添加剂促进锌铝尖晶石生成机理研究

以氧化铝和氧化锌为原料,采用固相反应法合成锌铝尖晶石,将试样在800～1500℃进行烧结,研究了添加剂对矿物组成和微观结构的影响,采用XRD、SEM和EDS等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:在800℃时,空白样的主晶相为氧化锌,次晶相为锌铝尖晶石,添加ZrO2的试样主晶相为锌铝尖晶石,次晶相为氧化锌和氧化锆,添加TiO2的试样,主晶相为锌铝尖晶石,次晶相为钛酸锌,两种添加剂均有促进锌铝尖晶石生成的作用,添加TiO2和ZrO2的试样晶粒尺寸均比空白样大;1500℃时,氧化钛与氧化铝反应生成钛酸铝,当TiO2含量在1;～5;之间时,随着TiO2含量增加,锌铝尖晶石晶粒尺寸增大.     

镁铝尖晶石-钇铝石榴石复相材料的制备研究

以富铝尖晶石为原料,分别加入Y2O3细粉、Y2O3和α-Al2O3混合粉、钇铝石榴石前驱体,制备尖晶石-钇铝石榴石复相材料.研究了氧化钇的不同引入方式和烧结温度对尖晶石-钇铝石榴石复相材料烧结性能的影响,并通过XRD、SEM等手段对其物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:向富铝尖晶石中分别加入Y2O3细粉、Y2O3和αt-Al2O3混合粉、钇铝石榴石前驱体,均能制备出尖晶石-钇铝石榴石复相材料;当Y2O3和α-Al2O3混合粉的加入量为6;,经1750℃烧结3h后,所制备的试样的致密化程度较高,体积密度达3.34 g/cm3,显气孔率为8.0;,制备的试样中镁铝尖晶石、钇铝石榴石晶粒发育较好.     

Y2O3-SiO2助剂对常压烧结SiC-AlN复相材料烧结性能的影响

SiC∶AlN以质量比1∶1,添加不同质量分数Y2O3-SiO2(摩尔比为2.9∶7.1)复合烧结助剂,分别在氢气和氩气气氛下常压烧结制备SiC-A1N复相材料.研究烧结气氛、烧成温度和Y2O3-SiO2含量对该复相材料烧结性能的影响.结果表明,与氢气气氛相比,氩气气氛下烧结体更易致密;1650 ～1850℃,随着烧结温度升高,烧结致密性明显提高.氩气气氛1850C下保温1h,Y2O3-SiO2复合助剂含量为9.09wt;,烧结体的显气孔率可低于0.15;,晶粒尺寸均匀且连接紧密.烧结过程中,Y2O3、SiO2烧结助剂与AlN表面的Al2O3在一定温度下形成液相有助于样品致密化.Y2O3与AlN表面的Al2O3反应生成钇铝石榴石(Y3Al5O12),SiO2高温下主要形成玻璃相.SiC-AlN复相材料是由主晶相6H-SiC和AlN,次晶相Y3Al5O12组成.     

添加剂对发泡法制备镁质多孔材料性能及微观结构的影响

选用高纯镁砂(d50≤0.074 mm)为主要原料,以TiO2、B2O3为添加剂,以油酸钾为发泡剂制备镁质多孔材料,于1580℃烧成并保温3h,采用XRD、SEM等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:添加TiO2和B2O3均使试样的体积密度和筒压强度随着添加剂含量的增加而增加,添加TiO2的试样增加幅度大于添加B2O3的试样.随着TiO2含量的增加,方镁石晶格常数降低,随着B2O3含量的增加,方镁石晶格常数增大;添加TiO2的试样主晶相为方镁石,有硅酸盐相和钛酸钙生成,添加B2O3的试样,只有方镁石相;随着TiO2含量的增加,试样中的气孔分布变得均匀,孔径减小,孔壁越来越厚,当TiO2添加量超过2;时,试样中的气孔数量开始减少,有部分小气孔消失,随着B2O3含量增加,气孔减少,孔径变小,生成的白色硅酸盐液相位于方镁石晶粒间.     

TiO2含量对铁铝尖晶石晶体结构影响的研究

以分析纯氧化铁、氧化铝和二氧化钛为原料,按FeO∶Al2O3质量比为40.8∶59.2配料,并于合成体系中分别引入质量分数为0、1;、3;和5;的二氧化钛.在保护气氛(CO2/CO)下于1550℃煅烧4h合成铁铝尖晶石.用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和能谱对烧后试样进行分析.结果表明:在铁铝尖晶石合成过程中,引入的TiO2参与了铁铝尖晶石的结晶、长大;添加TiO2的铁铝尖晶石衍射峰向小角度偏移,晶格常数增大.TiO2加入量小于1;时,各试样的微观结构都比较均匀,引入的TiO2进入了铁铝尖晶石的晶格,且以复合尖晶石的形式存在;TiO2添加量大于3;时,烧后试样的结晶形貌发生明显变化,铁铝尖晶石发生分解.     

