废渣微晶玻璃析晶行为分析及热处理制度的优化

以镍渣及粉煤灰为主要原料,使用熔融法制备了复合渣微晶玻璃,渣的综合利用率达到62;,依据DSC曲线确定基础玻璃的热处理制度,并利用修正的JMA方程,对其进行了析晶动力学分析.借助极差分析、XRD、SEM等测试方法探讨了热处理制度对该系统微晶玻璃的影响.结果表明:复合渣微晶玻璃析晶活化能E=91.4 kJ/mol,动力学参数k(Tp)=0.277,n=3.04,该微晶玻璃以体析晶的方式析晶且析晶能力较强,主晶相为普通辉石和透辉石;热处理制度对玻璃体系的微观组织结构及力学性能均有较大影响,且温度因素大于时间因素;经730℃保温1.5h微晶化热处理后能获得晶粒细小均匀、力学性能良好的复合渣微晶玻璃.     

不同冷却方式黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃析晶动力学研究

以水淬黄磷炉渣和自然冷却态黄磷炉渣为研究对象,采用熔融法制备CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃.通过差热分析、X射线衍射和扫描电镜,并利用修正后的Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA)方程和Augis-Bennett方程,分析了不同冷却方式下黄磷炉渣制备微晶玻璃的析晶规律.结果表明:不同冷却方式对微晶玻璃的析晶行为有所不同,水淬黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃的析晶活化能E为352.609 kJ/mol,自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃的析晶活化能E为405.685kJ/mol;两种不同冷却方式的黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃的晶化机制均为三维体积晶化.水淬黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃中主晶相为硅灰石(CaSiO3)并含有少量的石英矿物;自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃中主晶相为钙蔷薇辉石类(Ca(Mn2,Ca)Si2O6)和含铁硅灰石类固溶体((Ca,Fe) SiO3).以自然冷却渣制备的微晶玻璃性能优于水淬渣制备出的微晶玻璃.     

TiO2对自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃析晶行为的影响

以自然冷却黄磷炉渣为主要原料,采用熔融法制备CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃,并借助DTA、XRD、SEM等分析了TiO2作为晶核剂对微晶玻璃析晶及其性能的影响规律.利用修正后的Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)方程初步计算微晶玻璃样品的析晶活化能E及晶体生长指数n.结果表明:自然冷却黄磷炉渣中固有的晶核剂可有效的促进CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系统的析晶,炉渣固有的TiO2可促进大量晶核的形成,晶化指数达到4.84,随着TiO2的加入,系统的析晶活化能由126.1483 kJ/mol增加到363.8206 kJ/mol,而晶化指数变为3.24.晶化机制由体积析晶变为二维析晶.主晶相的种类没有随TiO2量的增加而改变,均为硅灰石(CaSiO3)和钙铁辉石((Ca,Fe) SiO3).     

纳米级SnO2或Yb2O3对熔融石英陶瓷析晶性能的影响

通过XRD分析和热膨胀率实验,从析晶角度探讨了添加纳米级SnO₂或Yb₂O₃对熔融石英陶瓷析晶性能的影响。结果表明:熔融石英陶瓷高温析晶的主要晶化产物为方石英,方石英析出量随烧结温度的提高而逐渐增多;纳米级SnO₂或Yb₂O₃的引入可通过抑制熔融石英中方石英的析出,有效地降低熔融石英材料在升温过程中的热膨胀率,并且随着烧结温度升高需要不断调整添加剂用量,纳米级SnO₂和Yb₂O₃的最佳用量(质量分数)分别为1%和2%。     

CaF2对自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃析晶行为影响

借助DTA、SEM、XRD等分析测试手段,研究氟化钙晶核剂含量对自然冷却态黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃析晶及其性能的影响规律.利用修正后的JMA方程计算微晶玻璃的析晶活化能E及晶体生长指数n动力学参数.结果表明:CaF2晶核剂的引入可以促进微晶玻璃的析晶,改变析晶峰温度和活化能.随着CaF2进一步添加并不能改变主晶相(硅灰石)类型,而是生成新的CaF2晶相,同时改晶粒尺寸.当添加2.5wt; CaF2时,微晶玻璃的析晶动力学参数最优,产品性能优异,可以作为优良的建筑装饰材料.     

