自蔓延波聚合研究进展

波聚合是指靠自身反应放热产生的热波维持反应进行而将单体转化为聚合物的聚合方法。由于波聚合不需要外界持续供热、无溶剂排放和反应设备简单,是一种节能无污染的低成本材料制备工艺,极具应用前景。本文综述了从发现波聚合至今已取得的研究成果,包括波聚合机理、聚合波产生并自蔓延的条件、波结构、传播速度、传播模式以及产物特征,并对波聚合工艺用于高分子材料的制备进行了评述。     

波聚合体系、引发、过程及应用

波聚合是一种通过局部反应区域向未反应区域连续移动将单体转化为聚合物的反应模式,具有简便快速、节能降耗和产物性能优异等优势,是化学合成、功能材料与结构材料制备的新方法。本文对波聚合反应体系、引发、过程、应用及存在问题等方面进行综述。重点评述了新型波聚合体系如二元或多元体系、离子液体体系、深共晶溶剂体系等;新型引发剂如光引发剂和离子液体引发剂等特殊引发剂;波聚合反应体系中的助剂如填料、交联剂、链转移剂、活化剂、增稠剂、表面活性剂和催化剂等对聚合过程和产物结构性能的影响;新发展的引发方式如紫外线、水、等离子体和耦合引发等;以及特殊波聚合过程。最后,展望了波聚合存在问题和商业化应用的研究方向。     

辐射接枝制备离子交换膜

一、引言通常离子交换膜是指有离子交换基团的高分子聚合物薄膜。不论异相膜或均相膜按照离子交换基团引入的不同途径,它的合成路线可分两类:一类是先合成带有离子交换基团的单体然后通过聚合反应或缩合反应聚合成高分子;另一类是先将单体聚合成高分子聚合物然后通过高分予化学反应引入离子交换基团。将各种带高子交换基团的单体辐射接枝于各种聚合物薄膜或粉末以制备均相离子交换膜的方法属于后一类。辐射接枝是在高分子薄膜上引发高     

含偶氮苯侧基接枝共聚物的可控合成及其光响应性能研究

以引发单体为基础,通过两种可控聚合方法,即原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和开环易位聚合(ROMP)的联用,合成一种新型侧链含偶氮苯基团的接枝聚合物刷.含叔溴的降冰片烯引发剂首先引发偶氮苯单体的ATRP反应,生成聚合物接枝链,每条接枝链上都带有偶氮苯基团;然后,将具有高环张力降冰片烯的ATRP聚合物作为大分子单体,在第三代Grubbs催化剂的引发下进行ROMP反应,生成结构明确的新型接枝共聚物.其主链每个单体单元上均含有一条带偶氮苯基团的接枝链.最后,研究此类接枝共聚物在紫外与可见光照射下的光响应性能,并用UV-Vis分光光度计研究其在溶液中的顺反异构化过程.     

氧化还原低温引发MMA/BA超浓乳液薄层共聚合的研究

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸丁酯(MMA-BA)作为混合单体、以乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和共乳化剂十六烷醇(CA)作为复合乳化剂体系、聚乙烯醇(PVA)为液膜增强剂,制备了稳定的超浓乳液.以过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)和N,N′-二甲基苯胺(DMA)为氧化还原引发体系,用一种新的超浓乳液薄层技术,在较低温度下引发共聚合.探讨了液膜增强剂种类和聚合环境对聚合稳定性影响;研究了薄层厚度,薄层面积,聚合温度和加热方式对体系(包括单体和水)挥发性和转化率的影响.比较了薄层和试管聚合的速率.用透射电子显微镜观察了水浴与烘箱加热方式下聚合物乳胶粒的形态,得到了在水浴中反应后的聚合物粒子平均粒径和分散度都减小的结果.     

