高居里点(1-x)Ba_(0.998)La_(0.002)TiO_3+xBi_4Ti_3O_(12)系统陶瓷微观结构及温度特性的研究

采用传统陶瓷制备工艺制备(1-x)Ba_(0.998)La_(0.002)TiO_3+ xBi_4Ti_3O_(12) (0≤x≤0.01)系统陶瓷.对在还原气氛(氮气)中烧成的陶瓷样品在一定温度下进行再氧化处理.研究了不同Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)掺杂浓度以及再氧化过程对BaTiO_3微观结构、介电性能及居里温度Tc的影响.结果表明:掺杂Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)后,BaTiO_3陶瓷的晶粒尺寸明显减小;Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)具有提高陶瓷居里点温度的作用,当x=1.0时,居里温度提高到T_c=150 ℃.随着BIT加入量的增加,电子与缺位混合补偿,晶格中将产生金属离子缺位,以补偿多余电子,因此随着BIT掺入量的增加,电阻率逐渐增大.     

La掺杂BaTiO3材料的制备和电性能表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了La掺杂BaTiO3(LBT)材料,通过对其进行X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及电导率的研究来讨论La掺杂含量对BaTiO3材料的电性能的影响.结果表明:900℃煅烧LaxBa1-xTiO3(x=0～0.4)粉末能获得单一的钙钛矿结构;La掺杂能明显提高BaTiO3的电导率,当x=0.2时,La02Ba08TiO3(LBT20)材料与Gd掺杂氧化铈Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9电解质材料具有良好的化学相容性;且LBT20的电导率最大,在800℃还原条件下的电导率大约为0.15 S/cm,是在相同条件下测得的BaTiO3电导率的4倍多,表明LBT20可以作为一种潜在的直接在碳氢燃料下工作的中温固体氧化物燃料电池的阳极材料,但是它的电导率还需进一步提高.     

Sr掺杂对Ca3Co4O9基材料热电性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法,结合常压烧结工艺制备了Ca3-xSrxCo4O9(x=0～0.5)热电陶瓷材料,并对材料的热电性能进行了测试。结果表明,Sr掺杂对Ca3Co4O9基材料的热电性能有较大影响。随着掺杂量的增加,电导率逐渐增大,Seebeck系数略有减小。Sr掺杂能显著降低热导率,而且随着掺杂量的增加,热导率的下降幅度逐渐增大。Sr掺杂显著改善Ca3Co4O9材料的热电性能,当掺杂量为0.5时获得最佳热电性能,573 K时Z值达1.07×10-4 K-1。     

硼掺杂对μc-Si:H薄膜微结构和光电性能的影响

采用射频等离子增强化学气相沉积(RF-PECVD)法制备了掺硼氢化微晶硅(μc-Si:H)薄膜,研究了硼掺杂对薄膜的结晶状况、沉积速率、暗电导率和光学带隙的影响.拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜、分光光度计和电导率测试结果表明:当掺硼比(B2H6/SiH4)由0.1;增加到0.75;时,硅膜的晶化率逐渐降低,并由微晶向非晶过渡;沉积速率随掺硼比的增加线性增大;暗电导率先升高后下降,当掺硼比为0.5;时,暗电导率最大;光学带隙随掺硼比的增加逐渐减小.     

原料NiO粉末对燃料电池Ni/SDC阳极材料微结构和性能的影响

分别采用商用氧化镍和煅烧碱式碳酸镍所得氧化镍粉末与Ceo.8Smo.2O2-δ(SDC)粉末混合,经压制烧结制得燃料电池NiO/SDC阳极烧结体,经H2还原后得到Ni/SDC金属陶瓷阳极材料,考察了不同NiO原料和加入量对阳极烧结体和阳极材料的微结构及相关性能的影响,还对以Ni/SDC为阳极构建的燃料电池单电池的性能进行了测试.实验结果表明:煅烧碱式碳酸镍所得NiO粉末和商用NiO粉末的平均粒径分别约为1.1 μm和8μm,前者更为均匀细小;由煅烧碱式碳酸镍所得NiO所制备的Ni/SDC阳极材料具有更高的电导率,含40; NiO的阳极材料(S-Ni/40SDC),在H2气氛中的电导率可达117.5 S·cm-1.以煅烧碱式碳酸镍所得的NiO制备的NiO/SDC为阳极,SDC为电解质,(Y0.5Ca0.5) BaCo3ZnO7-50SDC为阴极的单电池在700℃下的最大输出功率达225 mW/cm2,开路电压为0.85 V,电池性能优于以商用NiO为阳极原料所构建的单电池.     