模拟熔融态黄磷炉渣制备微晶玻璃析晶规律研究

以SiO2-Al2O3、Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3 、K2O-SiO2-Al2O3、CaO-SiO2-Al2O3和MgO-SiO2-Al2O3五种混合辅料为研究对象,采用液-固混合法与热态黄磷炉渣进行高温混熔直接制CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系微晶玻璃.通过Factsage、差热分析和X射线衍射,并利用修正后的Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA)方程,分析了不同辅料在高温下与热态黄磷炉渣混熔制备微晶玻璃的析晶规律.结果表明:混合辅料SiO2-Al2O3出现液相的最低温度为1595℃,而当加入碱金属或碱土金属作助熔剂时辅料的熔融液相温度均大幅降低.添加Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3辅料后制备出的微晶玻璃析晶活化能E为192.8718 kJ/mol,而添加K2O-SiO2-Al2O3辅料后其析晶活化能明显增加为306.4335 kJ/mol.当助熔剂为CaO和MgO时,其析晶活化能接近,分别为376.7427 kJ/mol和372.0462 kJ/mol.在五种混合辅料直接添加到热态黄磷炉渣制备微晶玻璃过程中,K2O-SiO2-Al2O3和CaO-SiO2-Al2O3辅料均出现目标主晶相为硅灰石(CaSiO3)的物相.综合考虑析晶活化能和物相组成,以K2O-SiO2-Al2O3为混合辅料直接加入热态黄磷炉渣制备出的微晶玻璃优于其它混合辅料的直接添加.     

钛酸锶钡陶瓷晶粒生长动力学研究

采用钛酸四丁酯、硝酸钡和硝酸锶为原料的微波水热法在70℃,10 min的工艺参数下合成钛酸锶钡纳米颗粒;通过对纳米粉体造粒、成型、排胶和烧结等工艺处理制备了钛酸锶钡陶瓷;研究了陶瓷晶粒生长动力学以及烧结温度、烧结时间对陶瓷的影响.采用透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分别对粉体的形貌和陶瓷的表面形貌进行分析.研究表明,钛酸锶钡基陶瓷晶粒生长机制可以用TPRE模型来描述,确定了晶粒生长激活能为238.6 kJ/mol,陶瓷比较适宜的烧结温度为1240℃.     

声化学法合成ZnS纳米晶及反应动力学研究

采用声化学法制备了ZnS纳米晶,对其反应动力学进行了研究,利用XRD、TEM等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明,以无水氯化锌、硫代乙酰胺为原料,采用声化学法可以制备粒径在10 nm左右的ZnS纳米晶,所得样品为α-ZnS纤锌矿结构,六方晶系,形貌为球形或近球形.随超声功率增加,ZnS纳米晶粒度降低.动力学研究表明,ZnS纳米晶的生成量随时间呈线性增加,ZnS纳米晶的生成活化能为29.88 kJ/mol.     

硼铝硅系透明玻璃陶瓷晶粒生长动力学研究

采用熔融和两步热处理技术制备出B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-ZnO-Li2O-K2O系透明玻璃陶瓷。硼铝硅系透明玻璃陶瓷晶粒生长动力学服从JMAK方程。用分形子谱维数分析了分形结构扩散控制晶体生长动力学过程,揭示了其与经典化学反应动力学的不同,得出了反应动力学与分形结构的关系,通过实验数据拟合出分形子谱维数dS为1.2688。结果表明用分形结构扩散控制反应动力学理论来分析硼铝硅系透明玻璃陶瓷的晶化过程是行之有效的。     

热处理过程对纳米TiO2结构和性能的影响

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO2,结合TG-DTA,XRD,TEM等分析了不同热处理温度对纳米TiO2的晶型结构、晶粒粒径及微观形貌的影响.以甲基橙溶液为目标降解物,探讨了热处理温度对纳米TiO2光催化活性影响.利用Eastman的粒子生长理论对晶粒生长的动力学过程进行初步分析.研究表明:随着热处理温度升高,TiO2粒径逐渐从11.2 nm增大到78.6 nm;热处理温度为450～ 550℃时,纳米TiO2晶粒以锐钛矿为主,温度升至650℃时,出现了锐钛矿和金红石的混合相(质量比A∶R =9∶1),此时晶粒对甲基橙的降解率达到97.75;.而煅烧温度高于850℃后,TiO2几乎完全为金红石相,光催化活性显著下降.50;锐钛矿型TiO2转变金红石型TiO2的温度约为730℃,锐钛矿和金红石相晶粒表观活化能分别18.15 kJ/mol和42.56 kJ/mol;晶粒生长最快温度分别为546℃和1280℃.     

