舱室内爆下舰船结构损伤的一种计算方法

为了评估舱室内爆多载荷耦合作用下舰船结构的损伤范围,设计了大尺度舱段模型,并开展了舱室内爆毁伤试验,试验后测量了舱室结构的破坏范围及破坏模式,分析了舱室内爆多载荷耦合作用下舰船结构的损伤机理,据此建立了舱室内爆下舰船结构损伤的计算方法。结果表明：(1)舱室内爆下形成的强冲击波载荷和准静态压力载荷可对舰船结构造成大范围的损伤,形成多种破坏模式;(2)舱室内爆下准静态压力载荷是舱室结构损伤破坏的主要毁伤元;(3)建立的舱室内爆载荷下结构损伤变形计算方法可同时考虑强冲击载荷和准静态压力载荷对结构的损伤破坏,理论计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

舱内爆炸载荷下箱型舱室角隅连接结构设计

通过有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了舱内爆炸载荷下箱型舱室动响应数值模型,并借助文献试验结果验证了数值模型的可靠性,研究了平板型、内凹型、外凸型、箭头型、箭矢型、背面弧型等6种角隅连接结构对舱内爆炸载荷下箱型舱室变形、特征位置压力和破坏模式的影响,分析了内爆效应下角隅连接结构的失效机理。数值结果表明:舱壁角隅位置是舱内爆炸载荷作用下舱室易发生破坏撕裂的特征位置;相比无连接结构,平板型连接结构对舱壁最大塑性变形改善最大,降低幅度达到了31.9%;背面弧型连接结构能够使箱型舱室角隅等效塑性应变降低约60%;设置连接结构能够改变高塑性应变的发生位置,进而改变箱型舱室的破坏模式;采用平板型、内凹型、背面弧型连接结构的箱型舱室能够有效避免角隅失效破坏。     

冲击波和高速破片联合作用下夹芯复合舱壁结构的毁伤特性

为探讨导弹战斗部近炸下舰船夹芯复合舱壁结构设计方法,采用TNT和预制破片近炸实验研究了典型夹芯复合舱壁结构在冲击波与高速破片联合作用下的破坏效应,分析了冲击波和破片联合毁伤载荷,指出了钢质面板和抗弹层的破坏模式,阐述了夹芯复合舱壁结构的防护机理。结果表明:预制破片装药近炸下,破片能远大于冲击波能,是防护结构的主要设计载荷;前面板主要是抵御冲击波,其变形破坏整体为挠曲大变形,局部为集团破片冲塞破口、破片穿孔和撞击凹坑;背板以挠曲大变形吸能为主;陶瓷材料碎裂严重,部分陶瓷碎片反向飞溅撞击前面板;纤维增强复合材料发生了纤维断裂、基体开裂、整体弯曲大变形及分层等破坏,抗弹层应避免产生穿透性破坏。     

战斗部近距爆炸下夹芯复合舱壁结构防护能力的理论评估模型

为改善当前战斗部近距爆炸下基于单纯抗爆或抗穿甲载荷开展防护结构设计的不足，本文中建立了战斗部近距爆炸下夹芯复合舱壁结构防护能力的理论评估模型，提出了联合作用下夹芯复合舱壁结构的防护能力需同时满足抗弹性能和整体变形破坏两方面要求。具体步骤为:首先计算战斗部爆炸后的联合毁伤载荷，然后基于抗弹理论模型评估夹芯复合舱壁结构的抗弹性能。若满足要求，则进一步根据联合作用理论模型校核夹芯复合舱壁结构在冲击波和破片群联合作用下是否满足整体变形破坏要求，判据为后面板是否产生撕裂、破口破坏。与有关实验结果进行了计算比较，结果吻合良好，证明了此理论评估模型的合理性。     

水下冲击波载荷作用下气背固支圆板动态毁伤实验

为了研究水下近爆载荷作用下舰艇水下结构的动态变形及失效毁伤模式,利用水下爆炸冲击波等效加载装置结合高速摄影技术,对两种厚度的气背固支5A06铝合金圆板进行了水下冲击波加载实验。得到了气背固支圆板塑性大变形、中心拉伸撕裂和边界剪切破坏3种典型失效模式的动态响应历程。比较分析了冲击波强度、冲击因子、损伤参数和响应参数4种毁伤判据对该类靶板毁伤模式的判别能力。实验结果表明:考虑了结构因素的损伤参数和响应参数能够更为全面的判别结构的失效毁伤情况。     

