中药质量控制技术发展展望

本文从中药产业需求、现代化需求、技术需求、机遇与挑战等方面概括了中药质量控制技术发展的背景;讨论了中药质量控制技术对于提高中药药效和安全性、推动产业发展和推进中药国际化的意义;综述了中药质量控制技术的现状,分析了在过程控制、安全性控制、标准品和对照品制备、指纹图谱技术等方面的不足;提出了中药质量控制技术应重点发展以分离和表征技术为主的中药质量控制关键技术、中药安全性控制技术、中药质量控制标准体系、中药质量控制原创性技术和中药标准品、对照品生产技术,制定技术标准,建立具有中药特色的过程控制和产品质量控制标准。     

肺泡灌洗在高血压脑出血并病发肺感染中的应用

观察肺泡灌洗在高血压脑出血并病发肺感染中的应用。方法选择GCS评分4—8分的高血压脑出血并病发肺感染患者58例,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组各29例,两组患者均给予基础治疗,实验组在基础治疗的基础上施行肺泡灌洗,对照组未施行肺泡罐洗,观察比较两组的治疗效果。结果实验组有25例肺部感染控制,控制时间9．1d,对照组19例肺部感染控制,控制时间15．2d,实验组肺部感染控制率明显高于对照组,且控制时间明显短于对照组,两组相比差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。肺泡灌洗能有效控制高血压脑出血并病发的肺部感染,提高存活率,减少治疗时间,提高患者生活质量,且无严重并发症。     

Quality assurance in analytical measurement

 The peculiarities of analytical measurement require to check characteristics of the error (its components) of the obtained analysis results to assure the quality of the measurements. This article deals with the various quality assurance procedures and algorithms which are used to check the quality indices, i.e. the accuracy, reproducibility, certainty and repeatability of analytical measurements: These procedures include: laboratory rapid control; Intra-laboratory statistical control (statistical selection control by alternative attribute, statistical selection control by quantity method of periodic check of the analysis procedure for conformity to the specified requirements) and external control (inter-laboratory control checks, inter-laboratory comparison tests, and intra-laboratory control algorithms carried out by the appropriate supervisory body.) in the separately taken laboratory. The respective algorithms, control plans and control requirements, specified according to the different control aims and assurance tasks, enable the quality and certianty of analytical information obtained in laboratories in Russia to be assured. Received: 9 November 1998 / Accepted: 24 November 1998     

The automatic interlocking system of electron absorbed dose monitoring and irradiation process control

The paper describes the real time computer control system used for monitoring and control parameters of the electron irradiation facility. The process control is achieved through the control system made up of a personal computer, three I/O boards and an ISA interface board. The improved bipartition transport theory has been applied to calculate the absorbed dose of low energy electron. The experimental results proved that the dose control precision of the system has been greatly raised, and the other performance indexes have been obviously improved. This interlocking system may be used for dose monitoring and process control in BB radiation processing.     

气体报警器检定用智能控制终端的设计与实现

介绍了一种用于有毒有害气体报警器计量检定用手持控制终端的设计。通过对手持终端的软件、电源系统、无线通信系统和主控系统的研发,实现了无线控制报警器检定的操作,并可在手持终端上显示报警器的相关参数以及检定结果等内容。该手持终端提高了检定效率,避免了有害气体对检定人员的侵袭。     

量子控制论在化学中的应用

控制量子现象是化学研究中的一个重要目标,量子控制论对实现该目标具有积极的指导意义.本文综述了量子控制论在化学中的应用及其进展,重点分析了量子相干控制、量子优化控制、闭环学习控制和能控性观念在化学研究中的应用,介绍了它们的研究现状,并对其未来研究进行了展望.     

恒电位下铜电极电流振荡的延时控制

采用铜电极的阳极溶解作为研究对象,开展电流振荡的延迟控制方法的研究.调节控制信号中延迟时间及控制系数的大小,延迟时间对电流影响作用明显,观察到周期变长和变短的结果,小延时下振荡周期变大,大延时下周期变小.延时控制也使振荡的波形产生明显的变化,并使原有的周期振荡呈现出混沌振荡.控制系数对振荡产生不同的影响,呈现出波形分裂、混合振荡等现象.控制系数加大时,这种峰的分裂变得更加强烈,阳极溶解电流产生了混沌振荡.控制后的振荡频率与原有频率有简单的比例关系.文中对延迟控制产生特定波形的机制进行了分析和讨论.     

