球形Cu2O修饰Bi2WO6层状微球的制备及其光催化制取氢气和烷烃的研究

采用水热法制备了Bi2WO6层状微球,通过还原沉淀法在Bi2WO6层状微球内部薄片表面修饰纳米球形Cu2O而制备Cu2O/Bi2WO6复合催化剂.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-visDRS)、荧光光谱(PL)等对复合光催化剂的晶体结构、形貌、光响应性能等进行表征.在Cu2O/Bi2WO6中,100nm左右Cu2O不均匀地附着在1.5μmBi2WO6层状微球的内部的纳米薄片上.通过Cu2O的复合,可以显著提高Cu2O/Bi2WO6对紫外-可见光谱的吸收能力、光生电子-空穴对的分离效率及光催化活性.以丙酸为电子供体,考察了紫外光照射下Cu2O/Bi2WO6分解水制备氢气和烷烃的性能,结果表明:5wt;Cu2O/Bi2WO6的光催化产生氢气和烷烃的性能最佳.     

Ag/Bi2S3/Bi2WO6复合催化剂合成及光催化性能研究

以硝酸铋、钨酸钠和硫脲为起始原料,采用一步水热法成功合成Bi2 S3/Bi2 WO6光催化剂,采用光还原法在Bi2S3/Bi2 WO6表面沉积贵金属Ag.采用XRD、XPS、FESEM、TEM和UV-Vis-DRS等手段对Bi2S3/Bi2WO6和Ag/Bi2S3/Bi2WO6进行表征,并以罗丹明B和苯酚作为模型污染物对其光催化性能进行研究.结果证明,耦合Bi2S3可以提高Bi2WO6催化剂的光催化活性,Ag沉积使得其光催化性能进一步提高,且Ag的沉积量与催化剂的活性关系密切,其中5; Ag/Bi2S3/Bi2WO6的光催化效果最好.此外,结合活性物种检测和能带结构分析,对Ag/Bi2S3/Bi2WO6的光催化活性增强机理进行了分析.     

三维Ag2O/WO3复合催化剂的制备及光催化性能研究

WO3是一种带隙约为2.7 eV的过渡金属半导体,可见光就能激发其光催化活性,这极大地提高了太阳光的利用率,但纯WO3纳米材料催化活性偏低,针对这一难题,本文选取了三维网格结构的WO3纳米材料为载体,利用化学搅拌法制备了不同摩尔比的Ag2O/WO3复合光催化剂.选择亚甲基蓝为研究对象,测定了不同摩尔比的Ag2O/WO3复合催化剂的光催化性能.实验表明,当Ag2O和WO3的摩尔配比为1∶2时,该复合催化剂的光催性能最好.过量的Ag2O纳米颗粒会增加Ag2O/WO3内部电子空穴的复合几率,反而导致光催化剂反应活性的降低.     

n-n异质结Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6的制备及其增强的可见光活性

以片状Bi2 WO6为前驱体,采用沉淀法制备n-n异质结Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6复合材料.通过多种技术,像X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-vis/DRS)考察所制备样品的组成、结构、形貌和光吸收性质.Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6复合材料由球形Ag3 PO4和片层Bi2 WO6相互交织组成,形成n-n异质结.随后,以染料罗丹明B(RhB)和苯酚(Phen)为模型分子来评价光催化剂Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6的可见光催化性能.与单体相比,Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6复合材料显示出增强的可见光催化活性.n-n异质结的形成可扩宽可见光吸收范围,促进光生电子-空穴对的分离,进而提高复合材料的可见光催化效率.     

高分散型La2O3/Bi2O3复合氧化物的制备及其光降解染料性能研究

采用炭黑吸附-沉淀法合成高分散型La2 O3/Bi2O3复合氧化物光催化材料,通过改变材料的焙烧温度实现对其比表面积、晶体结构、晶粒尺寸、光吸收性质及光降解染料活性的调控.研究结果显示,焙烧温度为600℃时制备的La2O3/Bi2O3复合材料,具有较高的分散性、较大的比表面积、宽的紫外-可见光吸收范围,以紫外灯为光源,亚甲基蓝的光降解率可达98;(50 min内).该材料较高的染料光催化降解率主要源于:较小的颗粒尺寸加快了光生e--h+向材料表面的扩散速率,稀土元素镧的存在有利于促进光生e--h+的分离,从而提高光量子效率;同时较大的比表面积和表面较多的活性基团促进了染料的吸附和降解.     

