紫外照射对FOTS自组装分子膜表面特性和摩擦特性的影响

利用自组装技术在硅基底制备FOTS自组装分子膜,对FOTS自组装分子膜进行紫外照射.采用接触角测量仪、原子力显微镜(AFM)、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪(FTIR)、X光电子能谱(XPS)和多功能摩擦磨损试验机(UMT)评价薄膜的表面特性和摩擦学特性.结果表明:FOTS自组装分子膜的蒸馏水接触角为109°.紫外照射导致C元素被O₃氧化,形成亲水的-COOH末端基团,使其接触角变小,表面粗糙度增大.在微载荷下,FOTS自组装分子膜和经不同时间紫外照射的FOTS自组装分子膜均可降低硅基底的摩擦和磨损.紫外照射后使FOTS自组装分子膜的摩擦系数增大,磨损加剧,这与其表面结构和润湿性变化相关.     

γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷自组装膜的制备及其摩擦学性能

利用分子自组装方法在羟基化的玻璃基片表面制备了γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷单层膜,采用接触角测定仪考察了其成膜速率,采用X射线光电子能谱仪分析了自组装单层膜表面典型元素的化学状态,采用原子力显微镜观察薄膜的表面形貌,并采用静-动摩擦系数测定仪评价了单层膜的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:当成膜时间达到15 min后,相应的自组装单层膜与水的接触角达到103°,此后接触角随成膜时间的继续延长基本保持不变;γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基三甲氧基硅烷自组装单层膜可以降低基片的摩擦系数,并且在较低载荷下具有较好的耐磨性能.     

单晶硅表面稀土复合纳米膜的制备与摩擦特性

利用分子自组装技术,在单晶硅表面制备了稀土复合纳米自组装膜.运用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察了薄膜的表面形貌,使用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了薄膜表面典型元素的化学状态,并运用静-动摩擦系数测定仪评价了薄膜的摩擦磨损性能.研究结果表明:通过硅烷偶联剂3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPTS)的磺酸基化学吸附功能,稀土元素可以成功组装到氧化后的硅烷化表面.当组装稀土复合膜后,基片表面的摩擦系数由无膜时的0.8降到了0.08,表明复合膜可以降低基片的摩擦系数,并且在较低载荷下具有较好的耐磨性能.     

聚酰胺氨类树枝形聚合物插入式自组装膜的制备与摩擦学性能：小分子链长的影响

在硅基片上制备了聚酰胺氨类树枝形聚合物与不同链长的脂肪酸小分子复合自组装单层膜,用椭圆偏振光测厚仪、DSA 100接触角测量仪、X 射线光电子能谱（XPS）和原子力显微镜（AFM）对所制备的薄膜结构进行了表征,并分别考察了薄膜的纳米摩擦学性能和宏观摩擦学性能。结果表明：C18和C12成功组装到了PAMAM单层膜上PAMAM分子间的空白处。小分子的插入减小了PAMAM自组装膜表面的摩擦力和摩擦系数,提高了PAMAM自组装膜的承载能力。小分子链长的差别对复合薄膜的结构及摩擦学性能影响的差别不明显。     

硅烷自组装膜及硅烷／二氧化钛复合膜的XPS表征与摩擦性能研究

利用分子自组装膜技术制备了有机硅烷／纳米ＴｉＯ２复合膜,并用ＸＰＳ进行了表征。摩擦磨损试验结果表明,硅烷自组装膜可以降低基片的摩擦系数,但其强度较弱,这可能是由于硅烷与结合强度较弱、硅烷／ＴｉＯ２复合膜的摩擦系数比硅烷自组装膜的摩擦系数小,而且耐磨寿命大幅度较高。摩擦５０次以后,硅烷／ＴｉＯ２复合膜的摩擦系数突然增大并超过干净基片的摩擦系数,这可能是由于ＴｉＯ２微粒磨损脱落并团聚所致。     