四种镁铁铝材料的物相组成与显微结构表征

分别以烧结铁铝尖晶石、电熔铁铝尖晶石、烧结镁铁砂及电熔镁铁砂为铁载体,在控制试样化学组成接近的前提下,按照镁铁铝尖晶石砖生产工艺制备镁铁铝尖晶石砖试样.采用XRD和SEM对试样的物相组成和显微组织结构进行分析表征.结果表明:铁铝尖晶石试样中,存在(Mg,Fe2+)Al2O4复合相,其中铁以Fe2+的形式存在,并产生少量镁铁尖晶石脱溶物;镁铁砂试样中,形成Mg(Fe3+,Al)2O4复合相,铁以Fe3+的形式存在,并产生了AlFe2O4连续固溶体相;烧结铁载体试样的显微结构中存在较多微气孔,电熔铁载体试样显微组织结构致密.     

电熔镁铝尖晶石和轻烧镁粉对合成镁铁铝系复合尖晶石的影响

本文研究电熔镁铝尖晶石和轻烧镁粉对合成镁铁铝复合尖晶石的影响.电熔镁铝尖晶石和轻烧镁粉分别与氢氧化铁、活性氧化铝混合均匀制得φ20 mm×10 mm的试样,在空气气氛烧结条件下,于1550℃×6 h高温烧成.采用XRD、SEM和EDS等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:加入电熔镁铝尖晶石的试样中存在刚玉相、赤铁矿、铁铝尖晶石相和镁铁铝复合尖晶石相四种矿物相,镁铁铝复合尖晶石的化学式为Mg796Al15.31Fe0.68O32;加入轻烧镁粉的试样中存在刚玉相、铁铝尖晶石相和镁铁铝复合尖晶石相三种矿物相,镁铁铝复合尖晶石的化学式为Al15.71Mg3.35Fe4.94O32;加入电熔镁铝尖晶石的试样中铁铝尖晶石的晶粒尺寸和镁铁铝复合尖晶石相差无几,加入轻烧镁粉的试样中铁铝尖晶石的晶粒尺寸明显大于镁铁铝复合尖晶石.     

低温燃烧-烧结法制备多孔Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3)陶瓷

用低温燃烧合成的陶瓷粉体为原料,在1450℃下烧结制备了多孔Al2O3/ZrO2 (3mol; Y2O3)陶瓷,并研究ZrO2的外加量(Omol;、1Omol;、15mol;和20mol;)对多孔陶瓷显气孔率、抗弯强度、孔径分布和显微结构的影响.实验结果表明:与其他试样相比,ZrO2外加量为15mol;的试样的显气孔率和抗弯强度都明显提高,其最可几孔径约为1.1 μm.SEM和EBSD图片显示:外加ZrO2能显著影响多孔陶瓷的显微结构,其中外加15mol; ZrO2的多孔陶瓷中,氧化铝晶粒的平均尺寸较小,颈部较厚,这是其具有较高抗弯强度的主要原因.     

Al_2O_3-TiO_2复合薄膜晶相及形貌研究

本文以钛酸正四丁酯为前驱体采用溶胶凝胶法制备了稳定的TiO2溶胶,以可溶性的硝酸铝作为掺杂剂制备了Al2O3-TiO2复合薄膜。采用XRD分析了薄膜的晶相组成,AFM表征了薄膜表面粗糙度随着Al2O3添加量的增加而变化的趋势。XRD测试结果表明,随着Al2O3添加量的增加,薄膜中TiO2晶粒的平均尺寸逐渐减小;而AFM测试结果表明,薄膜表面粗糙度呈现减小的趋势,但是当Ti/Al比例增加到1∶0.12时,颗粒尺寸比1∶0.06时有所增大,这主要是由于包覆在TiO2晶粒表面的Al2O3非晶相增多导致颗粒聚集生长严重所致。     

TiO2烧结助剂对纳米η-Al2 O3制备氧化铝陶瓷的影响

为降低氧化铝陶瓷制备成本,改善其性能,以价格低廉的纳米η-Al2 O3为原料,TiO2为烧结助剂,制备氧化铝陶瓷.研究了TiO2加入量对纳米η-Al2 O3氧化铝陶瓷的体积密度、显气孔率、物相组成和微观结构的影响.结果表明:TiO2通过增加氧化铝中铝离子点缺陷数量而提高其扩散系数,促进氧化铝陶瓷的致密化及晶粒的生长.η-Al2 O3到α-Al2 O3的相变首先在氧化铝颗粒表面进行,然后迅速扩散至内部完成.通过计算晶胞参数大小,定量证明刚玉晶体发育良好,引入适量TiO2对氧化铝陶瓷高温性能和化学稳定性影响较小.当TiO2加入量为2wt;,烧结温度为1600℃时,氧化铝陶瓷的性能优良,体积密度为3.70 g/cm3、显气孔率为1.2;,存在一定数量的晶间气孔和晶内气孔,晶体间结合紧密,晶粒尺寸10～30μm.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.