弛豫铁电单晶的生长、性能及应用研究

弛豫铁电单晶因其具有优异的压电和热释电性能而成为下一代高性能压电换能器和红外热释电探测器用的多功能材料。利用坩埚下降法生长出了大尺寸、高质量的弛豫铁电单晶PMNT(Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3),以及高居里点PIMNT(xPb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-yPb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-zPbTiO3)单晶。系统研究了其组分诱导相变、电场诱导相变规律,以及相结构、畴结构对晶体高压电性能的影响。系统表征了PMNT单晶的力学、电学、压电、和热释电性能。系统研究了PMNT单晶及掺杂改性的PMNT单晶的结构和性能。利用弛豫铁电单晶PMNT及其复合材料制作了医用超声换能器,其性能相比于PZT陶瓷制作的换能器有大幅度提高;利用PMNT制作了压电能量收集器,实现了高能量密度的机械振动能量收集;利用Mn掺杂的PMNT单晶制作了热释电红外探测器,其电压响应率Rv(500 K,12.5 Hz,25℃)达到14540 V/W,比探测率D*(500 K,12.5 Hz,25℃)达到1.07×109 cmHz1/2W-1;利用PMNT单晶制作了低噪声、高灵敏度的交变弱磁传感器,探测性能达到1 pT.Hz-1/2。     

高相变温度弛豫铁电单晶PMN-PT-PZ的生长与性能表征

按照0.624Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.336PbTiO3-0.04PbZrO3化学式所示组分比例,采用分步高温固相反应合成出PMN-PT-PZ多晶,通过熔体坩埚下降法生长出尺寸φ25 mm×90 mm的PMN-PT-PZ单晶.应用X射线衍射对所获多晶和单晶试样进行了物相分析,测试了PMN-PT-PZ晶片的介电温谱、电滞回线和压电常数.结果表明,所得三元固溶体单晶PMN-PT-PZ为不含焦绿石相的纯钙钛矿相结构,其三方-四方相变温度Trt达130℃,居里温度Tc为165～ 170℃,取自单晶原坯三方相区段的(001)取向晶片的压电常数d33在1300～ 1800 pC/N之间;其矫顽电场Ec为4～ 4.5 kV/cm,剩余极化强度Pr为20 ～ 31.5μC/cm2.跟PMN-PT单晶比较,PMN-PT-PZ单晶仍具有较大压电常数d33,而三方-四方相变温度明显提高,其矫顽电场有所增大.     

Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3弛豫铁电晶体的生长及表征

采用高温溶液法生长了准同型相界(MPB)四元弛豫铁电单晶Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2) O3-Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3,得到较大尺寸且具有规则外形的立方单晶.研究结果表明所生长的晶体为钙钛矿结构,立方晶粒平整的暴露面均为(001)面;晶体以层状方式生长,生长机制为搭桥生长;所生长晶体的矫顽场Ec～3.52kV/cm,三方四方相变温度Tr-t～104℃,居里温度Tc～149.5℃,压电常数d33～1089 pC/N,剩余极化强度Pr～25.4 μC/cm2;随着频率增加,晶体的相变弥散度减小.     

大尺寸弛豫铁电单晶PIMNT的坩埚下降法生长

PIMNT单晶是近年来最新发现的弛豫铁电晶体材料,该三元固溶体单晶具有比较理想的压电、铁电和介电性能,本文报道了大尺寸PIMNT单晶的熔体坩埚下降法生长的实验研究结果。采用固相合成钙钛矿相多晶料,采用垂直坩埚下降法成功生长出最大直径为3英寸的PIMNT单晶;从所生长单晶原胚的三方相区段切割加工出(001)取向晶片,就(001)晶片的介电、压电及铁电性能进行了测试表征,表明其材料性能能够满足相关超声换能器件制作的实用需求。本论文还着重讨论了PIMNT单晶生长所涉及的系列关键技术问题,如富铅熔体对铂金坩埚的侵蚀、晶体原胚的单晶性表征、晶体生长过程的组分偏析与单晶原胚的性能分布等。     

坩埚下降法生长弛豫铁电晶体PIMNT的单晶性表征

采用固相合成法制备PIMNT多晶料,通过垂直坩埚下降法生长出大尺寸PIMNT晶体;从晶体原坯不同部位切取系列晶片,应用X射线衍射旋转定向测试法,获得这些晶片的常规扫描图和蝴蝶图,从而对PIMNT晶体的单晶性做出分析表征.X射线粉末衍射分析表明PIMNT晶体为钙钛矿结构,系列晶片的常规扫描图显示整个晶体轴向自下至上均呈[111]结晶学方向,其蝴蝶图所示晶体的取向分散度为1.2°～1.5°,这些结果证实了所生长PIMNT晶体的单晶性.     

