A MULTIAXIAL HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION MODEL CONSIDERING THE EFFECT OF MEAN STRESS FOR TENSION-TORSION LOADINGS WITH SAME FREQUENCY 1)

目前基于临界平面理论的高周疲劳寿命预测模型, 大都充分考虑了法向平均应力对材料疲劳寿命的影响, 但是没有有效反映剪切平均应力对疲劳寿命的影响. 通过分析7075-T651铝合金的试验数据发现, 与法向拉平均应力类似, 剪切平均应力同样对材料的疲劳寿命产生不利影响. 因此, 如果寿命预测模型中忽略剪切平均应力的影响, 存在明显剪切平均应力加载工况下, 预测寿命可能偏于危险. 由此, 本文定义具有较大法向应力的最大剪应力范围平面为临界平面, 建立了一个能够同时反映法向和剪切平均应力影响的高周疲劳寿命预测模型, 并给出了模型中材料常数的确定方法. 新模型首先将基于应变的Fatemi-Socie准则, 推广到材料的高周疲劳寿命预测, 给出了Fatemi-Socie准则的应力表述形式. 然后, 引入剪切和法向Walker因子, 反映剪切和法向平均应力对材料疲劳寿命的影响. 剪切和法向Walker因子的取值都介于0和1之间, 不同取值反映了材料对剪切和法向平均应力敏感程度的不同. 新模型适用于范围内的金属塑性材料. 利用5种材料在12种存在平均应力加载工况下的试验数据, 对所建模型进行了试验验证, 结果表明预测结果与试验结果吻合良好, 绝大多数寿命预测结果分布在3倍误差带以内.     

STUDY OF THREE-SHEAR STRESS UNIFIED STRENGTH THEORY

材料强度理论研究是高等材料力学的一个重要研究领域,200多年来,各国学者提出了许多强度理论及试验研究结果.这些理论都是从不同的假设和力学模型出发,推导出不同的数学表达式,但一般只适用于某一类特定的材料.各种强度理论之间是否有联系?是否可能建立一个广泛适用的统一强度理论?自19世纪末以来,世界各国学者都在努力寻求建立统一强度理论,但一直没有成功.本文应用理论研究和试验验证相结合的方法,提出并验证了三剪应力统一强度理论。认为当作用于菱形十二面单元体上的三个主剪应力及其作用面上的三个正应力的函数达到某一极限值时,材料发生破坏.三剪应力统一强度理论是全应力理论,它用一个统一的线性表达式包含或逼近了现有的和其他新的各种单一和统一、线性和非线性、外凸和非凸的强度理论,形成了以单剪强度理论为下限、而以三剪应力强度理论为上限的一系列强度理论的新体系,实现了外凸强度理论和非凸强度理论的高度统一,使强度理论从适用于某一类材料、某种应力状态的单一强度理论发展为可以适用于各种材料及不同应力状态的统一强度理论,并能更大程度地发挥材料的强度潜力.通过与大量试验结果的对比分析表明：三剪应力统一强度理论可以广泛适用于各种材料及其不同的应力状态.     

The normal stress behaviour of suspensions with viscoelastic matrix fluids

 We investigate the variations in the shear stress and the first and second normal stress differences of suspensions formulated with viscoelastic fluids as the suspending medium. The test materials comprise two different silicone oils for the matrix fluids and glass spheres of two different mean diameters spanning a range of volume fractions between 5 and 25%. In agreement with previous investigations, the shear stress–shear rate functions of the viscoelastic suspensions were found to be of the same form as the viscometric functions of their matrix fluids, but progressively shifted along the shear rate axis to lower shear rates with increasing solid fraction. The normal stress differences in all of the suspensions examined can be conveniently represented as functions of the shear stress in the fluid. When plotted in this form, the first normal stress difference, as measured with a cone and plate rheometer, is positive in magnitude but strongly decreases with increasing solid fraction. The contributions of the first and the second normal stress differences are separated by using normal force measurements with parallel plate fixtures in conjunction with the cone-and-plate observations. In this way it is possible for the first time to quantify successfully the variations in the second normal stress difference of viscoelastic suspensions for solid fractions of up to 25 vol.%. In contrast to measurements of the first normal stress difference, the second normal stress difference is negative with a magnitude that increases with increasing solid content. The changes in the first and second normal stress differences are also strongly correlated to each other: The relative increase in the second normal stress difference is equal to the relative decrease of the first normal stress difference at the same solid fraction. The variations of the first as well as of the second normal stress difference are represented by power law functions of the shear stress with an unique power law exponent that is independent of the solid fraction. The well known edge effects that arise in cone-and-plate as well as parallel-plate rheometry and limit the accessible measuring range in highly viscoelastic materials to low shear rates could be partially suppressed by utilizing a custom- designed guard-ring arrangement. A procedure to correct the guard-ring influence on torque and normal force measurements is also presented. Received: 20 December 2000 Accepted: 7 May 2001     

