应用二维激光测速系统研究面流消能的紊动特性

本文应用二维激光测速系统对面流消能工下游典型流态的紊动特性进行了系统的试验研究,得到了不同来流条件下面流的时均流速、紊动强度及雷诺应力等沿主流与回流区的分布特征;计算并绘制了流线图,由此分析了淹没面流时底旋滚长度和佛劳德数的关系。对紊动能量的转换过程及耗散特征进行了计算分析,初步探明了消能机理。     

LDA在减压箱空化特性试验研究中的应用

本文用新型的光纤激光测速仪(Fibrc-Optic LDA)对减压箱内闸墩附近紊动流场的空化特性进行了测试研究.结果表明:只有采用断面上各点流速的统计平均值作为参考断面的平均流速才能保证足够的精度;速度效应对空化初生的影响可不考虑,但紊流强度的变化对其影响却不容忽视。文中将不同尺寸闸墩的流速系数用统一经验公式表达,发现流速系数的变化与紊流强度密切相关,由此得出的紊流强度随流速而变化的曲线与实测值符合较好。本文还对 LDA 在类似减压箱的流场应用提出了几点体会和建议。     

平流式沉淀池液固两相流力学特性的立面二维数值模拟

采用双流体模型,选取RNG k-?紊流模型封闭双流体两相流时均方程,对平流式二次沉淀池液固两相流力学特性进行立面二维数值模拟。采用有限体积法求解双流体微分方程;紊动能、紊动能耗散率方程均采用Quick离散格式;耦合求解速度与压力时使用了压力隐式算子分裂PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法。通过模拟表明:水流经过挡板后,底部是急剧扩散的主流,流速大,上部是回流;流速沿流程逐渐减小,到中部近似均匀流;出口附近水流收缩流出,流速变大。进水口附近紊动动能较大,而后紊动动能沿流程逐渐减小,在出水口附近,由于流速的增大紊动动能也随之增大。将模拟值与实测值进行了对比分析发现,流速的最大误差为10%,出口悬浮物相对浓度的最大误差为15%。这表明该模型能够较好地模拟沉淀池中的水力特性分布规律,对沉淀池的设计具有一定的参考价值。     

应用二维LDA系统研究连铸结晶器紊动流场特性

本文以重庆特殊钢厂引进日本四孔水口连铸结晶器为研究对象,用二维激光多普勒测速仪(二维 LDA)较详细地测定了该结晶器模型内的紊动流场,并对其流速分布规律及紊动特性进行了分析研究.文中还讨论了速度偏置误差问题,提出了是否进行偏置误差修正的判别条件.本文的成果对此类结晶器有关温度场、杂质分布及改进设计和工艺控制等后续课题的研究提供了重要的依据.     

泄水建筑物曲面边壁三维定常紊流数值模拟

将紊流两方程k-ε模型应用于明流泄洪洞的流场分析,采用体坐标变换处理复杂的边界及模拟自由水面,获得了流速、紊动能、耗散率、压力等参数的分布。与有关实测资料对比分析,结果令人满意。     

两并列矩形柱绕流的PIV试验研究

利用PIV流速测量技术,在一定的流量下,通过改变两并列矩形柱的间距比D/B,对矩形柱的绕流特性进行了试验研究。结果表明:D/B在1.3~1.4之间存在一个临界值,大于和小于该临界值时两矩形柱开缝下方所形成的漩涡个数、形态及紊动强度等都有较大的差异;随着D/B的增大,两矩形柱间开缝出口断面和矩形柱与水槽边壁之间的断面流速变化较复杂,但两断面的单深流量呈线性关系,并且相关系数接近于1;当D/B≤1.4,雷诺切应力随D/B的增大而增大,当D/B1.4,雷诺切应力随D/B的增大而减小,但最大雷诺切应力对应点的流速随D/B的增大而增大。研究成果有助于进一步理解矩形钝体绕流的流动特性,对提高水工建筑物的稳定性具有实际指导意义。     

波浪环境中垂直射流紊动特性的实验研究

利用粒子图像测速技术PIV(particle imagevelocimetry)对有限水深规则波浪环境下垂直射流紊动特性进行了实验研究. 应用相位分析法从测量数据中分离出速度脉动项,用4种不同波高的波浪研究波高对射流紊动特性的影响,对紊动量的分布以及大小进行了分析. 结果表明波高对射流的紊动特性有显著影响,并且对流项对波高的变化较紊动扩散项更为敏感,紊动扩散项量值约是对流项的$1/8\sim1/3$, 在时均化的N-S方程中起的作用不可忽略.      