新型钨青铜型晶体Ca0.28Ba0.72Nb2O6的生长研究

研究了Ca0.28Ba0.72Nb2O6 (CBN-28)多晶料的制备和单晶的生长,用提拉法成功生长出CBN-28单晶.从X射线粉末衍射数据计算了CBN-28晶体的晶胞参数,并对其粉末衍射图各衍射峰进行了指标化.CBN晶体属四方晶系4mm点群.晶胞参数为a=1.2432(±2)nm,c=0.3957(±1)nm.采用浮力法测得其平均密度为5.372g/cm3,测得其莫式硬度为7,并通过测量CBN-28的介电性质,确定其居里点为260℃.     

新型弛豫铁电晶体PIN-PT的单晶生长与性能表征

按照0.65Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)03-0.35PbTiO3的计量组成,应用高温固相分步合成方法制备出钙钛矿相PIN-PT多晶料,采用熔体坩埚下降法生长出尺寸φ20 mm × 50 mm的PIN-PT晶体毛坯.采用XRD、DTA/TG对PIN-PT晶体的结晶物相与热学性能进行了分析表征,测试了(111)取向PIN-PT晶片样品的介电温谱、压电常数和电滞回线.结果表明所生长晶体毛坯呈现具有显著特征的结晶相分布,即晶体毛坯中间部分为钙钛矿相而外围部分出现焦绿石相,且钙钛矿相晶体呈现沿晶体毛坯轴向逐渐发育生长趋势;取自晶体毛坯中上部的晶片基本为四方相,其(111)取向晶片的压电常数d33 ～415 pC/N,机电耦合系数k33～37.5;,室温介电常数ε～3095,介电损耗ta硒～1.0;,居里温度达266℃,矫顽电场Ee～11.04 kV/cm,剩余极化Pr～ 21.07 μC/cm2.     

三维超分子单核铅配合物[Pb(m-abc)2(phen)]的合成,晶体结构和性质研究

水热条件下,合成了具有三维超分子结构的单核Pb(II)的含混合配体化合物[Pb(m-abc)2(phen)](m-abc=间氨基苯甲酸,phen=1,10-邻菲啰啉),并通过多种手段如X-射线单晶衍射、室温固体红外、元素分析和热重等对其进行了表征.X-射线单晶衍射的分析结果表明,化合物结晶于单斜晶系P21/c空间群,晶胞参数:a=0.80415 (10)nm,b=1.52987(19)nm,c=1.8330(2)nm,β=98.251(2)°,V=2.2317(5)nm3,Z=4.化合物中的Pb离子采用五配位模式PbO3N2,构成扭曲的四方锥构型.其内部通过各种N-H?O弱相互作用形成超分子结构.CCDC:983583.     

Nd:YVO4晶体a向生长研究

采用固-液两相混合,使NdO3、Y2O3和V2O5在近常温条件下初步合成Nd:YVO4多晶原料,降低固相合成反应温度,减少V2O5在多晶原料制备过程中的挥发.讨论了a方向Nd:YVO4单晶生长条件,采用提拉法,以(100)方向进行单晶生长,得到一系列掺杂浓度的Nd:YVO4单晶.     

[001]c极化0.93Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.07PbTiO3单晶中声表面波传播特性

利用室温下弛豫铁电单晶0.93Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.07PbTiO3的材料参数,计算了[001]c极化PZN-7; PT晶体中的声表面波传播特性.结果表明,[001]c极化0.93Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3) O3-0.07PbTiO3单晶具有明显优于传统压电材料的声表面波特性.0.93Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3) O3-0.07PbTiO3单晶的声表面波特性随着传播方向发生明显的变化.综合考虑晶体的三种声表面波特性,发现Y切型晶体的综合声表面波性能最好,声表面波机电耦合系数k2值较大,能流角和声表面波自由表面相速度值较小,有望应用于下一代低频声表面波设备中.     