Bi掺杂量对Mg-Si-Sn-Bi材料热电性能的影响

利用粉末冷压成型及真空烧结制备了不同Bi掺杂量的Mg-Si-Sn-Bi材料,并对制备材料组成和热电性能进行研究.结果表明,制备材料由Mg2Sn、Mg2Si和Mg2(Si,Sn)固溶体相组成.随测试温度的增加,制备材料的电阻率都急剧减小,这是典型的半导体特征.在研究范围内,掺杂Bi元素含量增加,制备材料的电阻率开始逐渐减小,但Bi掺杂量增加到一定值后,材料的电阻率又增加,而且掺杂后的材料电阻率都低于未掺杂的.制备材料的Seebeck系数是负值,表明这些材料都为n型半导体.对于掺杂Bi的材料,随着测试温度由室温增加到730 K,测得的Seebeck系数绝对值开始时轻微增加,约在240～270 K达到最大值,再随着温度增加,Seebeck系数绝对值又显著单调减小.对于掺杂Bi元素的材料,随Bi掺杂量的增加,Seebeck系数的绝对值先减少后增加,这是掺杂造成载流子浓度增加和散射过程加大相互竞争的结果.掺杂Bi的Mg-Si-Sn材料的功率因子都高于未掺杂的材料,且Bi掺杂量增加,制备材料的功率因子显著增加.对于1.29at; Bi和1.63at; Bi掺杂量的材料,功率因子分别在500 K和530 K存在一个极大值.     

Mg离子掺杂对含锆铋基焦绿石材料介电弛豫性能影响

采用固相反应法制备陶瓷(Bi1.5Zn0.5-xMgx)(Zr1.5Nb0.5)O7(BZMZN)(x=0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5),研究Mg2+取代对材料结构、组成、介电性能以及弛豫特性的影响.X射线衍射分析表明,当Mg2+从部分至完全取代Zn2+,均合成了立方焦绿石主晶相结构,并有微量Bi12MgO19相产生.随着Mg2+取代量的增加材料介电常数和介电损耗略有下降.材料在-150℃左右具有明显的介电弛豫特征,对其弛豫过程进行拟合与计算,并结合价键理论探讨了BZMZN系焦绿石的低温介电弛豫机制,这种弛豫源于材料结构中A位离子的不均匀分布及A位离子与O'位离子的本征跃迁过程.     

LaCo取代M型钡铁氧体致密化及磁性能研究

用固相法制备M型钡铁氧体Ba1-xLaxFe12-x Cox O19(x=0～0.45),研究了取代量和烧结温度对材料致密化及磁性能的影响.结果表明,烧结样品的密度随烧结温度的升高而逐渐增大,并趋于稳定;在相同的烧结温度下,烧结样品的密度随取代量的增加而减小.在1050℃烧结时,饱和磁化强度Ms随取代量的增加而减小,磁晶各向异性场Ha随取代量的增加先增加后减小,Ha在取代量x=0.3时取得极大值630 kA/m.     

Sm掺杂Bi4Ti3O12陶瓷晶体结构及电性能的研究

采用固相反应工艺制备了Sm3+掺杂层状结构无铅Bi4-xSmxTi3O12(x=0.00,0.25,0.50,0.75,1.00,1.25)介电陶瓷.利用XRD、SEM等测试方法研究了Sm掺杂量、烧结温度和保温时间对Bi4-xSmxTi3O12 (BST) 陶瓷晶体结构及电性能的影响.结果表明:所制备的Bi4-xSmxTi3O12陶瓷均具有单一正交相结构,BST陶瓷表面晶粒的显微形貌表现为随机排列的棒状结构.样品的铁电性能测试表明,Sm3+施主掺杂明显降低了BIT的电导率,随着Sm3+含量的增加,Sm3+逐渐有部分取代B位,由于Sm3+取代Ti4+大大降低了氧空位的浓度,使得氧空位对电畴的钉扎作用减弱,并且材料的剩余极化Pr也相应提高.     