粘土悬浮液明渠流的减阻现象

水和粘土悬浮液在水槽中的流动试验证明，在粗糙边界上的粘土悬浮液明渠流阻力明显小于清水流．在同样水力条件下粘土悬液的时均流速比清水流速大得多．当悬液浓度较高时，流动阻力系数比清水流阻力系数的一半还小．实验表明粘土悬液的高粘性和屈服应力抑制了紊动的发展，减小了紊动剪力，导致阻力降低．对于光滑边界湍流，粘土悬液的阻力系数与清水流的相近，不发生减阻现象     

明渠中悬移质的弥散-对流方程及悬浮机理

悬移质泥沙通常构成冲积河流总输沙量的主体, 研究悬移质的悬浮机理具有重要的意义. 以双流体模型为基础, 通过引入弥散速度的概念, 建立了悬移质泥沙的输沙方程以及泥沙扩散系数的本构关系. 应用该方程分析了二维明渠均匀流中悬移质泥沙浓度垂向分布规律, 并与Einstein 和Chien 的泥沙浓度实验资料及经典扩散理论进行了对比. 以此为基础, 分析了紊动扩散、颗粒自身的紊动、颗粒碰撞应力对泥沙悬浮的影响在垂向上的变化, 以及浓度、粒径等对这些因素的影响. 结果表明, 泥沙颗粒在明渠紊流中的扩散是浑水的紊动扩散、颗粒自身的紊动、颗粒碰撞应力3 部分不同机制共同作用的结果, 把泥沙颗粒的悬浮简单归因于水流的紊动是不全面的.     

激光测速仪及其在研究溢流坝面中的应用

本文简述了激光测速仪原理和试验装置.应用该仪器研究了溢流拱坝坝面的一些水力学问题,如流速系数、能量损失、动能校正系数及断面速度分布等.同时,对溢流坝面边界层的发展作了初步探讨,由边界层动量方程出发,导得边界层厚度表达式和边界层相对厚度与雷诺数的关系式,并与实测资料进行了对比.     

含污染物的弱弯曲明渠弯道湍流数值模拟

建立了可模拟弯道中含污染物湍流的三维部分抛物型代数应力模型。针对左右两岸分别泄放污染物的环流非充分发展弯道流进行了计算。分析了水流结构及污染物浓度分布的特点。     

Modelling of turbulent flow in gas-turbine blading: achievements and prospects

Some of the problems associated with applying currently available viscous flow calculation schemes to turbulent flow in gas-turbine blading and passages are reviewed. These flows pose severe difficulties in both numerics and turbulence modelling, although the main emphasis here is on the latter aspect. Since complex strain fields and strong body forces are an intrinsic part of flow in turbomachinery, it is preferable that the turbulence modelling of these flows be based on an approximation of the Reynolds stress transport equations themselves. Some current views on closure approximations for these equations are discussed. Applications considered include the effects of free stream turbulence and streamline curvature, the mixing of blade wakes, and the three-dimensional flows that arise in a 90° bend and in the corner boundary layer near a blade root     

Prediction of developing turbulent flow in 90°‐curved ducts using linear and non‐linear low‐Re k–ε models

This paper reports the outcome of applying two different low‐Reynolds‐number eddy‐viscosity models to resolve the complex three‐dimensional motion that arises in turbulent flows in ducts with 90^° bends. For the modelling of turbulence, the Launder and Sharma low‐Re k–ε model and a recently produced variant of the cubic non‐linear low‐Re k–ε model have been employed. In this paper, developing turbulent flow through two different 90^° bends is examined: a square bend, and a rectangular bend with an aspect ratio of 6. The numerical results indicate that for the bend of square cross‐section the curvature induces a strong secondary flow, while for the rectangular cross‐section the secondary motion is confined to the corner regions. For both curved ducts, the secondary motion persists downstream of the bend and eventually slowly disappears. For the bend of square cross‐section, comparisons indicate that both turbulence models can produce reasonable predictions. For the bend of rectangular cross‐section, for which a wider range of data is available, while both turbulence models produce satisfactory predictions of the mean flow field, the non‐linear k–ε model returns superior predictions of the turbulence field and also of the pressure and friction coefficients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical study of the turbulent flow in strongly curved stationary and rotating U‐ducts

A large‐eddy simulation (LES) study is undertaken to explore the complex flow of developing turbulent flow through stationary and rotating U‐ducts with strong curvature. Three flow cases are investigated: stationary (non‐rotating), positive and negative rotational cases. Stationary and positive rotational cases are shown to have similar flow characteristics in terms of the mean velocity variations, although the predicted separation zone is nearly doubled in size for positive rotational case. Unlike the positive rotation for which the laminarization effects are observed, turbulence is significantly enhanced for the negative rotation mainly due to the existence of strong secondary flow. Turbulence is found to be highly anisotropic throughout the duct apart from the far downstream regions of the bend for the negative rotational case. The stress–strain relation seems to be completely invalid in the U‐duct apart from the bend region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling of inflow-conditions for vortex particle methods to simulate atmospheric turbulence and its induced aerodynamic admittance on line-like bluff bodies

