交联聚苯乙烯微球固载2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基的催化氧化性能与机理

将交联聚苯乙烯(CPS)微球表面固载有2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(TEMPO)的非均相催化剂微球(TEMPO/CPS)与过渡金属盐相结合,构成复合催化剂体系,用于分子氧对肉桂醇的氧化过程的研究。 分别采用高价金属离子氧化性比硝酸根NO3-更弱和更强的两类过渡金属盐为助催化剂,与微球TEMPO/CPS构成组合催化剂,深入探索研究了其催化性能与催化机理。 研究结果表明,几种过渡金属盐(如Fe、Cu、Mn、Co盐)与微球TEMPO/CPS形成的复合催化剂,可有效地催化分子氧对肉桂醇的氧化过程,将其转化为唯一的产物肉桂醛。 以过渡金属硝酸盐为助催化剂,当硝酸盐结构中对应的高价态(氧化态)金属离子的氧化性比NO3-离子弱时(如Fe(NO₃)₃与Cu(NO₃)₂),正负离子共同发挥助催化作用;当硝酸盐结构中对应的高价态(氧化态)金属离子的氧化性比NO3-离子强时,比如Co(NO₃)₂与Mn(NO₃)₂对应的Co(Ⅲ)与Mn(Ⅲ)离子,金属离子单独发挥助催化作用,NO3-离子不起作用。 实验结果表明,对于肉桂醇的分子氧催化氧化,在几种过渡金属盐中,Fe(NO₃)₃作为最适宜的助催化剂,温和条件下(55 ℃、常压O₂),可高效地将肉桂醇转化为肉桂醛,转化率为92%。     

SO42-掺杂对Nasicon型Li3Fe2(PO4)3正极材料电化学性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法用S\begin{array}{c}{O}_4^{2-}\end{array}部分代替Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃中的P\begin{array}{c}{O}_4^{3-}\end{array}阴离子制得Li_3-xFe₂(PO₄)_3-x(SO₄)_x(x=00.90)正极材料, 通过X射线衍射、 充放电技术、 循环伏安特性测试及电化学阻抗谱表征了掺杂材料的相组成及电化学性能. 结果表明, S\begin{array}{c}{O}_4^{2-}\end{array}主要以固溶形式存在于Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃中, 产物中还伴有少量Fe₂O₃第二相析出. S\begin{array}{c}{O}_4^{2-}\end{array}掺杂使Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃的放电容量呈抛物线形规律变化, 并在掺杂浓度x=0.60时达到最佳值, 该样品在0.5C倍率下的首次放电容量为111.59 mA·h/g, 比未掺杂的样品提高了18.4%; 60次循环充放电后的容量保持率为96%; 将该样品的放电倍率由0.5C逐渐提高至5C, 再降至0.5C, 并在每个倍率下循环10次, 材料的最终放电容量仍能达到首次放电容量的97%. 导致这些变化的原因是S\begin{array}{c}{O}_4^{2-}\end{array}掺杂使材料的氧化还原性能增强, 电池内阻减小, 极化程度降低及Li⁺扩散系数增大.     

四硅氧烷Gemini咪唑表面活性剂的合成及表面性能

以三甲基氯硅烷、 γ-氯丙基三氯硅烷、 1,4-二氯丁烷和咪唑等为原料合成了一种新型的四硅氧烷Gemini咪唑表面活性剂([Si₄-4-Si₄im]Cl₂), 通过质谱(MS)和核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)证明所得产物为目标产物. 通过Wilhelmy板法测得其在25 ℃下的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为0.54 mmol/L, 水溶液的表面张力(γ_cmc)降至18.6 mN/m. 通过电导率法研究了其胶束形成热力学参数(Δ\begin{array}{c}{G}_m^{0—}\end{array},Δ\begin{array}{c}{H}_m^{0—}\end{array}和Δ\begin{array}{c}{S}_m^{0—}\end{array}), 表明在15~35 ℃下其胶束化过程是自发进行的, 且为熵驱动过程.     