一种新颖丙烯腈基含糖共聚物的合成和表征

利用无保护的糖内酯与甲基丙烯酸-2-氨乙基酯盐酸盐反应高效简便合成了一种新颖的直链糖,并用水相沉淀聚合的方法将其与丙烯腈进行了共聚合。考察了单体配比、聚合时间、引发剂浓度和总单体浓度对聚合行为的影响,红外、核磁用来表征聚合物,证明水相沉淀聚合是一种有效的聚合方式。     

对氯甲基苯乙烯的聚合及其聚合物性质的研究

<正> 对氯甲基苯乙烯(p-CMS)是一种有工业应用的单体,通过其苄氯基团上的亲核取代反应,可以合成各种功能性单体及功能高分子。虽然其聚合物——聚对氯甲基苯乙烯(P-p-CMS)——可从聚苯乙烯的直接氯甲基化来合成,但通过p-CMS的聚合及共聚可以更准确地控制聚合物的结构和扩大它们在高分子改性中的应用范围.70年代以来,对p-CMS的合成和应用日渐报道,但有关其聚合、单体与聚合物的结构及基本理化性质研     

润物无声,启迪创新——从"冷冻聚合制备高分子量聚合物"综合实验谈起

冷冻聚合是一种新发展的聚合反应实施方法,其聚合温度低于反应介质的凝固点,聚合场所为冻结聚合体系中的液相微区,液相微区的体积百分数约为10％.因为聚合温度低、液相微区的单体浓度很高,所以冷冻聚合是制备高/超高分子量聚合物的有效方法.本实验分别实施丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸的冷冻聚合,通过改变冷冻聚合条件调控聚合物的分子量,使用稀溶液黏度法测定所得聚合物的分子量.通过该实验,帮助学生理解自由基聚合分子量控制的基本原理,学会灵活运用Mayo方程,引导学生关注实验细节、掌握实验技巧、学会实验设计.     

氨基氮杂环荧光分子改性苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物的研究

荧光高分子材料 ,由于其独特光学性质 ,成为功能高分子研究热点[1～ 3 ] .一般而言 ,荧光聚合物的合成有两种方法 ,一是首先合成荧光单体 ,然后与其他适宜单体聚合 ,得到荧光聚合物 ,然而荧光单体结构复杂 ,提纯困难 ,难以获得高分子量、成膜性能好的聚合物[4] ;另一种方法是通过官能团的反应 ,用荧光物质对聚合物进行化学改性来制备[5,6] .苯乙烯 马来酸酐共聚物 (ＳＭＡ)是一类成本低廉 ,性能良好的商品化聚合物材料 ,主链中含有具有反应性能的酸酐基团 ,这就使通过化学改性制备荧光聚合物成为可能 .本文通过 2 氨基苯并咪唑 ( 1 ) ,4 …     

多组分聚合体系的探索

多组分反应是利用三种或者三种以上反应物一锅法得到终产物的反应。在此过程中,无需对中间产物进行分离提纯,而且几乎所有反应物的原子都出现在生成物当中。因此多组分反应经常被用来合成具有复杂结构的化合物。我们在多组分反应中引入可聚合元素,将功能化单体合成和可控聚合结合在一起,一步合成具有特殊官能结构的聚合物。这个体系中的反应均互不干扰,有着良好的匹配效果。因此,得到的产物具有可控的分子量和很窄的分子量分布。与传统方法相比,这种多组分聚合体系节省了反应时间、降低了合成成本、合成途径更加绿色经济。我们现已发展了多种多组分聚合体系,按照复杂程度不同分为二元、三元和四元体系。通过不同的有机小分子反应与可控聚合的结合,我们成功制备了一些通过其他聚合方法难以或是无法合成的新型聚合物,体现了这一聚合方法的特点和优势。随着对多组分聚合体系认识的不断深入,相信我们能够更简便地合成更多结构新颖的聚合物。     

Segmented polyurethane synthesized by frontal polymerization

Frontal polymerization (FP) is a mode of converting a monomer into a polymer via a localized reaction zone that propagates through the monomer. In this study, segmented polyurethane was successfully prepared by FP. The reactants, poly (propylene oxide) glycol, 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol and the catalyst stannous caprylate, were mixed together at an initial temperature in the presence of dimethylbenzene (as the solvent). The reactions were thermally ignited at one end of the tubular reactor, and the resultant hot fronts propagated throughout the reaction reactor. No further energy was required for polymerization to occur. The effect factors of front velocity, stannous caprylate concentration and temperature on the FP, along with comparison of FP with bulk polymerization, were thoroughly investigated. Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to characterize polyurethane (PU). The polymer materials obtained by FP displayed features similar to those obtained by batch polymerization. The reaction time of FP for preparing PU was lower than that of BP.     

