临江高品位硅藻土的物理化学提纯

采用超声、酸浸和煅烧结合的物理化学法对临江高品位硅藻土进行处理,分析不同的硫酸浓度、酸浸处理方式(水浴、水热)以及煅烧温度对其形貌、比表面积、吸附量及各成分含量的影响,并利用红外光谱仪分析了硅藻土提纯前后谱图的变化,最终确定了最佳酸浸和煅烧提纯条件.其中,水浴酸浸采用28;硫酸处理后500℃煅烧,精硅藻土比表面积值为27.79 m2·g-1,非晶质SiO2含量为93.42;,对罗丹明B吸附量为1.94 mg·g-1;水热酸浸采用28;硫酸处理后500℃煅烧,精硅藻土比表面积值为25.10 m2·g-1,SiO2含量93.52;,对罗丹明B吸附量为1.84 mg·g-1.     

大直径铌酸锂晶片的化学机械抛光研究

本文采用化学机械抛光方法,以SiO2作为抛光液的研磨介质,对76mm Z切向的铌酸锂晶片的抛光进行了深入的研究.分析了影响铌酸锂晶片抛光效果的因素,通过优化工艺参数,使铌酸锂的表面粗糙度Ra达到0.387nm,平面面形误差小于4μm.     

临江某硅藻土酸浸煅烧增白工艺试验研究

采用酸浸-煅烧方法对临江某一级硅藻土进行了增白试验研究,探讨了酸浸温度、酸浸时间、硫酸浓度、固液比、煅烧温度、煅烧时间对硅藻土增白效果的影响,并通过扫描电镜及化学成分分析等对增白前后硅藻土进行了表征.结果表明:硅藻土增白适宜工艺条件为:酸浸温度100℃,酸浸时间4h,固液质量比1∶3.28,酸浓度5 mol/L,煅烧温度650℃,煅烧时间1.5h;优化工艺条件下,一级硅藻土白度由67.2;提升至88.4;,SiO2含量由89.78;提升至95.01;,Fe2O3含量由1.07;降低至0.21;.     

反应条件对水热合成铁酸钇(YFeO3)微晶的物相、粒径和磁性能的影响

以氧化钇、硝酸和硝酸铁为原料,氢氧化钾为矿化剂,采用水热合成法制备了钙钛矿结构铁酸钇正铁氧体(YFeO3)微晶.研究了水热反应时间、温度和溶液pH值对产物的物相组成、粒径大小和磁性能的影响,研究结果表明,在实验条件所在区间内,随着反应时间的增加和反应温度的升高,产物纯度逐渐变高.合成纯相YFeO3需要在一定的溶液pH值范围内.随溶液pH值的降低,产物颗粒的粒径变小,粒径分布变窄,并且晶粒的磁化强度增大.最佳的合成条件是pH值为9.5,温度为260℃,反应时间为60h.     

铌酸锂晶体的研磨损伤层研究

研究了铌酸锂晶体在研磨过程中产生的表面损伤层.首先通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察了研磨后晶体的表面形貌,通过原子力显微镜测试了研磨后晶体表面的粗糙度,分别通过角度抛光法及直接抛光层层去除的方法测量了损伤层的深度.分析了损伤层的组成及影响因素,对优化研磨工艺参数、提高研磨效率具有指导意义.     

纤维状矿物模板制备纳米SiO2纤维

以凹凸棒石粘土为矿物模板,通过水热酸浸法制备纳米SiO2纤维.采用X射线衍射仪分析样品物相组成,X射线荧光光谱仪测定样品成分,扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜分析产物的形貌.结果表明:反应后,样品SiO2含量从62.27;升高到98.74;,Al2O3含量从12.64;下降到0.66;,MgO含量从7.91;下降到0.11;.随着反应温度提高和反应时间延长,样品中Al3+和Mg2+含量逐渐减少;动力学分析表明,反应过程中八面体阳离子溶出遵循表面反应控制的未反应收缩核模型.产物具有纳米尺度的纤维状形貌.     

蛋白土提纯对其理化性能的影响研究

采用焙烧和硫酸浸法对细磨后的蛋白土进行提纯处理,通过SEM、TEM、比表面积及孔径测定仪和红外光谱仪等测试手段对提纯前后的蛋白土进行了表征.结果表明:原蛋白土提纯后可使其SiO2含量由79.42;提到高89.52;,其杂质减少、比表面积及孔体积增大、介孔数量增多和颗粒表面活性增强;通过提纯前后蛋白土对罗丹明B的吸附实验,结果表明蛋白土提纯前后对罗丹明B都有很好的吸附性,提纯蛋白土的吸附能力明显好于原蛋白土.     

水热法制备铁酸铋及光催化性能研究

以金属硝酸盐、硝酸、氢氧化钠和去离子水为原料,采用水热合成法来制备铁酸铋.研究了水热温度、pH值、水热反应时间对合成反应的影响,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、热重分析仪、振动样品磁强计等手段对制备的铁酸铋纳米粉体的相结构、微观形貌进行了表征.结果表明,水热产物和形貌依赖于水热反应条件,通过水热反应条件的调控,制备出平均粒径在300hm左右的BiFeO3纳米颗粒.最后,以甲基橙为目标降解物,研究了BiFeO3纳米颗粒在可见光下的光催化性能.光催化实验显示制备的铁酸铋纳米颗粒在可见光下具有良好的光催化活性.     

以稻壳灰为硅源制备超疏水性白炭黑

以稻壳为原料,采用自蔓延燃烧法制备高活性的稻壳灰.以稻壳灰为原料,采用碱溶煮-酸反应法制备较高纯度的白炭黑.以六甲基二硅氮烷(HMS)为改性剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备超疏水性的白炭黑及其膜.主要研究酸反应过程中的pH值和反应时间对白炭黑中SiO2含量的影响,以及六甲基二硅氮烷改性剂对白炭黑(SiO2)膜疏水性能的影响,通过XRD、SEM、IR和润湿接触角进行性能表征.研究结果表明,将稻壳灰在NaOH溶液中加热到90℃后溶煮2h,再用硫酸调节溶液的pH值为3,反应时间控制在2h时,白炭黑SiO2的含量可达98.48;.当六甲基二硅氮烷用.量为0.15(与硅钠溶液的质量之比)时,可以获得接触角为166.3.的SiO2的SiO2超疏水膜.而改性剂对SiO2表面改性作用是一种接枝反应,将疏水性基团接枝替代SiO2表面的羟基,而使SiO2表面疏水.     

钠基膨润土-NaAlO2-NaOH水体系合成方钠石的条件与机理

基于钠蒙脱石良好的剥离分散和反应活性,采用钠基膨润土为原料,在常压下碱性水体系中合成方钠石.探讨了Na2O/SiO2物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度、SiO2/Al2O3物质的量比对合成方钠石的影响.结果表明,Na2O/SiO2物质的量比对合成方钠石物相的纯度影响最大,反应温度次之;反应时间和SiO2/Al2O3物质的量比在最佳条件附近对方钠石的合成影响很小;在反应过程中,钠蒙脱石、方石英和钠长石发生“碱溶”,所形成的产物与溶液中的偏铝酸钠反应形成方钠石.后期形成的方钠石围绕先期形成的方钠石生长,形成了方钠石球形聚集体.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.