AOPAN@Mg(OH)2多层次电纺纤维膜的制备及除铬性能

以含有—NH₂和C═N的偕胺肟化聚丙烯腈(AOPAN)纳米纤维膜为载体, 通过水热法在AOPAN纳米纤维膜表面原位生长片状Mg(OH)₂纳米粒子, 得到具有多层次结构的有机-无机电纺复合纳米纤维膜[AOPAN@Mg(OH)₂], 并研究了AOPAN@Mg(OH)₂的除铬性能. 研究结果表明, 当水热温度为40 ℃, 水热时间为7 h时, AOPAN纳米纤维膜表面形成了明显的多层次结构的Mg(OH)₂纳米晶体. 当溶液pH=2时, AOPAN@Mg(OH)₂复合纳米纤维膜对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Langmuir模型, 且满足二级动力学方程, 5 h后最大吸附量达到123.5 mg/g. AOPAN@Mg(OH)₂复合纳米纤维膜中含有—NH₂基团和Mg(OH)₂纳米粒子, 在酸性条件下可以质子化为带正电的—N\begin{array}{c}{H}_3^{+}\end{array}和Mg(OH)₂H⁺, 通过静电吸附更易与HCr\begin{array}{c}{O}_4^{-}\end{array}结合. 此类复合纳米纤维膜材料在水体中易取出, 并且在稀NaOH溶液中可以解吸附, 循环使用4次去除率仍可以保持在50%以上.     

Ag3PO4微晶表面热力学函数的温度及形貌效应

在室温下采用离子交换法制备了四足状、 立方体状和十二面体状Ag₃PO₄微晶及Ag₃PO₄块体, 并进行了表征. 以Ag₃PO₄微/纳米和块体材料热力学性质的区别为基础, 结合化学热力学理论和热动力学基本原理, 导出摩尔表面热力学关系式. 在此基础上, 采用原位微量热技术获取Ag₃PO₄的化学反应动力学信息和表面热力学函数, 讨论了形貌和温度对表面热力学性质变化的影响. 结果表明, 四足状Ag₃PO₄的摩尔表面焓(\begin{array}{c}{H}_m^s\end{array})、 摩尔表面Gibbs自由能(\begin{array}{c}{G}_m^s\end{array})和摩尔表面熵(\begin{array}{c}{S}_m^s\end{array})最大, 立方体状次之, 十二面体状最小; \begin{array}{c}{H}_m^s\end{array}和\begin{array}{c}{S}_m^s\end{array}随温度的升高而增大, \begin{array}{c}{G}_m^s\end{array}则随温度的升高而减小.     

解草酯的合成及动力学

针对原有生产上存在过程繁琐,收率不高等缺点,以5-氯-8羟基喹啉和氯乙酸-1-甲基己基酯为起始原料,研究了解草酯的合成工艺条件,确定了反应所用的碱、反应时间以及加入的5-氯-8-羟基喹啉与氯乙酸-1-甲基己基酯和碳酸钾与氯乙酸-1-甲基己基酯的摩尔比。在解草酯合成工艺条件的基础上,进一步探讨了解草酯合成的反应动力学,确定该反应符合二级反应条件,得到了323、328、333和339 K不同温度下的反应动力学方程式-r₂=-dc2dt=1.46×10⁸e(-49.82×103/RT)c₁c₂,依据所得的不同温度下的反应速率常数,计算了该反应的活化能与频率因子,所得的反应的活化能和频率因子分别为49.82 kJ/mol和1.46×10⁸,为合成解草酯的工业放大提供了理论指导。     

一种简单快速检测汞离子的1,4-二硫苏糖醇膜修饰金平板电极

将1,4-二硫苏糖醇(DTT)自组装在100 nm厚的平整金膜表面, 形成DTT膜修饰金平板电极(GPE), 构建了一种新颖的简单、 快速测定汞离子的选择性电极分析方法. 通过电化学交流阻抗和循环伏安法探讨了该电极的响应原理, 即固定在Au表面的DTT通过另一端的巯基与汞离子发生强配位作用而吸附结合带正电荷的汞离子, 引起电极表面膜电位的变化, 从而选择性地识别汞离子. 实验结果表明, 该电极在pH=6.0的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中对汞离子有良好的电位响应性能, 其线性范围为1.0×10^-8~1.0×10^-3 mol/L, 能斯特响应斜率为(29.62±0.2) mV/-pc(25 ℃), 检出限为5.1×10^-9 mol/L. 该汞离子检测电极的响应时间仅为20 s, 且有较好的重现性和稳定性. 通过测定各种离子的选择性系数, 发现Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Sn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ag⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺, N\begin{array}{c}{O}_2^{-}\end{array}, I\begin{array}{c}{O}_3^{-}\end{array}, Br\begin{array}{c}{O}_3^{-}\end{array}和Cl\begin{array}{c}{O}_3^{-}\end{array}等离子不干扰该电极对汞离子的检测. 此外, 将该电极用于实际水样中微量汞离子含量的测定, 结果与双硫腙分光光度方法一致, 且回收率为98.20%~101.75%.     