硅表面自组装双层膜制备及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用自组装方法在羟基化硅基底表面制备硬脂酸/环氧硅烷双层膜,采用接触角测定仪、椭圆偏光仪、红外光谱仪、原子力显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和UMT-2MT型摩擦磨损试验机评价薄膜结构及其摩擦磨损特性.结果表明:自组装双层膜对水的接触角为96°,膜厚2.8 nm,双层膜中烷基链呈现较好有序性,在1 μm×1 μm扫描面积内表面均方根粗糙度(RMS)为0.227 nm.自组装硬脂酸/环氧硅烷双层膜能够有效降低基底的摩擦系数,摩擦系数稳定在0.12左右,同时表现出优异承载抗磨性能,在载荷0.5 N、1 N和2 N下,耐磨寿命分别为14 200 s以上、7 500 s和1 800 s.     

二甲基—γ—全氟辛酰氧丙基硅烷自组装膜的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

利用分子自组装技术 ,用含有全氟烷基的氯硅烷作为前驱体 ,在活化玻璃表面制备了二甲基 -γ-全氟辛酰氧丙基硅烷单分子膜 ;用 X射线光电子能谱仪对组装膜表面的几种特征元素及其化学环境进行了表征 ;采用接触角测定仪测定了蒸馏水在自组装薄膜表面的接触角 ,在动静摩擦磨损试验机上评价了薄膜同 GCr1 5钢球对摩时的摩擦磨损性能 .结果表明 :所制备的自组装膜的表面自由能很低 ,具有很好的疏水 -疏油性 ,其对水的接触角高达 1 1 0°;二甲基 -γ-全氟辛酰氧丙基硅烷组装膜可以降低基片的摩擦系数 ,而且在较低负荷下具有很好的耐磨性     

碳纳米管复合膜的制备及其摩擦学性能

通过混酸对碳纳米管(CNTs)纯化,然后应用稀土溶液对纯化CNTs进行功能化,采用分子自组装技术在羟基化的玻璃基片表面制备了碳纳米管复合膜.运用原子力显微镜(AFM)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了薄膜的表面形貌,使用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了薄膜表面典型元素的化学状态,并采用UMT-2MT摩擦试验机评价了薄膜的摩擦磨损性能.研究结果表明:通过硅烷偶联剂3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPTS)的磺酸基化学吸附功能,稀土改性后的碳纳米管可以成功组装到氧化后的硅烷化表面.当组装碳纳米管复合膜后,基片表面的摩擦系数由无膜时的0.85降到了0.10,表明复合膜可以降低基片的摩擦系数,并且在较低载荷下具有较好的耐磨性能,显示了其在微机构表面改性方面良好的应用前景.     

硅基底复合自组装膜的制备及其微摩擦磨损性能研究

采用共吸附法，在硅基底表面制备3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APS)和十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷(WD-10)复合自组装膜. 通过分子动力学模拟不同温度与混合分子在不同比例下的混合体系界面结合能；依据模拟结果，采用正交试验法设计试验方案制备9种不同条件下的自组装膜；采用原子力显微镜、接触角测定仪以及X射线光电子能谱仪对自组装膜的表面形貌、湿润性能和化学成分进行表征分析；利用微摩擦测试仪对自组装膜的微摩擦磨损性能进行性能测试. 结果表明:混合分子成功组装到羟基化硅基底表面，并且当组装温度为25 ℃，组装时间为4 h，组装溶液的pH为6时，自组装膜的质量较好；制备的复合自组装膜由于引起了边界润滑效应，有效减小了试件表面的摩擦磨损，且两种混合分子比例为1:1时自组装膜的减摩特性最佳.      