Ag掺杂Sm2O3/TiO2对甲基橙光降解性能的影响

采用光沉积法制备Ag掺杂的光催化剂Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2,并对其在紫外光区对甲基橙的光降解行为进行了研究.采用XRD、FT-IR、N2吸附、SEM、TEM和XPS等手段对样品Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2进行了表征,考察了Sm2 O3和Ag掺杂量对甲基橙紫外光降解活性的影响和催化剂Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2的催化稳定性.结果表明,Sm2 O3/TiO2在紫外光照射下对甲基橙的光降解活性随着Sm2 O3的增大而减小;与样品Sm2 O3/TiO2相比,催化剂Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2对甲基橙具有更好的紫外光降解活性,其催化活性随着Ag掺杂量的增加而减小.Ag和Sm2 O3掺杂量均为3.0wt;的催化剂Ag(3)-Sm2 O3(3)/TiO2对甲基橙紫外光降解的活性最高,在相同条件下的6次循环实验未出现明显失活.     

Ag/ZnO-Bi2O3复合催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

以Zn(Ac)2·2H2O、Bi(NO3)3·5H2O、硝酸银为原料,柠檬酸为络合剂,聚乙二醇400与去离子水为溶剂,空气氛下高温煅烧制备了Ag/ZnO-Bi2O3复合催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜和紫外-可见光漫反射吸收光谱对产物进行了表征.结果表明,掺杂Ag和Bi2O3显著降低了ZnO的禁带宽度,达到2.93 eV,吸收光谱红移至423 nm处;当原料中Zn∶ Bi∶ Ag元素的摩尔比为1∶0.1∶0.25时,制备的Ag/ZnO-Bi2O3紫外光下催化降解甲基橙溶液性能较佳,降解率可达95;;同时发现复合催化剂与双氧水具有协同效应,可将达到相同降解率时间缩短到2h.     

可见光响应型Fe掺杂SiO2/TiO2光催化材料的制备及降解水中腐殖酸的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了可见光响应型Fe掺杂SiO2/TiO2光催化材料,并采用TG-DTA、XRD、UV-vis、TEM及XPS等手段对其进行了表征.以水中腐殖酸的降解为探针反应,考察了可见光照射下Fe-SiO2/TiO2的光催化活性.XRD结果表明,Fe离子掺杂可抑制催化剂晶粒尺寸,600℃焙烧后的Fe-SiO2/TiO2为锐钛矿相结构.Ur-vis吸收光谱分析可看出Fe离子掺杂提高了催化剂对可见光的吸收能力,并使催化剂的吸收带边产生了红移.XPS光谱表明,催化剂表面存在着Fe2+和Fe3+.实验结果表明,Fe-SiO2/TiO2在可见光下对腐殖酸的光催化降解率优于SiO2/TiO2和TiO2.Fe-SiO2/TiO2具有较高光催化活性的主要原因为:Fe离子掺杂不仅使SiO2/TiO2催化剂的粒径减小和对可见光的吸收增强,而且在催化剂表面产生了有利于光生e--h+对分离的Fe3+/Fe2+氧化还原循环电对.     

Bi3Ti4O12/α-Bi2O3/TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化活性研究

以工业二氧化钛(TiO2)、五水合硝酸铋(Bi(NO3)3·5H2O)为原料制备了Bi3Ti4O12/α-Bi2O3/TiO2复合光催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱(PL)等表征方法对光催化剂结构进行分析,表明复合样品中形成了Bi3 Ti4 O12/α-Bi2 O3/TiO2异质结结构,其禁带宽度减小、吸收带边红移,光催化效率有明显提高.以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物评价其光催化活性,TiO2与Bi(NO3)3·5H2O质量比为1:2.5,煅烧温度为600℃,煅烧时间为5 h时,复合样品光催化活性最佳,在12 W LED灯下,180 min后对浓度为10 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液的去除率达96.8;.     

Ag3 PO4量子点修饰Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6异质光催化剂的构筑及其可见响应活性增强机制

采用水热法制备了三维分级球形结构的Bi2 WO6,在此基础上采用沉淀-沉积法将Ag3 PO4量子点(QDs)沉积在Bi2 WO6的表面,成功获得Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6异质复合材料光催化剂.借助XRD、FE-SEM、TEM、UV-Vis-DRS等技术对所得Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6异质复合材料光吸收性能、形貌和组成进行了系统表征,并以次甲基蓝(MB)和苯酚(Ph)的光催化降解为探针反应,探讨了Ag3 PO4 QDs表面沉积对Bi2 WO6光催化性能的影响.结果表明,尺寸约为10 nm左右的Ag3 PO4 QDs均匀的沉积在Bi2 WO6的表面,二者形成新颖的Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6异质结构.活性实验结果表明,与纯Bi2 WO6相比异质催化剂的活性显著增强,当Ag3 PO4与Bi2 WO6复合比为1:1时催化活性最高,其降解Ph的表观速率常数(kapp/min-1)约为纯Bi2 WO6的7倍.     