底部近距离爆炸下舱段模型毁伤试验研究

底部近距离爆炸可对水面舰船造成致命性打击，为探究其破坏机理，本文中开展了底部近距离爆炸下舱段模型的毁伤试验，获取了舱段模型破损区域试验数据、非破损区域的冲击环境数据。同时借助舷侧近距离爆炸试验结果、底部中远场爆炸试验结果，综合对比可发现:（1）底部近距离爆炸下，舱段模型会呈现整体隆起变形、爆心区域撕裂并伴有较大凹陷变形、舷侧外板大面积屈曲失稳等典型特征；（2）相比舷侧爆炸方位，底部爆炸对舱段模型具有很强的综合毁伤效果，底部爆炸相对舷侧爆炸对舱段模型的综合毁伤效果可提高40%以上；（3）在冲击环境方面，底部近距离爆炸下非破损区域测点中高频段的冲击谱曲线变化趋势基本与中远场爆炸一致，但在低频阶段，底部近距离爆炸下的谱位移要远高于中远场爆炸工况。     

水下近距/接触爆炸加载下圆柱壳结构动态响应行为试验研究

为加深水下近距/接触爆炸加载下圆柱壳结构动态响应行为认识，设计典型圆柱壳结构模型，开展了水下近距/接触爆炸加载下圆柱壳结构动态响应光电联合测试，获得了冲击波、气泡与圆柱壳结构相互作用高速光学物理图像、动态应变、超压载荷、毁伤模式等试验数据。通过高速光学物理图像和三维激光扫描毁伤形态的分析，给出了冲击波、气泡与圆柱壳结构相互作用物理过程及最终毁伤模式；通过动态应变的分析，给出了圆柱壳结构迎爆面和背爆面在加载过程中应变拉伸压缩转变和响应阶段的划分；通过超压载荷的分析，明确了装药爆轰完全性以及接触爆炸加载下结构吸能对超压的影响。研究表明：爆距的变化会显著影响圆柱壳结构的毁伤形态，近距加载下圆柱壳结构主要呈现塑性大变形，接触加载下圆柱壳结构主要呈现撕裂破坏；近距加载下圆柱壳结构迎爆面空化区的形成及溃灭形成的二次加载毁伤效应不容忽视，值得深入研究；研究成果可为水下近距/接触爆炸加载下圆柱壳结构毁伤评估提供参考和依据。     

大型舰船在水下接触爆炸下的毁伤与防护研究综述

大型舰船受到水中兵器的巨大威胁，尤其是在水下接触爆炸情况下，船体结构将产生严重的局部毁伤，给舰船的战斗力乃至生命力带来严峻挑战。本文以大型舰船水下防护结构为研究对象，简要概述了各国海军大型舰船水下防护结构形式的发展历程，分析了水下接触爆炸下的毁伤载荷以及对舷侧多舱防护结构的毁伤机理，总结了基于具体结构和不同毁伤元的防护措施；并针对目前的研究现状，提出了有待进一步研究的问题。以期为舰船的水下防护设计提供参考，从而提高我国大型舰船的结构抗毁伤能力     

舷侧近距离爆炸下舱段模型毁伤试验研究

为探究舷侧近距离爆炸对水面舰船的毁伤效应，设计了大尺度舱段模型，并开展了舷侧近距离水下爆炸试验，试验后测量了舱段模型破坏范围及破坏模式、模型典型部位冲击环境数据、典型部位动态响应。综合对比可发现:（1）舷侧近距离水下爆炸下，在爆心区域可对舱段模型形成严重毁伤破坏，但毁伤范围有限，基本以局部破坏为主；（2）舷侧近距离水下爆炸下可形成较为明显的水射流载荷，主要是由气泡与非完整边界、自由面在耦合过程中形成的，与传统研究的气泡收缩失稳引起的水射流载荷形成机理存在一定的差异；（3）基于板格能量计算方法，建立了舷侧外近距离爆炸下舷侧爆炸破口计算公式，与试验结果吻合较好；（4）近距离爆炸下，舷侧外板的破坏模式与爆距存在较大的关系。本文的研究成果对舰船抗爆防护具有很强的指导意义。     