Mg-Mn-Ce镁合金表面功能纳米有机薄膜的制备与摩擦学特性

通过有机镀膜技术在Mg-Mn-Ce镁合金表面制备了有机薄膜,采用接触角测量仪测定了有机薄膜的蒸馏水接触角,使用椭圆偏振光谱仪测试了薄膜厚度,利用X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）表征了薄膜表面典型元素的化学状态,使用原子力显微镜（AFM）观察了薄膜的表面形貌,并借助于纳米划痕测试仪评价了薄膜在微载荷下的摩擦学特性。研究结果表明：有机镀膜后镁合金表面形成了有序的纳米有机薄膜,有机薄膜与蒸馏水的接触角为108.6 °（未处理镁合金基体与水的接触角为45.8 °）,实现了亲水到疏水功能特性的转变;未处理镁合金基体的摩擦系数为0.127,有机镀膜后镁合金的摩擦系数为0.078,因此疏水性纳米薄膜能够有效降低摩擦系数。     

磁控溅射沉积高承载、低摩擦MoS_2/Ti复合薄膜

采用磁控溅射技术制备了不同Ti含量的Mo S2/Ti复合薄膜,利用SEM、AFM、纳米压痕仪、XRD和CSM摩擦试验机分析了复合薄膜的结构、力学和摩擦学性能.结果表明:复合薄膜结构致密,表面光滑平整,且具有较高的硬度,Ti含量较低的Mo S2/Ti复合薄膜呈现以(002)基面为主的择优取向;在大气环境下,赫兹接触应力为2.5 GPa的摩擦工况下,Ti含量较低的Mo S2/Ti复合薄膜的摩擦系数低至0.02,磨损率低至10-17m3/(N·m)数量级,呈现出高承载、低摩擦、耐磨损的优异摩擦学性能.这是由于Ti的掺杂一方面提高了复合薄膜的力学和抗氧化性能,另一方面复合薄膜的(002)基面取向对其摩擦磨损性能发挥了重要作用.     

Improved performance of aluminum pigments encapsulated in hybrid inorganic–organic films

An organic silane acrylate resin (PMBK) was synthesized by free-radical solution polymerization using methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate and (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane as monomers. Aluminum (Al) particles were then encapsulated in inorganic–organic hybrid films that were prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of PMBK and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) on the surface of Al pigments. Characterization results showed that PMBK and TEOS could simultaneously hydrolyze and condense with hydroxyl groups on the surface of the Al particles to form composite Al particles coated with inorganic–organic hybrid films. Compared with raw Al particles, the corrosion resistance and adhesive properties of paint films containing the composite Al particles were improved greatly, while the glossiness of the paint films decreased slightly, from 48.6° to 47.0°. In alkaline media (pH 11), the volume of evolved H₂ of composite Al particles was only 3.5 mL, whereas that of raw Al was 83.5 mL. The glossiness of paint films containing composite Al particles decreased by 1.66% after immersion in alkaline media for 24 h, whereas that of raw Al decreased by 14.82%. Peel-off tests of the paint films showed that the composite particles moved slightly away from the paint films. In contrast, the raw Al particles were seriously desquamated, suggesting encapsulation of hybrid films can greatly improve the adhesive properties of Al particles in paint films.     

双层自组装分子/离子液体复合润滑薄膜的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

利用自组装和喷覆技术,在单晶硅(Si)表面制备了N-3-(三甲氧基硅烷基)丙基乙二胺(DA)-月桂酰氯(LA)-1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体(ILs)双层自组装分子/离子液体复合润滑薄膜(DA-LA-ILs).采用接触角测量仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对复合润滑薄膜进行了润湿性能、分子组分、微观形貌和微尺度黏附行为的研究;利用球-盘摩擦磨损试验机研究了该薄膜的摩擦学性能.结果表明:经DA-LA-ILs复合润滑薄膜改性后,有效改善了Si表面的微观黏着性能;同时,相较于DA-LA双层自组装分子膜改性的Si表面和直接由ILs修饰的Si表面,该复合润滑薄膜具有良好的宏观减摩抗磨性能.研究为DA-LA-ILs复合润滑薄膜应用于微机电系统,降低微接触表面的黏着并提高耐磨性能提供了理论依据和试验基础.     