磷酸盐低温烧结高强度SiC泡沫陶瓷及性能研究

通过有机模板复制法,以磷酸二氢铝为粘结剂,950 ℃烧成制备了高强度SiC泡沫陶瓷.研究了浆料中SiC含量和磷酸二氢铝含量对SiC泡沫陶瓷微观结构与性能的影响.结果表明:SiC微粉由A型Al(PO3)3粘结起来,烧成泡沫陶瓷通孔结构良好,开气孔率介于75;~91;之间.随着磷酸二氢铝含量的增加,烧成泡沫陶瓷的线收缩率、体积密度和抗折强度均逐渐增加,而开气孔率则逐渐减小;随着SiC含量的增加,烧成泡沫陶瓷的线收缩率和开气孔率均逐渐减小,而体积密度和抗折强度则逐渐增加.磷酸二氢铝含量为40;、SiC含量为60;时,泡沫陶瓷的抗折强度达(2.22±0.26) MPa.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

Ni-ZrO2纳米复合电铸层的制备及纳米颗粒分布均匀性研究

研究了在复合电铸过程中,当其它工艺参数一定时,复合电铸层的沉积速率及其厚度随时间的变化趋势, 以及复合电铸层表面微观形貌随电沉积时间的变化趋势.测定了复合电铸层的组织成分,并就纳米颗粒在复合电铸层表面和横截面上分布的均匀性进行了评价.结果表明,复合电铸层表面平整,组织均匀致密,其组成主要是镍和所复合的纳米颗粒,纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在复合电铸层中.     

PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉的性能影响

为制备适用于干压成型的氧化铝造粒粉,研究了PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉微观形貌、流动性和松装密度的影响.结果表明PEG的聚合度对氧化铝浆料粘度影响显著,PEG2000-6000是较为理想的粘结剂选择,造粒粉的流动性与环境温度及湿度相关.采用正交实验设计,以造粒粉的流动性和松装密度为评价指标,对PEG聚合度、粘结剂添加量和固含量进行了优选,其影响顺序为PEG聚合度＞固含量＞粘结剂添加量.以优选参数PEG6000、添加量为4wt;、固含量为80wt;,制备了性能优良的氧化铝喷雾造粒粉.     

近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体组分测定与缺陷观察

采用助熔剂提拉法生长得到近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体.用多种方法测定了晶体组分,结果表明生长得到的晶体中[Li2O]含量为49.80;摩尔分数;对晶体缺陷的研究表明晶体质量有待提高,并分析了晶体中出现包裹物的原因.     

Some peculiarities of spectral proprieties of leukocytes

This article presents the results of spectral investigations of white blood human cells including absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence (using low-temperature measurements). For this research, the main optical centres were identified and local distribution of emitting and absorbing centres into white blood human cells was determined. In addition, the spectra of normal and pathological (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-CLL) cells were compared.     

Statistical characterization of the pore space of random systems of hard spheres

An improved statistical characterization of disordered structures such as metallic glasses, random porous media, or granular matter is presented. Suitable structure models follow the idea of dense random packed spheres, where the spheres represent atoms and particles in the case of metallic glasses and porous or granular matter, respectively. The geometry of the empty space between the atoms or particles is described by means of the already otherwise successful concept of so-called contact distributions. Their exact mathematical forms are unknown for hard sphere systems. Knowledge on these is obtained by means of Monte Carlo simulations of the structure models. The numerical results are approximated by simple and general mathematical expressions, with parameters that can be easily determined. These may serve as additional tools for the structural characterization of disordered matter, including systems of partly penetrable spheres.