利用锚杆轴力量测定围岩破坏区的方法

本文系统总结了锚杆轴力分布型式,分析了各轴力分布型式的力学机理。结果表明,在围岩不同区内,锚杆所受剪切力具有不同的特点,而且,锚杆所受剪切的特点在锚杆轴力分布中得到了反映。根据以上关系,提出了利用锚杆轴力量测确定围岩破坏区的方法。     

一种新的多轴高周疲劳寿命预测模型

分析和讨论3种典型载荷(单轴拉压、纯扭及90^\circ非比例)情况下的5组损伤控制参数,提出了一种以临界面上最大剪切应力幅和最大法向应力的非线性组合作为损伤控制参数的多轴高周疲劳寿命预测模型, 该模型考虑了平均应力对疲劳寿命的影响, 比现有的疲劳预测模型具有更宽的金属材料适用范围. 两种不同类型材料下的多轴非比例试验的预测结果表明,模型的预测结果与试验符合较好.      

Elastic properties of polyethylene melts at high shear rates with respect to extrusion

At high shear rates a steady state of shear flow with constant shear rate, constant shear stress, and constant recoverable shear strain is observed in the short-time sandwich rheometer after some few shear units already. The melt exhibits rather high elastic shear deformations and the recovery occurs at much higher speed than it is observed in the newtonian range. The ratio of first normal stress difference and twice the shear stress, being equal to the recoverable strain in the second-order fluid limit, significantly underestimates the true elastic shear strains at high shear rates. The observed shear rate dependence of shear stress and first normal stress difference as well as of the (constrained) elastic shear strain is correctly described on the basis of a discrete relaxation time spectrum. In simple shear a stick-slip transition at the metal walls is found. Necessary for the onset of slip is a critical value of shear stress and a certain amount of elastic shear deformation or orientation of the melt.     

Shear and normal stress relaxation in polymer blends: stress predictions from interface velocity and Laplace pressure terms

We derived for the first time the relationships among shear stress and normal stress differences for ellipsoidal interfaces under large step shear strains considering interface velocity term and Laplace pressure term in the expression of the stress tensor for mixtures of two Newtonian fluids. In the derivation, orientation angle of the interface is assumed to be given by the affine deformation assumption and is independent of time based on experimental results for blends with 0.048 ≤ K ≤ 0.54 where K is the ratio of droplet viscosity to matrix viscosity. For ellipsoidal droplets, the shear stress is only proportional to the first normal stress difference. On the other hand, for spheroidal droplets, proportionality among the shear stress, the first and the second normal stress differences was derived, and the ratio of the second normal stress difference to the first normal stress difference was given as a function of step strain. The shear stress and the first normal stress difference obtained experimentally satisfy the derived relationship, indicating applicability of the stress expression for polymer blends.     

Stress tensor measurement using birefringence in oblique transmission

A method for measuring the stress tensor of liquids obeying the stress-optical rule is presented. In particular, the procedure makes it possible to determine the shear stress, and the first and second normal stress differences for rheometric flows. This technique is an extension of the procedure recently described by Burghardt and coworkers (Brown et al., 1995) wherein light is sent obliquely through a sample sheared between transparent plates. However, in the present development, the light is transmitted in the plane containing the velocity gradient and neutral directions, thereby reducing the necessary optical measurements by one. A polystyrene-tricresyl phosphate (TCP) solution is used as the test sample. The first and second normal stress differences in steady shear flow measured by this method show good agreement with the mechanical results measured by Madga et al. (1993) using a modified cone and plate rheometer. The transient behavior of the first and second normal stress differences following the start-up of shear flow is also presented.     