Robustness testing of control charts employed by analytical laboratories

 The robustness of Shewhart control charts for subgroup means and subgroup ranges was tested by using the Monte Carlo method using training data sets comprising various numbers of points, with two repetitions in each subgroup (as in routine laboratory practice). The following control chart designs were tested: conventional based on the arithmetic mean and standard deviation, robust based on the median and/or the trimmed mean and Winsorized standard deviation, and a two-step design. The methods were applied to the system in the state of statistical control (outliers excluded) and to the system without statistical control (outliers included). Satisfactory results for both cases were only obtained when using the two-stage control charts. The conventional charts led to underestimation of the effect of outliers in the system without statistical control, whereas the robust control charts led to overestimation of the effect of outliers (false alarm) in the system under statistical control. The tests also gave evidence that the training set should include 20 points as a minimum. Received: 13 January 1997 Accepted: 12 February 1997     

A Simple Substrate Feeding Strategy using a pH Control Trigger in Fed-Batch Fermentation

A simple automated glucose feeding strategy based on pH control was developed to produce high-cell-density fed-batch fermentation. In this strategy, the pH control scheme utilized an acidified concentrated glucose solution to lower the pH. The frequency of glucose addition to the fermentor is determined by the culture’s growth kinetics. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the coupled pH and glucose control strategy in biomass and/or secondary metabolite production, several fed-batch fermentations of indigenous Escherichia coli and recombinant E. coli were carried out. Both strains produced biomass with optical density of greater than 40 at 600 nm. We also tested the glucose control strategy using two types of pH controller: a less sophisticated portable pH controller and a more sophisticated online proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Our control strategy was successfully applied with both controllers, although better control was observed using the PID controller. We have successfully demonstrated that a glucose feeding strategy based on a simple pH control scheme to indirectly control the glucose concentration can be easily achieved and adapted to conventional bioreactors in the absence of online glucose measurement and control.     

标准物质在检测实验室质量控制中的应用

【】 本文介绍了检测中使用标准物质进行质量控制的重要意义,分别在盲样测试、期间核查和质量控制图应用方面提出了使用标准物质进行质量控制的三种方法,并通过在实验室获得的检测数据对上述应用方法作了实例说明,对检测实验室应用标准物质进行质量控制工作具有指导意义。     

Some problems of radioimmunoassay control

Problems and aims of RIA control are discussed and the survey of the major characteristics applied to the control is presented. An arrangement and organization of RIA control system which enable the objective and rational control on different levels are proposed.     

Automation of a graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry system with a Z80-based microcomputer

A microprocessor was used to control the operation of an atomic absorption spectrometer and a graphite-furnace atomizer. The system allows complete and flexible control of the graphite furnace heating program and active feedback with an optical temperature sensor, control of purge gas flows, and control of an autosampler. With micro-processor control, the graphite furnace can be heated from 0 to 2500°C in about 3 s with little or no overshoot. Reproducibility data for cadmium to oyster tissue gave relative standard deviations between 1.3 and 3.3% with microprocessor control and between 2.1 and 7.8% without control. Digitized data may be plotted and stored on disk.     

Optimal control of quantum non-Markovian dissipation: reduced Liouville-space theory

An optimal control theory for open quantum systems is constructed containing non-Markovian dissipation manipulated by an external control field. The control theory is developed based on a novel quantum dissipation formulation that treats both the initial canonical ensemble and the subsequent reduced control dynamics. An associated scheme of backward propagation is presented, allowing the efficient evaluation of general optimal control problems. As an illustration, the control theory is applied to the vibration of the hydrogen fluoride molecule embedded in a non-Markovian dissipative medium. The importance of control-dissipation correlation is evident in the results.     

Quantum optimal control: Hessian analysis of the control landscape

Seeking an effective quantum control entails searching over a landscape defined as the objective as a functional of the control field. This paper considers the problem of driving a state-to-state transition in a finite level quantum system, and analyzes the local topology of the landscape of the final transition probability in terms of the variables specifying the control field. Numerical calculation of the eigenvalues of the Hessian of the transition probability with respect to the control field variables reveals systematic structure in the spectra reflecting the existence of a generic and simple control landscape topology. An illustration shows that the number of nonzero Hessian eigenvalues is determined by the number of quantum states in the system. The Hessian eigenvectors associated with its nonzero eigenvalues are shown to give insight into the cooperative roles of the control variables. The practical consequences of these findings for quantum control are discussed.     

重复性"饥饿/再投喂"对大鼠脂代谢及主动脉影响的研究

为探讨经过重复性"饥饿/再投喂"方式处理后大鼠摄取高脂食物时有关体质量控制与能量平衡调节的瘦素(leptin)和神经肽Y(NPY)的表达变化,设计"重复性饥饿1 d/再投喂基础饲料1 d,持续6周"的饲喂方式处理动物模型,6周后改为每天喂以高脂饲料(高脂模型组),另设高脂对照组和基础对照组,喂养至12周,测定了血脂水平...     

