焙烧温度对Fe/γ-Al2O3催化剂去除苯酚模拟废水COD的影响

利用浸渍法制备了Fe/γ-Al2O3催化剂。考察了催化剂中Fe含量,催化剂焙烧温度对苯酚废水COD去除率的影响。发现300℃焙烧的Fe0.01/γ-Al2O3催化剂对苯酚废水的COD去除率最高,在反应温度为30℃,pH为3,加入100μL H2O2时,反应1 h后COD去除率约为65%。同时,采用N2物理吸附,XRD以及SEM等技术手段考察了催化剂的性质及其表面形貌。结果表明:300℃焙烧的催化剂中含有AlO(OH)。对于活性组分含量相同的催化剂而言,AlO(OH)的存在有助于苯酚废水COD去除率的提高。同时,焙烧温度的增加,催化剂表面会发生烧结,比表面积下降,催化剂活性降低。     

湿式氧化催化剂RuO2/γ-Al2O3的制备及降解苯酚的研究

采用浸渍法制备了4;质量分数的RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂,并利用XRD和SEM对催化剂进行了晶体结构表征.研究了催化剂制备的焙烧温度和时间、进水pH值和处理温度对RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性影响,并对其影响机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,焙烧温度升高、焙烧时间延长会导致催化剂的活性组分RuO2的晶粒增长过大;在300℃经3h焙烧,形成的RuO2晶粒细小,苯酚溶液的COD(化学需氧量)去除率较高.在本研究的pH范围内,进水pH值为酸性时,COD去除率高于碱性时的COD去除率;当反应温度升高时,RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂降解苯酚的能力显著提高,且反应的诱导期明显缩短,当反应温度从150℃升高至180℃时,在进水pH值为5.6,反应2h后,此催化剂的COD去除率为96;以上.研究表明,RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有较好的活性和和稳定性.     

湿式氧化催化剂RuO2／γ—A12O3的制备及降解苯酚的研究

采用浸渍法制备了4％质量分数的RuO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂，并利用XRD和SEM对催化剂进行了晶体结构表征。研究了催化剂制备的焙烧温度和时间、进水pH值和处理温度对RuO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂活性影响，并对其影响机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明，焙烧温度升高、焙烧时间延长会导致催化剂的活性组分RuO2的晶粒增长过大；在300℃经3h焙烧，形成的RuO2晶粒细小，苯酚溶液的COD(化学需氧量)去除率较高。在本研究的pH范围内，进水pH值为酸性时，COD去除率高于碱性时的COD去除率；当反应温度升高时，RuO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂降解苯酚的能力显著提高，且反应的诱导期明显缩短，当反应温度从150℃升高至180℃时，在进水pH值为5．6，反应2h后，此催化剂的COD去除率为96％以上。研究表明，RuO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂具有较好的活性和和稳定性。     

改性二氧化铅电极电氧化降解焦化废水

焦化废水中氨氮和COD(化学需氧量)无法通过生化处理达到排放和回用标准,采用改性二氧化铅电极(ESIXPb-I)对其进行电化学降解实现废水零排放,并考察了电流密度、初始pH值及氯离子浓度对降解的影响.研究结果表明,ESIXPb-I电极提高了Ti/PbO2电极的稳定性和析氧电位,显著降低了电荷转移电阻与膜电阻.ESIXPb-I电极降解焦化废水30 min后,氨氮与COD去除率均达到100;,该降解过程符合伪一级动力学.     

纳米NiO/生物活性炭的制备及其去除废水中苯酚的研究

采用原位水热法制备纳米NiO/沙柳活性炭复合材料(NiO/SAC),通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等仪器对其结构和形貌进行表征,并研究NiO/SAC对废水中苯酚的去除能力,考察催化剂用量、苯酚溶液初始浓度、pH等因素对苯酚去除率的影响.结果表明:花状的氧化镍均匀地分散于活性炭的表面,质量分数约为2;,在NiO/SAC复合材料吸附与催化降解双重作用下,在催化剂投加量为5 g/L、苯酚溶液pH为6时,苯酚去除率可达95;以上;NiO/SAC在pH 3～11宽范围内,对苯酚的去除率均在80;以上,是理想的工业苯酚废水处理材料.     