Polyurethane–nanosilica hybrid nanocomposites synthesized by frontal polymerization

Polyurethane–nanosilica hybrids were synthesized with frontal polymerization. Structurally well‐dispersed and stable hybrids were obtained via a two‐step functionalization process: First, the silica was encapsulated with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS). Second, poly(propylene oxide) glycol, toluene 2,4‐diisocyanate, 1,4‐butanediol, and a catalyst (stannous caprylate) were dissolved in dimethylbenzene and mixed together at room temperature along with the modified nanosilica. A constant‐velocity propagating front was initiated via the heating of the end of the tubular reactor. For the complete encapsulation of the silica with APTS, different weight ratios of APTS to silica were investigated. The polyurethane hybrids were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. The polyurethane hybrids produced by frontal polymerization had the same properties as those produced by batch polymerization with stirring, but the frontal polymerization method required significantly less time and lower energy input than the batch polymerization method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1670–1680, 2005     

Effect of resin staging on frontal polymerization of dicyclopentadiene

In thermal frontal polymerization (FP), ambient temperature and staging conditions highly affect the resin behavior and front properties. This study describes the effect of staging conditions and resin reactivity on frontal ring opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene in presence of phosphite-inhibited second-generation Grubbs catalyst. An experimental setup is designed to characterize and understand the effect of inhibitor concentration, incubation time, and incubation temperature on front velocity, activation time, and front temperature of the FP reaction. The results reveal that front properties are influenced by various factors, including available energy density of resin, stability of catalyst-inhibitor complex, resin temperature, and resin viscosity. An increase in staging temperature results in lower pot lives but faster gelation process and activation of FP reaction. Additionally, increasing the inhibitor concentration leads to slower fronts, higher activation times, and longer pot lives. The results of this study can be extended to other FP systems and can be used in design of new manufacturing processes and applications using FP.     

Synthesis of poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-methylolacrylamide)/polymethylacrylamide hybrids via frontal free-radical polymerization

In this study, poly(N-methylolacrylamide)/polymethylacrylamide (PNMA/PMAA) hybrids were produced successfully by frontal free-radical polymerization at ambient pressure. In a typical run, the appropriate amounts of reactants (N-methylolacrylamide, NMA; methylacrylamide, MAA) and initiator (ammonium persulfate) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide at ambient temperature. Frontal polymerization (FP) was initiated by heating the wall of the tube with a soldering iron, and the resultant hot fronts were allowed to self-propagate throughout the reaction vessel. Once initiated, no further energy was required for polymerization to occur. The dependences of the front velocity and front temperature on the initiator concentration, reactant dilution, and NMA/MAA components were thoroughly investigated. The front temperatures were between 69 and 116 °C, depending on the persulfate concentration. We have also investigated the FP of PNMA/PMAA hybrids with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as solvent. Results show that FP can be exploited as a means for the preparation of PNMA/PMAA hybrids with the potential advantage of higher throughput compared to the traditional mode.     

波聚合制备淀粉接枝丙烯酸钠-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂

高吸水树脂是一种新型功能高分子材料,广泛应用于卫生用品、农林业和生物医药等领域．将淀粉接枝改性制备吸水树脂不仅可以减少对石油产品的依赖性,而且还可以使吸水树脂具有可生物降解性,从而避免出现环境问题．     

Frontal polymerization of diurethane diacrylates

This work deals with the preparation of poly(urethane acrylates) by using two different polymerization techniques. Namely, the classical batch procedure has been compared with frontal polymerization (FP). A thorough study on the effect of initiator type, concentration, and on the velocity of the front and its maximum temperature has been carried out. Moreover, two different synthetic ways have been studied: the one step poly(urethane acrylate) preparation starting directly from 1,6 diisocyanato hexane and 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate, and the two step procedure consisting of the synthesis of the corresponding diurethane diacrylate and of its subsequent polymerization. The first method has the advantage of being faster but some caution is necessary due to the excessive heat that is generated if the reaction conditions are not properly chosen. The second approach requires a further step but has the advantage of being more controlled. DSC analysis did not show any significant difference by comparing the thermal properties of the materials obtained by the two techniques (batch and FP). However, since FP runs are very easy and fast to be performed, FP should be seriously taken into proper account when these materials have to be prepared. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3344–3352, 2008     