CsI-LiCl共晶材料的坩埚下降法生长与闪烁性能研究

本文采用坩埚下降法,在真空密封的石英坩埚中成功生长出CsI-LiCl与CsI-LiCl:Na共晶闪烁体。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察晶体微结构表明该共晶中LiCl相与CsI相存在周期性的层状排列,CsI相的厚度在5 μm左右。共晶样品的X射线激发发射谱显示在CsI-LiCl和CsI-LiCl:Na共晶样品存在缺陷发光,在CsI-LiCl样品中还观察到了纯CsI的自陷激子(STE)发光。CsI-LiCl样品在α粒子激发下的多道能谱中观察到明显的全能峰,这一结果证明CsI-LiCl共晶可用于热中子探测的潜力。     

静电纺丝法制备CeO2微纳米纤维及其除氟性能

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)为载体,六水合硝酸铈[Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O]为原料,采用静电纺丝法制备了Ce(NO₃)₃/PAN纤维,在空气中热处理得到CeO₂微纳米纤维,通过XRD、BET和SEM对CeO₂微纳米纤维进行表征。采用静态吸附实验探讨了CeO₂微纳米纤维去除水溶液中氟离子的性能,考察了溶液pH值、初始氟离子浓度及共存阴离子等对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,pH=3时,CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附性能最佳,CeO₂吸附量随着F^-浓度的增大呈上升趋势。CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附等温线遵循Langmuir模型,二级动力学模型能很好地描述CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附过程。CeO₂微纳米纤维的除氟性能优良,可为其实际应用提供理论参考。     

X-ray analysis of sideroxol from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sideritis leptoclada</Emphasis>

Sideroxol (1), a kaurane diterpene which has the ent-7α,18-dihydroxy-15β,16β-epoxykaurane structure (MW = 320.47, C₂₀H₃₂O₃) was obtained from the acetone extract of Sideritis leptoclada plant as well as from some other Sideritis species. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2₁, 2₁, 2₁ with a = 10.967(3), b = 24.555(5), c = 6.372(4) Å, Dc = 1.240 g cm⁻³, Z = 4, and refines to R = 0.065 for 721 independent reflections. The skeleton consists of three fused six-membered rings and a five-membered ring with fused epoxide. The six membered rings exhibited slightly distorted chair conformation. In addition to sideroxol, two kaurane and five kaurene diterpenes were isolated from the hexane and acetone extracts of the studied plant.     

Photoluminescence characteristics of Mg- and Si-doped GaN thin films grown by MOCVD technique

We have studied the optical, structural and surface morphology of doped and undoped GaN thin films. The p- and n-type thin films have been successfully prepared by low-pressure MOCVD technique by doping with Mg and Si, respectively. The different carrier concentrations were obtained in the GaN thin films by varying dopant concentrations. Photoluminescence (PL) studies were carried to find the defect levels in the doped and undoped GaN thin films at low temperature. In the undoped GaN thin films, a low intensity and broad yellow band peak was observed. The donor–acceptor pair (DAP) emission and its phonon replicas were observed in both the Si or Mg lightly doped GaN thin films. The dominance of the blue and the yellow emissions increased in the PL spectra, as the carrier concentration was increased. The XRD and SEM analyses were employed to study the structural and surface morphology of the films, respectively. Both the doped and the undoped films exhibited hexagonal structure and polycrystalline nature. Mg-doped GaN thin films showed columnar structure whereas Si-doped films exhibited spherical shape grains.     