3-丁基-5,5-二甲基海因咪唑季铵盐对HCl溶液中Q235钢的缓蚀性能

利用失重法、 电化学阻抗谱法、 环境扫描电镜观测和接触角测试等研究了3-丁基-5,5-二甲基海因咪唑季铵盐(BDMHI)对HCl溶液中Q235钢的缓蚀性能和其在Q235钢表面的吸附行为. 结果显示, 缓蚀效率随BDMHI浓度的增加而增加, 随温度的升高而降低, 最高缓蚀效率为91.62%; 在25~35 ℃温度范围内, BDMHI质量浓度为1.0 g/L时, 缓蚀效率达80%以上. 测定了BDMHI在Q235钢表面吸附的吸附吉布斯自由能(\begin{array}{c}\Delta G_{\mathit{ads}}^0\end{array})和吸附热(\begin{array}{c}\Delta H_{\mathit{ads}}^0\end{array}). 结果表明, BDMHI在Q235钢表面的吸附为放热反应, 符合Langmuir等温式, 是包含物理吸附和化学吸附的混合吸附. 运用量子化学方法探究了BDMHI的缓蚀机理.     

开放骨架磷酸铁的合成与性质

通过使用二丙烯基三胺为结构导向剂, 在水热体系中合成出一例具有新型三维开放骨架结构的磷酸铁化合物JU94(\begin{array}{c}\left|2H_{3}O\right|\end{array}[Fe₂P₂O₈(OH)₂]). 单晶X射线衍射分析结果显示, 该化合物结晶在单斜晶系P2₁/c空间群, 晶胞参数a=0.97566(5) nm, b=0.98560(5) nm, c=1.24514(5) nm, β=129.651(3)°, V=0.92189(8) nm³. 该化合物的骨架结构是由FeO₆八面体和PO₄四面体连接构成, 以四核铁簇作为结构构筑单元. JU94沿[101], [\begin{array}{c}\bar{1}\end{array}01], [010]和[111]方向含有扭曲八元环孔道, 水分子分布于孔道中. 穆斯堡尔谱研究结果表明, 该结构具有2个晶体学独立的正三价铁离子. 磁性研究结果表明, 该物质具有反铁磁性.     

反相悬浮聚合法制备硫氰酸根阴离子印迹微球及其离子识别性质

利用反相悬浮聚合法, 成功制备了微米级硫氰酸根(SCN^-)阴离子印迹微球。 以溶有分散剂Span-60的环已烷为分散介质, 以溶有模板阴离子SCN^-、阳离子单体丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)及交联剂N, N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)的水溶液为分散相, 构成反相悬浮聚合体系, 在水相液滴中使DAC发生交联聚合, 成功制备了粒径约为200 μm的离子印迹微球(IIPMs)。 以同为一价阴离子的NO₃^-和I^-为对比离子, 深入考察研究了该离子印迹微球的离子识别与结合特性。 研究结果表明, 凭借强静电相互作用, 在水相液滴中, 阳离子单体DAC与模板阴离子SCN^-紧密相结合, 故在DAC交联聚合的同时, 实现了阴离子SCN^-的印迹。 所制备的阴离子印迹微球IIPMs对模板阴离子SCN^-具有很高的结合能力(结合容量为3.3 mmol/g(192 mg/g))和特异的识别选择性。 该印迹微球可选择性地识别与结合离子混合溶液中的SCN^-离子, 相对于NO₃^-和I^-阴离子, IIPMs对SCN^-阴离子的选择性系数分别为3.24和6.78。 该印迹微球还具有优良的重复使用性能。     

A general method for the rapid synthesis of hollow metallic or bimetallic nanoelectrocatalysts with urchinlike morphology