添加TiN对MoS2基复合薄膜结构和性能的影响

通过磁控反应溅射方法制备MoSx-TiN复合薄膜,研究添加少量TiN对MoS2基薄膜结构和性能的影响。薄膜的结构和性能通过X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）及UMT-2多功能微摩擦磨损试验机等进行了表征。结果表明：与纯MoS2薄膜相比,少量TiN的添加使得MoSx-TiN复合薄膜（002）晶面择优取向且结构致密。与纯MoS2和MoS2-Ti薄膜相比,MoSx-TiN复合薄膜在潮湿大气条件下具有更优异的摩擦磨损性能,更低的摩擦系数。     

MoS2基复合薄膜制备及其结构与摩擦学性能研究

利用多靶磁控溅射法制备MoS_2基系列复合薄膜,通过扫描电子显微镜、X-ray衍射、拉曼光谱对薄膜微观形貌及晶体结构进行表征,利用纳米压入表征薄膜硬度及弹性模量,通过微动摩擦磨损试验对比分析了该系列薄膜在大气环境下的润滑性能.研究结果表明:MoS_2薄膜中复合C、Ti元素可有效抑制薄膜生长过程中柱状结构的形成,薄膜更为致密;复合薄膜的摩擦系数及磨损率显著降低.其中,MoS_2+C+Ti三元复合薄膜硬度为7.43 GPa,其弹性模量及弹性恢复量分别为98.1 GPa和61.7%.在大气环境(RH 35%~50%)下,法向载荷10 N时MoS_2+C+Ti薄膜具有最低的磨损率4.67×10–17 m~3/(N·m),该薄膜在不同载荷的微动摩擦试验中均具有最好的承载力.     

载荷对MoS2/C复合薄膜摩擦学行为的影响

采用直流磁控溅射与高功率磁脉冲磁控溅射制备了以Ti为过渡层的MoS_2/C复合薄膜,并对其结构、组分、力学性能以及摩擦学行为进行了研究.摩擦测试结果表明:载荷增加时,摩擦系数与磨损率呈规律性降低趋势;通过赫兹接触模型对平均摩擦系数进行分析拟合,发现载荷的变化带来赫兹接触面积与接触压强的不同,导致了摩擦系数的变化;通过对摩擦产物的拉曼光谱分析发现不同载荷对非晶碳石墨化程度影响不明显;借助透射电子显微镜对转移膜的微结构进行分析,发现转移膜主要是排列有序且基面平行于滑移界面的MoS_2层,使其在较高载荷下仍具有低的剪切强度,因而获得低的摩擦系数.进一步采用同一磨球、磨痕体系从高载荷到低载荷变化的连续摩擦验证式试验,可以得出,MoS_2/C复合薄膜在所有高载荷条件下获得低摩擦系数,赫兹接触起着主导作用.     

Elastic and Dielectric Properties of Active Ag/BaTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Composites

This study examines the elastic and dielectric properties of active composites consisting of barium titanate (BaTiO₃) and silver (Ag) constituents using experimental and numerical approaches. The elastic constants including Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio were measured by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS), a nondestructive dynamic technique, while a dielectric (impedance) spectroscopy was used to measure the relative permittivity and dielectric loss at different frequencies. The dielectric tests were also conducted at temperature ranges from ?50 to 200 °C where the two phase transformations of barium titanate at around 0 °C and 120 °C were examined. The experimental results in this study were compared to data available in the literature. In addition to the experimental work, a numerical method is also considered in order to study the effects of blending silver into barium titanate on the effective elastic and dielectric properties of the composite and the local field fluctuations. For this purpose, two micromechanics models describing the detailed composite microstructures were constructed. The first model is based on two dimensional (2D) images of realistic microstructures obtained by the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), while the second model is based on randomly generated three-dimensional (3D) microstructures with spherical particles. The effects of loading direction, porosity, particle shape and dispersion were examined using the micromechanics models. Numerical predictions of the effective elastic and dielectric constants were compared to the experiment results.     