Bond character,optical properties and ionic conductivity of Li2O/B2O3/SiO2/Al2O3 glass: Effect of structural substitution of Li2O for LiCl

A glass of composition (20 ? x)Li₂O–xLiCl–65B₂O₃–10SiO₂–5Al₂O₃ where 0 ? x ? 12.5 wt% is prepared using the normal melt-quenching technique. The optical constants and electrical conductivity and their correlation are investigated, furnished and discussed with the substitution of Li₂O for LiCl. The mechanism of the optical absorption and the calculated Urbach energy follow the rule of phonon-assisted transitions. The ionic conduction mechanism is determined by activation energy process. Substitution up to 10 wt% LiCl provides high ionic conductivity (1.9 × 10^?2 Ω^?1 m^?1) due to the high average electronegativity of LiCl which increases the polarizability of lithium ions. The small cation–anion distance approach confirmed the enhancement in ionic conductivity of LiCl containing glass compared to that of Li₂O. Due to the large size of Cl^? ions, there is an expansion of the lattice which in turn broadens the available path windows. For 12.5 wt% LiCl, anomalous density behavior is observed and a reduction in conductivity is occurred, σ = 5.4 × 10^?3 Ω^?1 m^?1. Owing to the model of bond fluctuation, the reduction is attributed to the increase in the alkali halide concentration which creates bottlenecks that hinder the motion of Li⁺ ions. The ionic conductivity character is strongly supported by the behavior of the glass ionicity factor, density, molar volume, refractive index, average boron–boron separation, molar refraction, metallization criterion and non-bridging oxygen concentration of the studied glass.     

感应区熔法制备Al2O3/MgAl2O4/ZrO2共晶陶瓷

利用感应区熔法制备了Al2O3/MgAl2O4/ZrO2共晶陶瓷.当坩埚壁温为2200℃、行走速度为2mm/h时,制备了φ10 mm ×62 mm表面光滑致密的陶瓷样品.扫描电镜微观组织图显示Al2O3相和MgAl2O4相为基体相,ZrO2相以棒状镶嵌在基体中.定向凝固共晶陶瓷硬度和断裂韧性达到12 GPa和6.1 MPa·m1/2,为预烧结体的2倍和1.7倍.气孔和晶界的消失及细小规整ZrO2相在基体中的弥散分布,有效提高了材料的硬度和断裂韧性.     

Square-wave voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy in iron-doped melts of the system Li2O/Al2O3/SiO2

Glass melts with the basic compositions xLi₂O · 15Al₂O₃ · (85 − x)SiO₂ (x = 8.5, 11, 13.5, 16 and 18.5) doped with 0.25 mol% Fe₂O₃ were studied by square-wave voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy at temperatures in the range from 1100 to 1600 °C. The square-wave voltammograms show a pronounced peak attributed to the reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. The attributed peak potentials which are equal to the standard potentials of the redox pair decrease linearly with the temperature. Impedance spectra measured could be simulated using an equivalent circuit attributed to a simple electron transfer reaction controlled by diffusion.     

Thermal expansion of glass–ceramics in the system BaO/Al2O3/B2O3

Glasses in the system BaO/Al₂O₃/B₂O₃ with and without the addition of platinum were melted. In one sample series, the BaO-concentration was varied while the ratio [Al₂O₃]/[B₂O₃] was kept constant. In another sample series, the [BaO]/[Al₂O₃]-ratio (= 0.9) was kept constant and the B₂O₃ concentration was varied. The samples were thermally treated at 720 °C for 24 h and subsequently at 780 °C for 4 h. In most thermally treated samples, the crystalline phase BaO · Al₂O₃ · B₂O₃ occurred. At some compositions, the platinum-doped samples showed larger concentrations of the crystalline phases. The most remarkable property of the obtained glass–ceramics is their zero or negative thermal expansion coefficient. Here, notable differences were observed: samples with fine grained microstructures showed thermal expansion coefficients approximately zero up to temperatures of around 80 °C. By contrast, samples with coarser microstructures and large spheroidal crystals exhibit negative expansion coefficients up to temperatures of around 280–375 °C. The thermal expansions of these samples were close to those of the mean thermal expansion of the unit cell of the BaO · Al₂O₃ · B₂O₃ phase. The thermal expansion of the fine grained samples was approximately equal to that of the crystallographic a-axis of the BaO · Al₂O₃ · B₂O₃ phase.     

Glass-ceramics in the system BaO/TiO2(ZrO2)/Al2O3/B2O3 and their thermal expansion

Glasses in the system BaO/TiO₂(ZrO₂)/Al₂O₃/B₂O₃ were melted from the raw materials with and without the addition of platinum. They were crystallized in two steps at 720 and 780 °C. TiO₂ does not act as nucleating agent in this system, but widely prevents crystallization. Samples additionally doped with platinum show the crystallization of BaAl₂B₂O₇. However, samples containing equimolar quantities of TiO₂ and ZrO₂ showed the crystallization of this phase without the addition of platinum. The thermal expansion coefficients of samples with TiO₂-concentration ⩽7 mol% or TiO₂/ZrO₂-concentrations ⩽5 mol% exhibit zero or even slightly negative thermal expansion coefficients.     