A Dynamic-induced Direct-shear Model for Dynamic Triggering of Frictional Slip on Simulated Granular Gouges

This study presents a dynamic-induced direct-shear model to investigate the dynamic triggering of frictional slip on simulated granular gouges. An incident P-wave is generated as a shear load and a normal stress is constantly applied on the gouge layer. The shear stress accumulates in the incident stage and the frictional slip occurs in the slip stage without the effect of the reflected wave. The experimental results show a non-uniform shear stress distribution along the gouge layer, which may be induced by a shear load induced torque and by normal stress vibration along the layer. The shear stress at the trailing edge strongly affects the frictional slip along the P-wave loading direction, while the rebound stress at the leading edge propagates along the opposite direction. The frictional slip is triggered when the maximum shear stress at the trailing edge reaches a critical value. The normal stress influences the maximum shear stress at the trailing edge, the maximum slip displacement and the slip velocity. The advantages and the limitations of this model are discussed at the end.     

考虑转动梯度的界面问题研究

在考虑转动梯度效应的基础上,对界面附近的应力状态进行了研究,首先应用摄动法求解了基于偶应力理论的准轴对称问题,并在此基础上分析了界面问题和边界约束效应,结果表明,在剪应力作用下,在界面附近和固定边界附近存在一组边界效应解,相对于经典的弹性理论结果,它对剪应力的可观的修正。     

The determination of the first normal stress coefficient of an exopolysaccharide solution by rheo-optical measurements

This paper illustrates how rheo-optical techniques may be utilized to determine the first normal stress coefficient for an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by the Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LY03, which is widely used in yoghurt production. In this technique both shear stress, optical birefringence and extinction angle are measured simultaneously as a function of shear rate. From the stress optical rule the first normal stress difference can be determined directly without relying on any specific rheological model. Of special interest is the point where the first normal stress difference become comparable in magnitude to the shear stress. Here we expect to find a notable influence of the first normal stress difference on mouthfeel.This paper was presented at the first Annual European Rheology Conference (AERC) held in Guimarães, Portugal, September 11-13, 2003.     

侧向受拉脆性岩石压缩本构及蠕变失效研究

轴向压缩作用下,脆性岩石侧向应力严重影响岩石力学特性。侧向压应力影响下的轴向压缩岩石力学行为已经得到广泛研究,然而侧向拉应力对轴向压缩岩石力学行为影响研究很少。本文基于脆性岩石翼型裂纹扩展模型中,初始裂纹面法向应力与剪切应力的正负方向为判断依据,研究了侧向拉应力对轴向压缩力学行为的影响。发现恒定的侧向拉应力作用下,轴向压缩应力渐进变化过程中,脆性岩石内部细观初始裂纹面的法向应力只能为压缩应力,不存在拉应力情况。分析了从侧向压应力到拉应力转化过程中,脆性岩石轴向压应力与细观裂纹扩展长度关系、轴向压应力与轴向应变关系、岩石峰值强度、裂纹启裂应力及初始弹性模量的变化规律。并分析了侧向拉应力对岩石蠕变裂纹长度、裂纹速率、轴向应变及应变率演化曲线,以及对蠕变失效时间及稳态蠕变应变率的影响。讨论了侧向拉压应力突变转化以及侧向拉应力分级增大对轴向压缩岩石蠕变演化行为影响。该研究为深部地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了一定理论依据。     

应力分量变化范围的描述方程及其图形

过应力空间一点的不同斜面上的正应力、剪应力以及全应力会随着斜面的变化而变化。全应力的变化范围常用应力椭球方程和应力椭球面来描述。首次给出了过一点不同斜面上正应力、剪应力变化的描述方程及其三维图形。该方程和应力椭球方程共同构成了所有应力分量的描述方程。针对剪应力、全应力作用方向与斜面的法向并不一致的问题,给出了一种能够直接描述不同斜面上正应力、剪应力和全应力变化的三维图形,该图形能够非常直观地表示正应力、剪应力以及全应力数值的变化。     

切应力对牛骨蠕变变形的影响研究

骨尤其是湿骨,在恒定载荷作用下会发生蠕变变形。为了确定切应力是否影响骨的蠕变变形,采用对骨薄板试样分别施加集中载荷和均布载荷的方式,测量试样挠度实时的变化曲线。结果显示,在载荷恒定时,骨试样的挠度随时间不断增加,体现了典型的蠕变特性。集中荷载下骨的蠕变变形远大于均布荷载下骨的蠕变变形,湿骨的蠕变位移比干骨高近7倍。分析认为,对试样粘弹性性质的影响不仅有正应力的作用,也有切应力的作用;切应力产生的蠕变变形约为正应力所产生蠕变变形的0.85倍。     