Cu-Ce复合浸渍型CWAO催化剂的研制

以Cu盐和Ce盐为原料、FSC为载体,以过量浸渍法制备负载型催化剂.用活性和稳定性作为催化剂的评价指标,通过CODCr去除率、脱色率及处理出水的金属溶出浓度分别表征催化剂的活性与稳定性.研究催化剂组分Cu与Ce的浸渍顺序、配比及焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响,进而优化催化剂的制备条件.结果表明:Cu与Ce共浸渍所制备催化剂活性高稳定性强,其对水样的CODCr去除率和处理出水的Cu溶出浓度分别为83.9;、24.05mg/L; Cu与Ce的配比为1∶1时催化剂活性和稳定性均较高;Cu-Ce复合催化剂在550℃下取得了较高的活性和稳定性.SEM、XRD分析表征,催化剂活性组分在担体上分布均匀,活性组分主要以CuO、CeO2的形式存在.     

金属组分负载量对复合催化剂湿式氧化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备Cu-Fe-Pt-La/γ-Al2O3催化剂,通过催化湿式氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液,以COD去除率、浊度去除率和反应后垃圾液中金属溶出量为指标,评估催化剂金属组分负载量对其活性和稳定性的影响,并对催化剂结构进行表征.结果表明,催化剂的活性和金属溶出量均随着负载量的增大而增加,0.7 mol/L为适宜的金属组分负载量,此催化剂属于介孔结构,表面颗粒分布均匀,且在循环应用中活性稳定.     

Au/BiOBr纳米片的制备、表征及光催化性能

借助贵金属Au的等离子体共振效应,用于提高BiOBr的光吸收性能和导带电子作用,以增强光生电子-空穴分离效率,实现苯酚的有效分解.采用化学还原法制备了一系列不同Au负载量的Au/BiOBr纳米片状光催化剂,并对所制样品采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等现代光谱技术进行了表征分析,以模拟太阳光为光源,考察了Au负载量对BiOBr光催化降解苯酚活性的影响.结果表明,当Au含量为0.5;时,催化剂对苯酚的降解效果达到最佳;捕获实验发现,Au/BiOBr光催化进程中活性物种顺序依次为h+＞·OH＞·O2-;所制催化剂的循环测试表明,Au(0.5wt;)/BiOBr样品具有良好的光催化降解苯酚性能和较高的稳定性.     

石墨烯/Fe3O4/ZnO磁性纳米催化材料的制备及其性能研究

以石墨烯为助催化剂,借助水热法合成石墨烯/Fe3O4/ZnO磁性纳米复合光催化材料对ZnO改性.光催化降解测试显示复合材料对对硝基苯酚和罗丹明B降解率可分别达到95.7;和94.2;,重复试验3次后,降解率仍超过90;.对复合材料在光催化体系中磁性回收利用进行了研究,其饱和磁化强度为23.05 emu·g-1,并讨论了其光催化反应机理.     

Fe掺杂对改善g-C3N4结构提升光催化活性的影响

石墨相氮化碳已经成为光催化领域、特别是光催化材料领域的研究热点.本文以尿素为原料,引入少量的硝酸铁改性,制备了不同含量的Fe掺杂的g-C3N4催化剂.采用SEM、XRD、IR、XPS、UV-Vis、PL等手段对催化剂样品表征.结果表明,Fe的掺杂有利于g-C3N4的剥离,影响了g-C3N4的能带结构,增强了其对可见光的吸收,提高电子-空穴对的分离效率.并以罗丹明B水溶液模拟废水,在可见光下考察催化剂的光催化降解性能,发现当Fe掺杂量为0.3;时效果最佳,降解速率是g-C3N4的1.62倍,且研究发现超氧自由基与空穴是该体系下的主要活性物种.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.