We have reported a facile and general method for the rapid synthesis of hollow nanostructures with urchinlike morphology. In-situ produced Ag nanoparticles can be used as sacrificial templates to rapidly synthesize diverse hollow urchinlike metallic or bimetallic (such as Au/Pt) nanostructures. It has been found that heating the solution at 100 degrees C during the galvanic replacement is very necessary for obtaining urchinlike nanostructures. Through changing the molar ratios of Ag to Pt, the wall thickness of hollow nanospheres can be easily controlled; through changing the diameter of Ag nanoparticles, the size of cavity of hollow nanospheres can be facilely controlled; through changing the morphologies of Ag nanostructures from nanoparticle to nanowire, hollow Pt nanotubes can be easily designed. This one-pot approach can be extended to synthesize other hollow nanospheres such as Pd, Pd/Pt, Au/Pd, and Au/Pt. The features of this technique are that it is facile, quick, economical, and versatile. Most importantly, the hollow bimetallic nanospheres (Au/Pt and Pd/Pt) obtained here exhibit an area of greater electrochemical activity than other Pt hollow or solid nanospheres. In addition, the approximately 6 nm hollow urchinlike Pt nanospheres can achieve a potential of up to 0.57 V for oxygen reduction, which is about 200 mV more positive than that obtained by using a approximately 6 nm Pt nanoparticle modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode. Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetry demonstrates that approximately 6 nm hollow Pt nanospheres can catalyze an almost four-electron reduction of O(2) to H(2)O in air-saturated H(2)SO(4) (0.5 M). Finally, compared to the approximately 6 nm Pt nanoparticle catalyst, the approximately 6 nm hollow urchinlike Pt nanosphere catalyst exhibits a superior electrocatalytic activity toward the methanol oxidation reaction at the same Pt loadings.     

Preparation of PdCo Bimetallic Hollow Nanospheres and its Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxidation of Formic Acid

The performance of the direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) is considerably higher than the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) because of some characteristics of formic acid1. For example, formic acid is non-toxic. Formic acid has two orders of magnitude smaller crossover flux through a Nafion membrane than methanol2. In DFAFC, the concentration of formic acid can be as high as 20 mol/L, while the best concentration of methanol in DMFC is only about 2 mol/L3. Thus, the power density of …     

Preparation of carbon supported Pd–Pb hollow nanospheres and their electrocatalytic activities for formic acid oxidation

Pd–Pb hollow nanospheres dispersed on carbon black were developed by a galvanic replacement reaction between sacrificial cobalt nanoparticles and Pd²⁺, Pb²⁺ ions. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical measurements show that the as-prepared catalysts have excellent catalytic activity for formic acid electrooxidation, which is attributed to the large surface area caused by the hollow structure and the lead doping effect which might modify the electronic structure of the catalysts.     

Green preparation of hollow mesoporous silica nanosphere inside-loaded gold nanoparticles and the catalytic activity

In this work, an active nano-catalyst with gold nanoparticles loaded in hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres (HMSNs/Au) was prepared by a one-pot sol-gel method, in which gold ions were loaded in hollow mesoporous silica spheres followed by sodium alginate reduction. The characterization of the HMSNs/Au were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms (BET). The high catalytic activity of HMSNs/Au, denoted as apparent turn-over frequency (TOF), was detected by UV-Vis spectrophotometer for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (74.5 h^?1) and 2-nitrophenol (108.7 h^?1) in the presence of sodium borohydride solution due to the small gold nanoparticles size and overall exposure of active sites. It is expected that this ecofriendly approach to prepare inorganic composited nanoparticles as high active catalysts based on hollow mesoporous materials was a promising platform for loading noble metal nanoparticles.     

Preparation of hybrid hollow capsules formed with Fe3O4 and polyelectrolytes via the layer-by-layer assembly and the aqueous solution process

Well-defined magnetic hybrid hollow capsules formed with magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and polyelectrolyte-multilayer films were successfully prepared through colloidal templating with layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes, followed by aqueous solution deposition of Fe₃O₄. Pd catalyst nanoparticles played an important role in the deposition of Fe₃O₄. Pd nanoparticles favorably adsorbed onto the polyelectrolyte layer with positively charged amino groups. Hollow capsules were obtained by the removal of the melamine–formaldehyde core particles. Although the processes were performed in aqueous solutions at temperatures less than 60 °C, X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the deposited Fe₃O₄ was highly crystallized. The hollow capsules were stably dispersed in water; however, the capsules rapidly congregated around a locally applied magnet.     

Self-assembled histidine acid phosphatase nanocapsules in ionic liquid [BMIM][BF4] as functional templates for hollow metal nanoparticles

We report the biomacromolecular self-assembly of histidine acid phosphatase (HAP), an enzyme of significant biomedical and industrial importance, in the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF(4)]). The spontaneous self-assembly of HAP enzyme in [BMIM][BF(4)] results in the formation of HAP nanocapsules. The HAP enzyme molecules were found to retain their enzymatic activity after the self-assembly process, which enabled us to utilize self-assembled HAP capsules as self-catalyzing templates for the synthesis of a range of hollow metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Pd, and Ni) without employing any additional reducing agent. The hollow metal nanospheres with HAP encapsulated within their cavity were found to retain enzymatic activity for at least up to four cycles, as demonstrated in the case of Au-coated HAP capsules as the model system.     