埋入式光纤传感器界面剪切强度实验

采用实验方法对光纤与基体间界面性能进行研究.用临界断裂长度法直接测定界面的剪切强度,由于光纤拉伸强度高于树脂基的拉伸强度,出现试验时基体破坏而光纤完整地从树脂基中拔脱的现象.用单丝拔出法测量光纤与基体之间界面剪切强度,试验结果表明,光纤单丝拔出时,总是出现光纤涂层在锚入端断裂,而纤芯从涂层中拔脱的现象,说明当光纤埋入复合材料中,涂层和基体材料结合为一体,光纤涂层与纤芯之间界面剪切强度最低.承载时,若光纤所受正应力超过σ_(max),会出现光纤涂层与纤芯之间界面脱离,产生裂纹,降低整体结构力学性能.     

Flow-induced concentration fluctuations in polymer solutions: Structure/property relationships

Mechanical and optical rheometric measurements are reported on solutions of polystyrene dissolved in dioctyl phthalate, a solution that can undergo an apparent phase separation upon the application of shear. Solutions prepared using three molecular weights ranging from one to four million were studied. Time-temperature superposition was observed to apply for these solutions up to and including the onset of an apparent shear thickening of the steady shear and first normal stresses. Optical measurements employing turbidity and scattering dichroism determined that concentration fluctuations were enhanced by flow and grew parallel to the vorticity axis below the critical velocity gradient for the onset of the apparent shear thickening effect. Prior to the onset of thickening, the fluctuations were observed to rearrange and orient parallel to the flow direction. Second normal stress difference measurements indicate these solutions have a negative ratio of the second to the first normal stress differences. It is interesting to point out that the ratio tends to zero in the vicinity of the shear rate range at which shear thickening occurs.     

Prediction of normal stresses under large amplitude oscillatory shear flow

The dynamic response of viscoelastic fluids under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) has been a subject of long history. In the LAOS flow, the analysis has been mostly focused on shear stress, possibly due to the lack of accurate measurement of normal stress. However, the normal stress may become larger than shear stress at high-strain amplitudes, and thus it is important that we have a good understanding of the normal stress behavior. Furthermore, with the advancement in the instrumentation, it has become possible to get more reliable data. The purpose of this paper is to develop a research platform to analyze and to understand the normal stress behavior of complex fluids under LAOS flow. In this study, we utilized the Giesekus model as a representative constitutive model, and investigated its diverse responses. We defined the dynamic properties corresponding to normal stress, in a similar way to define dynamic moduli from shear stress, and examine their behavior with various analyzing tools. Experimental data were also compared with model predictions. Despite the fact that it is not yet possible to compare all of the predictions because of instrumental limitation, the prediction has been found to fit well with the experimental data. This study is expected to provide a useful framework for further understanding the nonlinear behavior of complex fluids at large deformation.     

短纤维复合材料应力传递的修正剪滞理论

对短纤维增强金属基复合材料应力传递的传统剪滞理论进行了修正和改进。修正理论中包含了一些在传统剪滞理论中没有很好考虑的因素,包括纤维端部的正应力传递和界面的结合状态。推导得到了描述短纤维复合材料应力传递机制的一些公式。通过与有限元分析得到的应力传递结果比较发现,修正理论对应力传递的描述准确性明显优于传统的剪滞理论。修正是合理而必须的。     

数值流形方法的粘性边界问题初探

在实际工程数值流形方法分析中,采用固定约束边界的方法处理无限域或者半无限域的情况,边界处应力波的反射造成模拟结果与实际情况不符.本文基于Lysmer等人提出的粘性边界理论,在边界上设置阻尼器,推导相应粘性边界条件下流形单元刚度矩阵的数值计算格式,经岩石长条中弹性波传播算例,并与有限元结果对比,验证了该粘性边界的有效性,有利于数值流形方法的工程中推广应用.     

动脉瘤内流场以及瘤体尺寸的影响的数值研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟的方法,在周期性脉动速度入流条件下,建立刚性动脉瘤模型并研究了动脉瘤模型中流场的特征(速度、压力、壁面剪切应力)。得到了脉动入流一个周期内流场特征的变化规律,发现动脉瘤的后端有相当高的压力和壁面剪切应力,而且高压力和壁面剪切应力分布的位置几乎是固定的。探讨了不同动脉瘤尺寸对内部流场的影响,动脉瘤的直径与瘤体长度之比越大,瘤壁承受的剪切应力就越大,动脉瘤破裂的危险性就越高。