陶瓷超导材料及其新进展

一、引言去冬今春,人们在探索具有高临界转变温度的陶瓷超导材料方面取得了重大突破。继发现Ba-La-Cu-O体系陶瓷超导材料后,Ba-Y-     

类液体动态界面材料：近期应用进展

类液体表面是接枝了高度柔性分子刷从而表现出类液体特性的表面。典型的类液体表面一般通过在平坦固体表面上共价接枝具有极低玻璃化转变温度的聚合物分子刷（其玻璃化转变温度一般在零下100 ℃以下）制备而成。由于所接枝分子链具有类似流体的高度动态特性,能自由旋转与运动,各种极性或非极性液体在这类被称为“类液体”或“准液体”的表面上粘附力低,易滑落,表现出极低的接触角滞后。传统上,对这类表面的研究主要限于简单的疏水及疏油应用。最近几年,国内外课题组相继报道了关于类液体表面的一些非常独特的界面物理化学特性;对其功能和应用的研究,也从简单的疏水、疏油,拓展到微观无损输运、防垢、除冰、冷凝传热和高性能膜分离等领域。基于类液体表面功能化的类液体动态界面材料也因而成为一类具有广阔应用前景的新兴材料体系。本文将在介绍类液体表面概念的基础上,重点介绍类液体动态界面材料最新的功能和应用研究成果,并对其未来研究和应用空间进行展望。     

1988年无机化学的重要事件

高温超导体化学的新进展去年我们介绍了高温超导体的发现以及由之而引起的世界性的超导热.当时达到的最高转变温度(T_c)为95K,得自“1-2-3”化合物YBa_2Cu_3O_7-x(X~0.1).一年来,世界各地的科学家以强烈的竞争姿态进行了深入的研究将转变温度提高到125K.这一进展和新型超导体的发现都足以令人乐观,但距离实现室温超导的目标仍然还很远. 在过去一年中,新型超导材料的合成与表征取得了很大的进步.但科学发展中往往出现     

模拟研究石墨烯/生物基尼龙复合材料的界面热阻

生物基尼龙(PA56)源于天然产物,具有优良的环保性能和广阔应用前景,有望替代传统的石油基尼龙材料.为了开发基于PA56的导热材料,利用分子动力学模拟研究方法探索了石墨烯/PA56复合材料界面热阻的影响因素.首先,利用实验测试商用PA56样品的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和导热系数(Tc),验证了PA56模型的模拟参数.接着,通过设计和比较不同表面改性状态对石墨烯/PA56复合材料的界面热阻的影响规律,最后,为了降低界面改性的难度,设计了一种新型的二嵌段共聚物作为石墨烯/PA56复合体系的界面改性剂,研究了界面改性剂的结构对界面热阻的影响规律.研究结果对于实验研究制备生物基尼龙导热复合材料具有重要的参考价值.     

硬软酸碱理论在材料研究中的应用 I: 二元β-W结构化合物超导性的研究

本文从键性的角度出发, 应用硬软酸碱原理, 研究了具有β-W结构二元化合物的超导性能, 用硬软酸碱理论的HS标度, 获得一个化合物预期的超导转变温度值的规则。ΔHS规则可以用作寻找新超导材料的指引。     

硬软酸碱理论在材料研究中的应用 I: 二元β-W结构化合物超导性的研究

本文从键性的角度出发, 应用硬软酸碱原理, 研究了具有β-W结构二元化合物的超导性能, 用硬软酸碱理论的HS标度, 获得一个化合物预期的超导转变温度值的规则。ΔHS规则可以用作寻找新超导材料的指引。     

超导研究 你追我赶

“超导”是指导电材料在一定条件下电阻变为零的性质。人类最初发现物体的超导现象是在1911年,多年来人们在一直寻找超导材料,并把某种材料从有电阻变为无电阻时的温度称为转变温度,这个温度以绝对零度(-273℃)为基点计算,绝对温度以上多少摄氏度即表示为多少K。当前,世界上出现了一股“超导热”,科学家们从     