Efficient fabrication of ZrO2-doped TiO2 hollow nanospheres with enhanced photocatalytic activity of rhodamine B degradation

ZrO(2)-doped TiO(2) hollow nanospheres with anatase phase are efficiently fabricated via functionalized negatively charged polystyrene (PS) spheres without any surfactant or polyelectrolyte. The resulting Ti(1-)(x)Zr(x)O(2) (hereafter denoted as TZ) hollow nanospheres are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), nitrogen sorption, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis). The Zr(4+) incorporation decreases the anatase crystallite size, increases the specific surface area, and changes the pore size distribution. Furthermore, it induces enrichment of electron charge density around Ti(4+) ions and blueshift of absorption edges. The TZ hollow nanospheres doped with moderate ZrO(2) (molar ratio, Ti:Zr=10:1) exhibit better photocatalytic activity than the other samples for the degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solution, which is correlated with the effect of Zr(4+) doping on the physicochemical properties in terms of surface structures, phase structures, and the electronic structures.     

One-pot synthesis of hollow Au3Cu1 spherical-like and biomineral botallackite Cu2(OH)3Cl flowerlike architectures exhibiting antimicrobial activity

A new form of Au3Cu1 hollow nanostructure was prepared by the reaction of Cu nanoparticles with HAuCl4. Following a course of aging, the biomineral botallackite Cu2(OH)3Cl nanoflowers were developed with the aid of Au3Cu1 hollow nanostructures at room temperature. It was proposed that the hollow nanospheres could serve as active centers for heterogeneous nucleation and mediated a mineralization process. Scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated that the nanoflowers are three-dimensional in appearance with a range of 500 nm-- to 1 microm in size and made of several nanopetals with about 25 nm in thickness. In addition, we found that the shape separation could be achieved by using cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to filter the different morphology spherical- and flowerlike structures due to the negative charge of hollow nanospheres. Both hollow nanospheres and nanoflowers presented antimicrobial activity toward Streptococcus aureus with MIC50 at 39.6 and 127.2 microg/mL, respectively.     

Pt纳米空球粒径的可控制备及其甲醇电催化氧化

利用表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠（SDSN）的调控合成不同粒径的硒模板和铂纳米空球（Pthollow）,并将其修饰于玻碳（GC）基底即可制得Pthollow/GC电极;采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、高分辨透射电子显微镜（HR-TEM）和X射线光电子能谱等观察表征了Pthollow样品的形貌与组成;以甲醇为探针分子,研究Pthollow/GC和电沉积铂电极（Ptnano/GC）对甲醇氧化的电催化活性. 结果表明,由铂原子簇团构筑的多孔铂纳米空球粒径均匀,分散性好;用4 μmol·L^-1 SDSN控制合成的直径为130 nm的Pthollow制备的Pthollow/GC电极对甲醇氧化的电催化活性最佳.     

Facile preparation of Au nanoparticle-embedded polydopamine hollow microcapsule and its catalytic activity for the reduction of methylene blue

Abstract

Development of novel supported catalysts with high activity and stability is still a challenge. In this study, the Au-polydopamine (Au-PDA) hollow microcapsules with Au nanoparticles embedded into the PDA microcapsule shell have been synthesized through a simple template-induced covalent assembly method, where polystyrene (PS) nanospheres were used as templates to form core/shell structured PS/Au-PDA composites, followed by core removal through tetrahydrofuran etching. Their morphology and composition were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Results showed that the Au-PDA microcapsules possessed well-fined hollow structure and uniform sizes with inner diameter of about 385?nm, shell thickness of about 30?nm, and Au nanoparticles with diameter of about 17?nm incorporated. The catalytic performance of Au-PDA hollow microcapsules was evaluated through the reduction of methylene blue (MB) dye with NaBH₄ as a reducing agent. Compared to PDA/Au composites with Au nanoparticles loaded on the surface of PDA microspheres, as-prepared Au-PDA hollow microcapsules show good stability and recyclability in the catalytic experiments as the Au nanoparticles were firmly wrapped in PDA matrix, which makes the Au-PDA hollow microcapsules a practicable catalyst candidate for advanced catalytic systems.