Surface crystallization of rare-earth aluminosilicate glasses

Surface crystallization in a rare-earth aluminosilicate glass (Nd₂O₃–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–TiO₂) was studied using an isothermal method and the crystal growth rate of the glasses was evaluated as a function of the composition. For measuring the surface crystal growth rate, two different methods: measurement of the crystal layer in the longitudinal and lateral growth direction. It was found that crystallization proceeded by surface crystallization only and TiO₂ did not act as a nucleating agent. The growth rate was strongly dependent on the viscosity of glass and agreed with prediction from the Preston model using the known viscosity and melting temperature. As the Si/Nd and Si/Al ratios decreased, the crystal growth rate increased. TiO₂ and Nd₂O₃ played the role of network modifier, which decreased the viscosity of the glass, facilitating crystallization of the rare-earth aluminosilicate glass.     

Structural and thermal properties of some tellurite glasses

Tellurium oxide glasses were prepared by the hammer and anvil technique. The glass systems are (0.85TeO₂ + 0.15Z), where Z = K₂O, TiO₂, V₂O₅, MnO, Fe₂O₃, CoO, NiO or CuO. A second group is a ternary system 0.85TeO₂+(0.15 − x)TiO₂ + xFe₂O₃) with x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mol. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis measurements were carried out. The present study showed the different glass-forming groups, the glass transition and crystallization temperatures as well as the crystallization processes.     

微波加热制备含稀土(La2O3)矿渣微晶玻璃研究

利用矿渣制备微晶玻璃是提高矿产资源利用率的主要形式之一。本文以白云鄂博尾矿为原料,采用微波一步法制备了CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂(CMAS)系辉石相矿渣微晶玻璃。选择835 ℃作为晶化温度,研究了微波加热对微晶玻璃析晶行为和微观组织的影响。以La₂O₃作为研究变量探讨了La₂O₃添加对矿渣微晶玻璃析晶行为的作用。与传统的热处理制度相比,微波加热可以在较短的时间内达到较高的析晶效果。同时La₂O₃的添加促进了晶粒细化。由拉曼光谱分析,La离子添加会导致玻璃网络中桥氧的增多,促进了辉石相析晶。在La的添加量为4%(质量分数)时硬度最高,达到了829.22 MPa。     

In vitro degradation studies of calcium phosphate glass ceramics prepared by controlled crystallization

Calcium phosphate glass ceramics with incorporation of small additions of two nucleating agents, MgO and K₂O were prepared in the metaphosphate and pyrophosphate region, using an appropriate two-step heat treatment of controlled crystallization defined by differential thermal analysis results. Identification and quantification of crystalline phases precipitated from the calcium phosphate glass were performed using X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis. The β-Ca₂P₂O₇ (β-DCP), KCa(PO₃)₃, β-Ca(PO₃)₂ and Ca₄P₆O₁₉ phases were detected in the glass ceramics. In order to evaluate the degradation of the glass ceramics prepared, degradation studies were carried out during 42 days in Tris-HCl solution at 37 °C, pH 7.4, using granules in the range of 355–415 μm. The materials presented a weight loss ranging up to 12%. The ions leached during the immersion mainly originated from the KCa(PO₃)₃ phase, probably due to the presence of K⁺ ion in the calcium metaphosphate, and the residual glassy phase. The structural changes at the surface of materials during degradation have been analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results showed that significant surface changes occurred with immersion time, with the decrease of KCa(PO₃)₃, β-Ca₂P₂O₇ and β-Ca(PO₃)₂ phases occurring at different periods of immersion. This study has demonstrated an easy way to prepared calcium phosphate materials with specific calcium phosphate phases and crystallization, and therefore specific degradation rates.     

Influence of alternating electric fields on the crystallization of barium titanate glasses

The paper is concerned with the question as to how far low-frequency electric fields exert an influence on the crystallization process. The results for a glass of the composition 75 mol.% BaO---TiO₂, 19 mol.% SiO₂, 6 mol.% Al₂O₃ show that the samples which are influenced by electric fields have a higher degree of crystallization than the electrically uninfluenced samples under well-defined annealing conditions.     