区熔法制备Al2O3/MgAl2O4共晶陶瓷

利用感应区熔法制备了Al2O3/MgAl2O4共晶陶瓷.当坩埚壁温为2150℃、行走速度为5 mm/h时,获得了φ10 mm×104 mm表面光滑的圆棒.结果表明共晶陶瓷由Al2O3相和MgAl2O4相组成,分别按照(110)(311)晶面生长;Al2O3相为基体相,MgAl2O4相以非连续的片状均匀地分布在基体相之中.定向凝固共晶陶瓷的密度是理论值的99;;硬度和断裂韧性分别达到18.7 GPa和3.74 MPa·m1/2,约是预烧结体的2倍.气孔和界面非晶相的消失以及以单晶形态存在的Al2O3基体相,有效提高了材料的硬度和断裂韧性.     

Al2O3膜层制备参数对SiO2/Al2O3/PET复合膜透湿性能的影响

采用磁控溅射工艺在PET衬底上依次沉积了Al2 O3和SiO2薄膜,制备出SiO2/Al2 O3/PET复合膜.利用扫描电镜和透湿仪对复合膜的表面形貌和透湿性能进行表征.研究了制备Al2 O3膜层的射频功率、氩气流量、本底真空度和溅射时间4个参数对复合膜透湿率的影响.结果表明:复合膜的透湿率随着本底真空度的升高而减小,随着射频功率、氩气流量和溅射时间的增加均呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势;4个制备参数对复合膜透湿率的影响程度由大到小依次是本底真空度、氩气流量、射频功率、溅射时间;4个制备参数的较优组合为本地真空度0.5×10-3 Pa,射频功率300 W,溅射时间6 min,氩气流量70 mL·min-1.     

自润滑Al2O3/TiC/CaF2复合陶瓷材料摩擦特性

为了探索自润滑陶瓷材料的开发及应用,采用冷压烧结工艺制备Al2O3/TiC/CaF2自润滑复合陶瓷材料。在摩擦磨损实验机上对其进行摩擦磨损实验,并对其摩擦磨损行为及自润滑效应进行分析。结果表明:在实验过程中,Al2O3/TiC/CaF2复合陶瓷材料物理机械性能优于同条件下制备的Al2O3/TiC复合陶瓷材料,且具有较低的摩擦因数和磨损率,其减摩抗磨效果明显,具有一定的自润滑效应,其减摩抗磨机理为摩擦驱动下CaF2存在于摩擦副表面,形成减摩抗磨层,在表面形成一层平整、光滑的自润滑层,增加摩擦表面实际接触面积,起到自润滑效应。     

The effect of fluoride on the Fe2+/Fe3+-redox equilibrium in glass melts in the system Na2O/NaF/CaO/Al2O3/SiO2

Liquids with the base compositions (16 − x/2)Na₂O · xNaF · 10CaO · 74SiO₂ (x = 0, 1, 3, and 4) and (10 − x/2) · Na₂O · xNaF · 10CaO · yAl₂O₃ · (80 − y)SiO₂ (x = 0, 1, 3, 5 and y = 5 and 15) doped with 0.25 mol% Fe₂O₃ were studied by means of square-wave voltammetry in the temperature range from 1000 to 1500 °C. With increasing temperature, the redox equilibria were shifted to the reduced state. Also while increasing the alumina concentration, the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺-redox equilibrium is shifted to the reduced state. In the soda-lime–silica melt the addition of fluoride shifts the equilibrium to the oxidized state, while in the aluminosilicate melts with 15 mol% Al₂O₃, the equilibrium is shifted to the reduced state. In the aluminosilicate melts with 5 mol% Al₂O₃, the equilibrium was not affected by the fluoride concentration. This is explained by the structure of the respective glass compositions.     

La2O3对氧化铝/高岭土复合定向多孔陶瓷性能的影响

以微米级α-Al2O3、陶瓷水体分散剂为主要原料,以La2O3-水洗高岭土为烧结助剂,采用冰模板法制备了一种具有高孔隙率和较高抗压强度的氧化铝/高岭土复合定向多孔陶瓷.研究了不同添加量的La2O3对多孔陶瓷的显气孔率、体积密度、抗压强度和微观形貌的影响.结果表明:添加适量的稀土La2O3能降低多孔陶瓷烧结温度、提高体积密度和抗压强度.通过高能机械球磨法添加La2O3,在1350℃烧结制备的多孔材料样品显气孔率为82;,样品的抗压强度达到10 MPa以上.当La2O3加入量达到3;时,可使多孔陶瓷抗压强度提高到15.2 MPa,较不掺加La2O3提高了约53;.