Precise generation of dynamic biochemical signals by controlling the programmable pump in a Y-shaped microfluidic chip with a “christmas tree” inlet

The generation of dynamic biochemical signals in a microfluidic control system is of importance for the study of the interaction between biological cells and their niches. However, most of microfluidic control systems are not able to provide dynamic biochemical signals with high precision and stability due to inherent mechanical vibrations caused by the actuators of the programmable pumps. In this paper, we propose a novel microfluidic feedback control system integrating an external feedback control system with a Y-shaped microfluidic chip with a “Christmas tree” inlet. The Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is implemented to reduce the influence of vibrations. In order to regulate the control parameters efficiently, a mathematical model is built to describe the actuator of the programmable pump, in which a fractional-order model is utilized. Both simulation and experimental studies are carried out, confirming that the microfluidic feedback control system can precisely and stably generate desired dynamic biochemical signals.     

Enhancement of the degree of control of photofragment distributions by laser phase modulation

The possibility of enhancing the degree of control of a transient photofragment distribution achieved by means of laser phase modulation is explored. Such a control is exerted through interference between overlapping resonances, which are populated in a superposition by the laser field. It is found that by varying the central frequency of the pump laser across the energy range of the resonance superposition created, the effects of laser phase modulation on the resonance interference mechanism change remarkably, causing significant variations on the photofragment distribution. Knowledge of these variations can be used to increase and optimize the control effects of the scheme applied. The results presented here show that the intensity of the phase modulation control effect on the fragment distribution can be increased by more than double. Thus, varying the laser carrier frequency as an additional control parameter makes the control scheme more efficient and flexible.     

Radiological characterization of spent control rod assemblies

Three different spent control rods were obtained for direct-assay measurements and empirical sampling and analysis. They were: 1) a BWR cruciform control rod, 2) a PWR rod-cluster control assembly, and 3) a burnable poison-rod assembly. The dominant activity of the BWR cruciform control rod and the PWR burnable poison-rod assembly is⁶⁰Co, whereas the PWR rod-cluster control assembly is dominated not only by⁶⁰Co, but also by^108mAg and^110mAg, which are found in the Ag–In–Cd alloy of the absorber rods. The radionuclide inventories calculated for the three spent control rods from the empirical sampling data agree very well with data determined from the two direct assay methodologies. The concentration of^108mAg in the rod-cluster control assembly will have to be considered when these types of spent control rods are prepared for waste disposal.     

CGC using a programmable electronic pressure controller

Capillary gas chromatographic separations were performed with an electronic pressure control system developed to provide precise closed-loop control of inlet pressure through the use of a solid state micro-machined pressure sensor and electronically controlled proportional valve. The closed-loop control of the electronic system provided better precision than the open-loop control achieved by manual pressure regulation. Closed-loop control can perform pressure programming, which can be combined with temperature programming to optimize separations. The pressure sensor monitors the integrity of the flow system and singals the controller to reduce flow in the presence of a sudden loss of system pressure.     

Elucidation of control mechanisms discovered during adaptive manipulation of [Ru(dpb)3](PF6)2 emission in the solution phase

To design methodologies that will allow researchers to directly correlate the results of adaptive control experiments with physiochemical control pathways in arbitrary complex molecular systems it is imperative that prototype systems are developed and that exigent control pathways are understood. We have been interested in the results of adaptive control experiments in our laboratory involving the maximization of a ratio of two experimental observables: (1) the thermalized emission from the solution-phase coordination complex [Ru(dpb)3](PF6)2 and (2) the second harmonic signal (a purely intensity-dependent phenomenon) of the shaped laser fields. Using a rational pulse shaping strategy, we have made a measurement of the ratio spectrum (in essence the two-photon absorption cross section) for the molecule [Ru(dpb)3](PF6)2 in a room temperature solution of acetonitrile. This spectrum is highly varied across the accessible two-photon power spectrum of our broad-band laser pulses and demonstrates the existence of a control pathway wherein a shaped laser field can manipulate excited-state population (with respect to SHG) by conforming to the second-order spectral response of the molecule in solution. We show that our adaptive control algorithm is capable of taking advantage of these control pathways using simulated adaptive control experiments. Finally, we measure second-harmonic spectra of shaped laser fields discovered during an adaptive control experiment and show that these agree with simulation. These results suggest that our adaptive control experiment can be understood in the context of the elucidated spectral control pathway.