Cu_xC_(60)薄膜紫外-可见吸收光谱研究

近来,有关 C60的研究主要集中在有关晶格动力学 [1]、电子结构 [2～ 4]和 MxC60（ M代表碱金属或碱土金属）的超导电性研究 [5].但由于 MxC60在大气中不能稳定存在,制约了 MxC60的深入研究和实际应用 .最近, Masterov等人报导了他们对 Cu/C60的超导特性研究 [6～ 7],认为其转变温度 Tc在 80～ 120 K之间,这个转变温度比现有的 MxC60的转变温度（ Tc～ 40 K）要高得多 .但有关更进一步的研究未见报导 .因此,我们拟对 CuxC60体系作较为详尽的研究,这对于进一步研究其超导机理是有必要的 .本工作是在成功地制备了 CuxC60薄膜的…     

Ni纳米粒子作为电子转移剂和NiSx作为产氢界面活性位协同增强 TiO2光催化制氢性能

作为一种传统的半导体光催化材料, TiO_2因具有低价易得、无毒性及稳定性好等优势而一直受到研究者的关注.理论上, TiO_2的能带结构可满足分解水制氢的条件.然而,研究发现TiO_2本身的光催化制氢性能较低,主要是由于TiO_2被光激发后生成的电子和空穴尚未到达材料表面参与反应,就在其体相内发生复合,导致电子参与有效光催化制氢反应的几率较低.近年来,为提高TiO_2的制氢性能,研究者主要通过半导体耦合、元素掺杂、形貌调控和助剂修饰等方式对TiO_2进行改性.其中,助剂表面修饰由于用量少、条件温和并且对主体材料结构影响很小而成为一种常见和有效的改性手段.最常用的电子助剂是贵金属如Au, Ag, Pt和Pd.当TiO_2表面沉积微量的贵金属纳米粒子时,导带上的光生电子被贵金属捕获并迅速转移,将H~+在贵金属表面发生界面还原反应生成H_2,从而有效提高了制氢效率.除了贵金属电子助剂外,还有一些价格较低、产量丰富的非贵金属如Co, Cu, Ni和Bi等也可以作为电子助剂应用于光催化制氢,在提高制氢性能的同时也降低了光催化剂的成本.但在大多数情况下,这些金属材料(除贵金属Pt以外)本身都不能作为有效的界面催化活性位点,表现出较低的界面析氢速率,导致金属-半导体光催化材料的产氢活性低.因此,进一步对金属表面进行改性、增加界面催化活性位点、促进其界面产氢催化反应,对于提高金属-半导体光催化材料的制氢性能非常重要.在金属作为电子传输介质修饰半导体材料的制氢过程中,电子传输介质快速转移光生电子和有效捕获溶液中的H+直接进行界面催化还原反应生成H_2这两个步骤都十分关键.在制备金属-半导体光催化材料时,对于通常的金属材料本身都不能作为界面催化活性位点、缺乏有效的界面产氢活性位点的问题,可通过在金属表面进一步修饰作为界面催化活性位点的基团或离子来解决.本文采用先将Ni纳米粒子光沉积在TiO_2表面、再在水热条件下在Ni纳米粒子表面生成NiS_x的两步法合成了以Ni作为电子转移介质、以NiS_x作为界面催化活性位点共修饰的高效TiO_2光催化剂(称为TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x).研究结果表明,优化后的TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x光催化的最高制氢速率(223.74μmolh~(-1))分别是纯TiO_2, TiO_2/Ni和TiO_2/NiS_x样品的22.2, 8.0和2.2倍.性能增强的原因是Ni纳米粒子作为电子传输体、NiS_x作为界面催化活性位点同时提高了光生电子的转移速率和界面催化反应速率,即Ni和NiS_x两者协同作用增强了TiO_2光催化制氢性能.这种非贵金属助剂和界面活性位点协同作用的方法为设计高制氢性能催化剂提供了新的思路,并有望在光催化领域得到应用.     

硝酸盐热反应法制备Y-Ba-Cu-O系超导材料的反应条件与性能关系

本文用硝酸盐热反应法制备了Y-Ba-Cu-O系高Tc超导材料,并探讨了不同的制备条件对材料结构和性能的影响,确定了合适的制备条件,在此条件下,可制备出零电阻温度T_(R=0)=90K,转变温度T_0=93K的超导体材料,经X射线衍射物相分析表明以YBa_2Cu_3O_(6.5+δ)物相为主夹杂少量非超导相,制备过程的最高热处理温度较以氧化物和(或)碳酸盐为原料要低100℃左右.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.