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a novel method for the simulation of aerodynamic admittance of turbulent wind on bluff line-like structures using a pseudo 3D model of Vortex Particle Method (VPM). The method is a computationally efficient extension of the 2D VPM, where a coupled set of simulation slices accounts for the 3D nature of the oncoming wind flow. Pre-computed vortex particles are seeded in each of the parallel 2D simulation slices in order to model the turbulent velocity perturbations. Here, the modelling of the inflow seeding particles is enhanced, reducing the computational cost and allowing extendibility into quasi 3D domain. This a priori computation of the seeding vortex particles is based on modelling the atmospheric turbulence characteristics. The method is applied to simulate turbulent flow around an infinitesimally thin flat-plate, to asses its validity at the viscous-rotational boundary layer, which is important for accurate fluid-structure Interaction simulations. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis to different attributes is assessed     

Parallel FEM LES with one-equation subgrid-scale model for incompressible flows

This article develops a parallel large-eddy simulation (LES) with a one-equation subgrid-scale (SGS) model based on the Galerkin finite element method and three-dimensional (3D) brick elements. The governing filtered Navier–Stokes equations were solved by a second-order accurate fractional-step method, which decomposed the implicit velocity–pressure coupling in incompressible flow and segregated the solution to the advection and diffusion terms. The transport equation for the SGS turbulent kinetic energy was solved to calculate the SGS processes. This FEM LES model was applied to study the turbulence of the benchmark open channel flow at a Reynolds number Re_τ = 180 (based on the friction velocity and channel height) using different model constants and grid resolutions. By comparing the turbulence statistics calculated by the current model with those obtained from direct numerical simulation (DNS) and experiments in literature, an optimum set of model constants for the current FEM LES model was established. The budgets of turbulent kinetic energy and vertical Reynolds stress were then analysed for the open channel flow. Finally, the flow structures were visualised to further reveal some important characteristics. It was demonstrated that the current model with the optimum model constants can predict well the organised structure near the wall and free surface, and can be further applied to other fundamental and engineering applications.     

Measurements of turbulent developing flow in a moderately curved square duct

Laser-Doppler measurements in the turbulent flow in a right-angled bend of square cross-section, radius/duct-width ratio 7.0, are presented and show the development of secondary circulation in cross-stream planes. Distribution of the streamwise and radial components of the mean velocity and turbulence intensity, and the corresponding Reynolds shear stress, are presented as contour plots and are intended for use in the further development of numerical flow prediction methods.     

连续圆孔障碍物对油气泄压爆炸火焰特性影响大涡模拟

采用WALE模型和Zimont预混火焰模型对内置圆孔障碍物油气泄压爆炸火焰特性进行了大涡模拟,并将大涡模拟计算结果和RNG k-ε湍流模型计算结果以及实验结果进行对比分析,验证了大涡模拟的精确性。结果表明:（1）大涡模拟在预测油气爆炸超压、火焰传播速度以及火焰形态变化等方面比RNG k-ε湍流模型精确度更高,且能表现出更多流场的精细化结构;（2）障碍物诱导管道内形成湍流度较高的流场区域,导致火焰产生褶皱弯曲变形,增大火焰面积,加速火焰传播;（3）爆炸超压、火焰传播速度和火焰面积内在联系密切,具有显著的耦合性,且随时间的变化趋势存在高度的一致性。     

Experimental investigation on turbulent flow in a circular-sectioned 90-degree bend

 The steady, turbulent flow in a circular-sectioned 90° bend with smooth walls has been investigated experimentally. The bend had a curvature radius ratio of 4.0 with long, straight upstream and downstream pipes. The longitudinal, circumferential and radial components of mean and fluctuating velocities, and the Reynolds stresses in the pipe cross section at several longitudinal stations were obtained with the technique of rotating a probe with an inclined hot wire at a Reynolds number of 6×10⁴. The velocity fields of the primary and secondary flows, and the Reynolds stress distributions in the cross section were illustrated. Moreover, other characteristics of the bend flow, such as deviation of the primary flow and intensity of the secondary flow, were presented. Simultaneously, discussions were given on the transition of phenomena in the longitudinal direction and the structures of turbulence in the 90° bend. Received: 21 April 1997/Accepted: 14 November 1997     

Turbulent particle dispersion in arbitrary wall-bounded geometries: A coupled CFD-Langevin-equation based approach

A Lagrangian continuous random walk (CRW) model is developed to predict turbulent particle dispersion in arbitrary wall-bounded flows with prevailing anisotropic, inhomogeneous turbulence. The particle tracking model uses 3D mean flow data obtained from the Fluent CFD code, as well as Eulerian statistics of instantaneous quantities computed from DNS databases. The turbulent fluid velocities at the current time step are related to those of the previous time step through a Markov chain based on the normalized Langevin equation which takes into account turbulence inhomogeneities. The model includes a drift velocity correction that considerably reduces unphysical features common in random walk models. It is shown that the model satisfies the well-mixed criterion such that tracer particles retain approximately uniform concentrations when introduced uniformly in the domain, while their deposition velocity is vanishingly small, as it should be. To handle arbitrary geometries, it is assumed that the velocity rms values in the boundary layer can locally be approximated by the DNS data of fully developed channel flows. Benchmarks of the model are performed against particle deposition data in turbulent pipe flows, 90° bends, as well as more complex 3D flows inside a mouth-throat geometry. Good agreement with the data is obtained across the range of particle inertia.