防雷舱结构在聚能装药水下爆炸作用下的毁伤研究

通过实验以及数值模拟,开展了防雷舱结构在聚能装药水下爆炸作用下的毁伤研究,探讨冲击波在多介质结构中的传播规律及其对结构的毁伤机理。结果表明:相同爆炸当量条件下,爆破型装药仅对空舱产生破坏,防雷舱的多介质复合结构对冲击波具有较强的衰减作用,聚能型装药形成的侵彻体可造成液舱前板及后板的穿孔,孔径约为装药直径的1/3~1/2。加宽液舱以及加厚液舱后板可以增强防雷舱的抗爆能力。     

舱内爆炸载荷及舱室板架结构的失效模式分析

通过对典型半穿甲导弹打靶实验中舰艇结构破坏模式的观察，结合数值模拟，分析了舱内爆炸载荷的特征以及舱内爆炸下舱室板架结构的失效模式。结果表明，舱内爆炸下，舱室板架结构承受的冲击载荷及失效模式与敞开环境爆炸下加筋板结构承受的冲击载荷及失效模式有较大区别，其动态响应难以用敞开环境爆炸下加筋板结构的动态响应描述；舱内爆炸载荷主要有壁面反射冲击波、角隅汇聚冲击波以及准静态气体压力，其中两壁面和三壁面角隅汇聚冲击波的强度分别为相同部位壁面反射冲击波强度的5倍和12倍以上；舱室板架结构主要有4种失效模式，其中模式Ⅲ、Ⅳ较常发生；舱室板架结构加强筋布置在迎爆面将使板架中部的局部破坏程度增加，但有利于削弱角隅汇聚冲击波强度，减小板架沿角隅部位的撕裂破坏。     

内部爆炸作用下钢箱结构变形规律性实验

箱型结构内部爆炸能够造成比空爆更严重的破坏效果。本文中设计了3个边长600 mm、板厚4 mm的实验试件,并分别用98.4、194.7和355.8 g的TNT炸药进行了内部爆炸实验,得到了所有试件的变形特征。箱体壁板的变形都呈现向外凸出(鼓起)的特点,壁板中心的最终挠度随着爆炸TNT当量的增大而近似成线性增长,拟合了箱体壁板挠厚比与爆炸当量之间的经验公式。通过三维数字图像相关技术,得到了箱体壁板的动态响应过程:爆炸发生后,壁板中心最先产生向外鼓起;壁板中心随后变形增长,同时变形向四周传播;壁板中心变形达到最大值后,板的变形会产生一定量的振荡回缩。     

Modelling of perforation failure in fibre metal laminates subjected to high impulsive blast loading

Perforation failure of fibre metal laminate (FML) panels subjected to the localized high intensity blast loading is studied. The FMLs are based on various stacking configurations of aluminium alloy sheets and layers of woven glass fibre in a polypropylene matrix (GFPP) composite. Finite element models of the FMLs were created using the commercial software package Abaqus/Explicit, where the constitutive relationships and damage in the composite material were described through a user-defined subroutine. The composite was modelled as an orthotropically elastic material prior to damage initiation and the growth of subsequent damage was based on an instant failure rate-dependent model. The simulated deformation and failure modes in the FMLs were found to be in good agreement with published experimental data. For FMLs based on thin GFPP layers, a number of dynamic failure scenarios were captured, such as petalling, large tensile tearing and multiple debonding between the aluminium and GFPP layers. A high degree of correlation between simulated failure on the back face aluminium and the underlying GFPP damage modes was revealed. Finally, the transient behaviour of FML panels during blast loading was studied and discussed.     

Suggestion of a new dimensionless number for dynamic plastic response of beams and plates

Summary A dimensionless number, termed response number in the present paper, is suggested for the dynamic plastic response of beams and plates made of rigid-perfectly plastic materials subjected to dynamic loading. It is obtained at dimensional reduction of the basic governing equations of beams and plates. The number is defined as the product of the Johnson's damage number and the square of the half of the slenderness ratio for a beam; the product of the damage number and the square of the half of the aspect ratio for a plate or membrane loaded dynamically. Response number can also be considered as the ratio of the inertia force at the impulsive loading to the plastic limit load of the structure. Three aspects are reflected in this dimensionless number: the inertia of the applied dynamic loading, the resistance ability of the material to the deformation caused by the loading and the geometrical influence of the structure on the dynamic response. For an impulsively loaded beam or plate, the final dimensionless deflection is solely dependent upon the response number. When the secondary effects of finite deflections, strain-rate sensitivity or transverse shear are taken into account, the response number is as useful as in the case of simple bending theory. Finally, the number is not only suitable to idealized dynamic loads but also applicable to dynamic loads of general shape. Received 17 October 1997; accepted for publication 19 March 1998     