Nanocrystallization of fresnoite glass. I. Nucleation and growth kinetics

We determined the internal nucleation, crystal growth and overall crystallization kinetics of fresnoite crystal (2BaO · TiO₂ · 2SiO₂) in an almost stoichiometric fresnoite glass. Due to the extremely high nucleation rates (10¹⁷ m⁻³ s⁻¹) that limit the maximum crystal size to 700 nm the nucleation densities and crystal sizes were estimated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The volume fraction crystallized was measured by X-ray diffraction. The nucleation rates obtained directly from SEM measurements reasonably agree with those calculated from the combination of overall crystallization with crystal growth kinetics. The activation enthalpies for viscous flow, transport of structural units across the nucleus/melt interface (nucleation) and crystal growth: ΔH_η, ΔH_τ and ΔH_U respectively, follow a similar trend to that observed for other stoichiometric silicate glasses that nucleate internally: ΔH_η=294>ΔH_τ=87>ΔH_U=61 kJ/mol. Fresnoite glass displays the highest internal nucleation rates so far measured in inorganic glasses. These rates are comparable to some metallic glasses and can lead to nanostructured glass-ceramics.     

Influence of the nucleation time-lag on the activation energy in non-isothermal crystallization

In the present work, the influence of the nucleation time-lag on the non-isothermal glass crystallization is discussed. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) results of an iron-rich glass nucleated by Cr₂O₃ were obtained at different heating rates. The activation energy of crystallization, E_c, and the Avrami parameter, m, estimated by Kissinger's and Ozawa's equations were shown to be dependent on the heating rate. The value of E_c, obtained at 2.5, 5 and 7.5 K/min heating rates was calculated as 299 kJ/mol, while the value of E_c, obtained at 10, 15 and 20 K/min was as 499 kJ/mol. The value of m for ‘low' and ‘high' heating rates were 2.57 and 1.45, respectively. The results were interpreted on the basis of the non-steady state nature of the nucleation process. It was assumed that at high heating rates no nucleation takes place and the crystals grow on a existing fixed number of nuclei; the activation energy of crystal growth, E_g, can be estimated by applying the Kissinger equations. At low heating rates nucleation occurs and the number of nuclei formed is influenced by the heating rate; E_g can be estimated by the Matusita and Sakka equation.     

Eu:Lu2O3透明闪烁陶瓷的制备与性能

采用湿化学法合成了Eu原子掺量5%的Lu₂O₃陶瓷前驱体,通过SEM、XRD研究了煅烧前后前驱体和1 100 ℃煅烧4 h后粉体的形貌、结构以及物相。结果表明煅烧后的粉体为纳米类球形、高分散且结晶性良好的颗粒。颗粒尺寸为68.5 nm。使用煅烧后的粉体为原料,在1 650 ℃真空烧结30 h制备了高透过率的Eu:Lu₂O₃陶瓷,晶粒尺寸为46 μm,在611 nm处的直线透过率可以达到66.3%。此外对陶瓷的吸收曲线、光致激发和发射光谱特性以及X射线激发发射光谱进行研究。可观察到,Eu:Lu₂O₃陶瓷存在基质和激活离子两类吸收,光致发光光谱和X射线激发发射光谱均可以看出Eu:Lu₂O₃陶瓷存在极强的⁵D₀→⁷F₂跃迁发光,位于611 nm处。对比商业的BGO单晶的X射线发射光谱,可得本实验中制备的陶瓷的光输出为85 000 ph/MeV。Eu:Lu₂O₃陶瓷本身有着高X射线以及高能粒子的阻止能力,结合高光输出特性,表明Eu:Lu₂O₃陶瓷在X射线成像等领域具有巨大的潜在应用价值。     

Precipitation of In2O3 nano-crystallites from glasses in the system Na2O/B2O3/Al2O3/In2O3

Glasses in the system Na₂O/B₂O₃/Al₂O₃/In₂O₃ were melted and subsequently tempered in the range from 500 to 700 °C. Depending on the chemical composition, various crystalline phases were observed. From samples without Al₂O₃, In₂O₃ could not be crystallized from homogeneous glasses, because either spontaneous In₂O₃ crystallization occurred during cooling, or other phases such as NaInO₂ were formed during tempering. The addition of alumina, however, controlled the crystallization of In₂O₃. Depending on the crystallization temperature applied, the crystallite sizes were in the range from 13 to 53 nm. The glass matrix can be dissolved by soaking the powdered glass in water. This procedure can be used to prepare nano-crystalline In₂O₃-powders.