Ultrasonic waves in layered anisotropic media: characterization of multidirectional composites

An efficient and stable recursive compliance/stiffness matrix algorithm is presented to model wave propagation in multidirectional composites. The models are applied to clarify angle beam transmission through a multidirectional composite and to process ultrasonic data for determination of the elastic properties of a composite lamina (single ply) from measurements on a multidirectional composite. Ultrasonic characterization of composites using double-through-transmission and time-resolved line focus acoustic microscopy has been addressed. The double-through-transmission measurements and simulations show that the transmission amplitude is highly dependent on ply orientation and angle of incidence. The transmission amplitude decreases rapidly with incident angle deviation from the normal; however, a transmission window is found in the incident angle range 45–60° at frequencies below 2.25 MHz. The time-delay measurements by the double-through-transmission technique have been used to reconstruct lamina properties using the Floquet wave concept. A unidirectional lamina elastic properties measurement using line focus acoustic microscopy of a multidirectional composite sample is also briefly discussed. The effective elastic properties for the composites are determined from the lamina properties by a Floquet wave dynamic homogenization method.     

Ultrasonic waves in layered anisotropic media: characterization of multidirectional composites

An efficient and stable recursive compliance/stiffness matrix algorithm is presented to model wave propagation in multidirectional composites. The models are applied to clarify angle beam transmission through a multidirectional composite and to process ultrasonic data for determination of the elastic properties of a composite lamina (single ply) from measurements on a multidirectional composite. Ultrasonic characterization of composites using double-through-transmission and time-resolved line focus acoustic microscopy has been addressed. The double-through-transmission measurements and simulations show that the transmission amplitude is highly dependent on ply orientation and angle of incidence. The transmission amplitude decreases rapidly with incident angle deviation from the normal; however, a transmission window is found in the incident angle range 45–60° at frequencies below 2.25 MHz. The time-delay measurements by the double-through-transmission technique have been used to reconstruct lamina properties using the Floquet wave concept. A unidirectional lamina elastic properties measurement using line focus acoustic microscopy of a multidirectional composite sample is also briefly discussed. The effective elastic properties for the composites are determined from the lamina properties by a Floquet wave dynamic homogenization method.     

Residual Strains using Integrated Continuous Fiber Optic Sensing in Thermoplastic Composites and Structural Health Monitoring

The evolution of spatially resolved internal strain/stress during the manufacturing of thermoplastic composites and subsequent relaxation from water intake are evaluated using an in-situ fiber optic sensor corresponding to a coated optical glass fiber with a nominal diameter of 160 μm. Unidirectional carbon fiber-polyamide 6 composites are produced using compression molding with an embedded fiber optic for strain measurement. The distributed fiber optic based strain sensor is placed in an arrangement to capture 0, 45, and 90° strains in the composite to resolve in-plane strain tensor. Strains are monitored in the direction of fiber optic sensor along its length at high resolution during the various stages of compression molding process. Results indicate considerable internal strains leading to residual stress at the end of processing step along the off-axis (45°) and transverse (90°) directions, and small strains in the carbon fiber pre-preg (0°) direction. At the end of compression molding process, an average of 7000 and 10,000 compressive micro-strains are obtained for residual state of strain in the off-axis and transverse direction. Since water/moisture infusion affects the mechanical properties of polyamide-6 matrix resin, these composite panels with embedded sensors targeted for marine applications are monitored in a water bath at 40 °C simulating accelerated testing conditions. Using the same fiber optic sensor based technique, the strain relaxation was observed during water uptake demonstrating in-situ strain monitoring during both manufacturing and subsequent composite implementation/application environment. The technique presented in this paper shows the potential of optimizing time-temperature-pressure protocols typically utilized in thermoplastic manufacturing, and continuous life-cycle monitoring of composite materials using a small diameter and inexpensive distributed fiber optic sensing.