Size-dependent vibration of functionally graded curved microbeams based on the modified strain gradient elasticity theory

On the basis of the modified strain gradient elasticity theory, the free vibration characteristics of curved microbeams made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) whose material properties vary in the thickness direction are investigated. A size-dependent first-order shear deformation beam model is developed containing three internal material length scale parameters to incorporate small-scale effect. Through Hamilton’s principle, the higher-order governing equations of motion and boundary conditions are derived. Natural frequencies of FGM curved microbeams corresponding to different mode numbers are evaluated for over a wide range of material property gradient index, dimensionless length scale parameter and aspect ratio. Moreover, the results obtained via the present non-classical first-order shear deformation beam model are compared with those of degenerated beam models based on the modified couple stress and the classical theories. It is found that the difference between the natural frequencies predicted by the various beam models is more significant for lower values of dimensionless length scale parameter and higher values of mode number.     

Design and identification of high performance steel alloys for structures subjected to underwater impulsive loading

Martensitic and austenitic steel alloys were designed to optimize the performance of structures subjected to impulsive loads. The deformation and fracture characteristics of the designed steel alloys were investigated experimentally and computationally. The experiments were based on an instrumented fluid–structure interaction apparatus, in which deflection profiles are recorded using a shadow Moiré technique combined with high speed imaging. Fractographic analysis and post-mortem thickness reduction measurements were also conducted in order to identify deformation and fracture modes. The computational study was based on a modified Gurson damage model able to accurately describe ductile failure under various loading paths. The model was calibrated for two high performance martensitic steels (HSLA-100 and BA-160) and an austenitic steel (TRIP-120). The martensitic steel (BA-160) was designed to maximize strength and fracture toughness while the austenitic steel (TRIP-120) was designed to maximize uniform ductility, in other words, to delay necking instability. The combined experimental–computational approach provided insight into the relationships between material properties (strength, uniform ductility, and post-necking ductility) and blast resistance of structures. In particular, the approach allowed identification of material/structure performances by identifying impulse-center deflection behavior and the impulse leading to panel fracture.     

Sandwich Panel Cores for Blast Applications: Materials and Graded Density

Sandwich composites are of interest in marine applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and tailorable mechanical properties, but their resistance to air blast loading is not well understood. Full-scale 100 kg TNT equivalent air blast testing at a 15 m stand-off distance was performed on glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sandwich panels with polyvinyl chloride (PVC); polymethacrylimid (PMI); and styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) foam cores, all possessing the same thickness and density. Further testing was performed to assess the blast resistance of a sandwich panel containing a stepwise graded density SAN foam core, increasing in density away from the blast facing side. Finally a sandwich panel containing compliant polypropylene (PP) fibres within the GFRP front face-sheet, was subjected to blast loading with the intention of preventing front face-sheet cracking during blast. Measurements of the sandwich panel responses were made using high-speed digital image correlation (DIC), and post-blast damage was assessed by sectioning the sandwich panels and mapping the damage observed. It was concluded that all cores are effective in improving blast tolerance and that the SAN core was the most blast tolerant out of the three foam polymer types, with the DIC results showing a lower deflection measured during blast, and post-blast visual inspections showing less damage suffered. By grading the density of the core it was found that through thickness crack propagation was mitigated, as well as damage in the higher density foam layers, thus resulting in a smoother back face-sheet deflection profile. By incorporating compliant PP fibres into the front face-sheet, cracking was prevented in the GFRP, despite damage being present in the core and the interfaces between the core and face-sheets.     

冲击波对核反应堆安全壳的动力响应研究

本文用时域边界积分方程提出研究半球形核反应堆安全壳在爆炸冲击波作用下动力响应分析的计算模型。从空中爆炸和地面爆炸两方面探求壳体位移和变形过程,分析冲击波在壳体内的传播规律。计算了在水平冲击波作用下壳体的内力分布,其计算结果可以作为我国核电站设计的参考分析依据。