二维与三维结构碳负载Mn3O4的催化性能比较

采用湿法浸渍将Mn3O4负载到不同碳材料的表面, 测试了这些复合材料用于空气电极催化剂的电催化性能. 通过充放电和循环伏安等电化学测试发现, 具有三维孔道结构的介孔碳材料(CMK-3)的催化性能远比二维孔道结构的介孔碳(OMC)的好. 从透射电子显微镜观察发现, 氧化锰粒子均负载在碳的外表面, 位于三维孔道外表面的氧化锰可以与电解液和碳孔道内的氧气同时接触. 这种结构产生了大量有效的三相反应界面, 从而达到良好的催化效果.