New zeotype borophosphates with chiral tetrahedral topology: (H)0.5M1.25(H2O)1.5[BP2O8]·H2O (M = Co(II) and Mn(II))

Two new isostructural open‐framework zeotype transition metal borophosphate compounds, (H)_0.5M_1.25(H₂O)_1.5[BP₂O₈]·H₂O (M = Co(II) and Mn(II)) were synthesized by mild hydrothermal method. The structure of compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction which have ordered, alternating, vertex‐sharing BO₄, PO₄, and (MO₄)OM(H₂O)₂ groups with hexagonal, P 6₁ 2 2 (No 178) space group and unit cell parameters for Co a = 9.4960(6) Å, c = 15.6230(13) Å, for Mn a = 9.6547(12) Å, c = 15.791(3) Å, Z = 1 for both of them. TGA/DTA analysis, IR spectroscopy were used for characterization. Magnetic susceptibility measurements for both of the compound indicate strong antiferromagnetic interaction between metal centers. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Solubility of Ag2O into the Na2O–B2O3–Al2O3 system

The solubility of Ag₂O was measured for the Na₂O–B₂O₃ and Na₂O–B₂O₃–Al₂O₃ system with the rotating crucible method and static method, respectively, under air atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 1273 to 1423 K. The contamination of melts from crucibles could be avoided by the rotating crucible method, with which it became possible to measure the solubility of Ag₂O for the Na₂O–B₂O₃ system above the melting point of Ag for the first time. It was found that the addition of Na₂O decreases the solubility of Ag₂O while the addition of Al₂O₃ had little effect on the solubility. The effect of Na₂O and Al₂O₃ on the solubility of Ag₂O is expressed by interaction coefficients and is analyzed in terms of the basicity of melts. The solubility of Ag₂O in Na₂O–B₂O₃–Al₂O₃ melts increased with increased temperature. This phenomena was explained by a small enthalpy change in oxidation of silver.     

Selinidin: Crystal structure generated by C–H···O, C–H···π and π-π interactions

The title compound, 9,10-dihydro-8,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-9-yl-2-methyl-2-butenoate, C₁₉H₂₀O₅, was isolated from the roots of Selinum vaginatum. The compound crystallizes into monoclinic space group P2 ₁ with unit cell parameters: a = 12.830(2) Å, b = 9.041(1) Å, c = 14.983(1) Å, β = 95.09(1)°, Z = 4. The crystal structure has been determined using direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares to a final R value of 0.0529 for 3142 observed reflections. There are two independent molecules, A and B, per asymmetric unit. In both the molecules, the coumarin nucleus is planar. However pronounced differences are observed in the conformation of dihydropyran ring which has a half-chair conformation with an 8β-9α orientation in molecule A and is intermediate between half-chair and sofa in molecule B. Differences also occur in the conformation of the 2-methylbutenoyloxy side chain at C9 due to the different geometry of C–H···π interactions in molecules A and B. Molecules A and B are connected by π–π interactions between their coumarin fragments forming dimers. The dimers interact through C–H···O and C–H···πhydrogen bonds.     

Chromene and Imidazole Based D-π-A Chemosensor Preparation and Its Anion Responsive Effects

We have designed and synthesized the colorimetric chemosensor through the reactions of 2-(4H-chromen-4-yildene)malonitrile and 4-imidazolecarboxaldehyde. Due to its well conjugated D-π-A system and the existence of NH- fragment in structure, we expected that the chemosensor can detect anion using NH- fragment in the imidazole moiety of the structure. In this regard, UV-Vis absorption spectra were measured to investigate sensing properties of the probe toward different anions in DMSO. This chemosensor can detect both fluoride and cyanide ion with absorption change in intensity. In addition, pH sensing property was also investigated upon the addition of hydroxide ion. These properties are related to the deprotonation effect. The ICT system in this molecule was also observed by the computational approach using Material Studio 4.3 package.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Considerations on the structure and physical properties of B2O3-SiO2 and GeO2-SiO2 glasses

Data of density, refractive index and thermal expansion coefficient for B₂O₃-SiO₂ and GeO_2-SiO₂ glasses have been analyzed. The volumes of the structural units are the same found for the vitreous B₂O₃, GeO₂ and SiO₂. The volume of any structural unit is constant over the entire composition region of the glass system. The same has been found for the differential refraction and unit refraction of the structural units in these glasses. Different features are observed for the differential expansion of the structural units. There is a considerable change with composition in the differential expansion of BO₃, GeO₄ and SiO₄ units. The effect is attributed to a change in the asymmetry of vibrations with the number of Si-O-B or Si-O-Ge linkages in the matrix. The thermal expansion coefficient is mainly determined by the contribution of B₂O₃ or GeO₂ in the concerned glasses.