聚醚聚氨酯-聚醚聚酰亚胺合金相结构的研究

通过不同分子量的对－氨基苯甲酸酯封端的聚（四次亚甲基）醚和均苯甲甲酸二酐反应,合成了聚醚聚酰胺酸;然后以不同重量比将聚醚聚氨酯和聚醚聚酰胺酸溶液混合反应亚胺化,制备了一系列不同硬段含量的聚醚聚氨酯－聚醚聚酰亚胺合金。用傅立叶变换红外光谱、动态力学分析、示差扫描量热、广角Ｘ－衍射、应力应变试验等分析测试方法对合金进行了研究,结果表明聚醚聚氨酯－聚醚聚酰亚胺合金具有很好的相分离结构,是一类新型耐高温、有韧性的热塑性弹性体。聚醚分子量相同的聚氨酯和聚酰亚胺形成的合金软段相容,合金具有两相结构;聚醚分子量不同的聚氨酯和聚酰亚胺形成的合金软段存在相分离,合金具有三相结构,表现在材料外观上分别为透明不透明的韧性膜,少量聚酰亚胺的掺入,能大大增加材料的耐热性能,而合金的材料力学性能没有明显变化。     

Frontal polymerization synthesis and characterization of temperature- and pH-sensitive hydrogels

The temperature- and pH-sensitive hydrogels, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (P(NIPAM-co-AAc)), were synthesized via frontal polymerization (FP). The reaction components have been varied in order to find their influences on frontal parameters and copolymer features. The results showed that front velocity and front temperature were dependent on the initiator concentration, reactant dilution, and NIPMA/AAc molar ratio. In addition, the morphology and sensitive behavior of the FP hydrogels were mainly affected by monomers’ ratio. Namely, the pore size, swelling abilities, LCST, and response kinetics of copolymer hydrogels obviously increased with the increasing acrylic acid concentration; however, they slightly changed with varying of amounts of initiator and solvent. Finally, in comparison with the hydrogels prepared by conventional batch polymerization, the ones synthesized by frontal polymerization exhibited more homogeneous chain composition and improved microstructure and response ability.     

Frontal copolymerization synthesis and property characterization of starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels

Recently, a considerable amount of research has centered on uniquely structured polymers synthesized through self-propagating frontal polymerization. The obtained polymer materials have better features than those obtained by using the classical batch route. The additional advantages are short reaction times and low cost. This work describes the first frontal polymerization synthesis of a graft copolymer superabsorbent hydrogel of acrylic acid onto starch at high monomer and initiator concentration. The effects of varying the relative amounts of the reaction components on the most relevant parameters relating to frontal polymerization were explored. The front velocity dependence on initiator concentration could be fit to a power function. The temperature profiles were found to be very sharp with a maximum temperature below 150 degrees C, which was responsible for high monomer conversion. The ultimate properties of the product appear to depend on the polymerization front velocity and the temperature. The high-temperature and rapid temperature increase at the polymerization front led to products with interconnected porous structures caused by the evaporation of water. So, a fast-swelling, highly absorbing hydrogel with respect to batch polymerization was obtained.     

Polymeric nanocomposites containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes prepared via frontal polymerization

Frontal polymerization (FP) has been successfully applied, for the first time, to obtain polymeric nanocomposites containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in an amine‐cured epoxy matrix. Variations of maximum temperature (T_max) and front velocity (V_f) have been studied. A comparison of these products with the corresponding materials, obtained by the classical batch polymerization technique, demonstrated that FP allows a higher degree of conversion than batch polymerization. The products have been characterized in terms of their thermal behavior with DSC analysis. SEM and X‐ray analyses revealed the morphology and the structures of the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites obtained by FP have the same characteristics of those synthesized, in much longer times, by batch polymerization. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4514–4521, 2007